EMS2TFD-Thermofluids

Week 5- Pipe flow and energy losses

Dr. Gokhan Yilmaz

[Link]@[Link]

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 What you learnt last week
 Energy and head definition
▪ Pressure, kinetic and potential head

 Energy-Bernoulli equation
▪ For steady flow of frictionless liquid along a streamline, the total
energy per unit weight remains constant from point to point
▪ Also applicable to gases like air

𝐸1 = 𝐸2
𝑉12 𝑃1 𝑉22 𝑃2
𝑧1 + + = 𝑧2 + +
2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔
Unit: metres (m)
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 What you learnt last week
 Bernoulli equation for real fluids
▪ Real fluids are influenced by friction, turbulence etc causing head
losses
𝐸1 = 𝐸2 + 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

𝐸1 > 𝐸2

𝑉12 𝑃1 𝑉22 𝑃2
𝑧1 + + = 𝑧2 + + + energy losses
2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔

 Power

 Energy equation based flow measurement devices

▪ Venturi meter
▪ Pitot tube
▪ Orifice meter
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 Flow in pipes

 Closed conduit
 A pipe is a closed conduit through which a fluid flows
 The water flowing down the conduit completely fills the
conduit
 Fully pressurized flow

4 Source: Philip M. Gerhart, Andrew L. Gerhart, John I. Hochstein, Munson, Young and Okiishi's Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 8th
Edition, Wiley.
 Flow in pipes
 Pipe systems consists of inlets, outlets, the pipe itself,
bends in the pipe, valves and pumps
 Real liquid effects (e.g. viscosity) tend to make the application
of Bernoulli equation more complicated
 Most fluids are transported in circular pipes

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Source: Philip M. Gerhart, Andrew L. Gerhart, John I. Hochstein, Munson, Young and Okiishi's Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 8th
Edition, Wiley.
 Energy equation in real flows

 Energy equation
▪ Applied to two points connected by a streamline
▪ For two points A and B, it can be written as
𝑉12 𝑃1 𝑉22 𝑃2
𝑧1 + + = 𝑧2 + + + ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔
Energy equation with the energy coefficient

𝑉12 𝑃1 𝑉22 𝑃2
𝑧1 + 𝛼1 + = 𝑧2 + 𝛼2 + + ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔

▪ Above equation not consider pump (energy added by pump)

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 Head Loss in Pipes
 When designing pipelines, engineers are primarily concerned with
the head losses caused by:

 friction (MAJOR HEAD LOSS)

▪ Head loss due to the friction and viscous effects in the straight
pipes
▪ Significant in long pipes

 local head losses

 due to concentrated losses that occur due to eddies that form
at abrupt changes in section, direction change, obstacles in
direction of flow (MINOR HEAD LOSS)

e.g. at valves and sharp bends

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 Head Loss in Pipes
 Total Head Loss=Major Losses+ Minor Losses

 Major Loss: Due to pipe friction

Source: [Link] Source: [Link]

 Minor Loss: Due to pipe fittings, bents and valves etc

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Source: Mohsin Siddique, University of Sharjah, Fluid Mechanics Lecture slides
 TEL (EGL) and HGL

 Piezometric head
Represents the height to which
the water rises in piezometer
𝑃
𝑧+
𝜌𝑔
• Hydraulic Grade Line joins piezometric
heads
• Below the total energy line by velocity head

 Total head
𝑉2 𝑃
𝑧+ +
2𝑔 𝜌𝑔

Total Energy Line= Energy Grade Line joins

total heads

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 TEL (EGL) and HGL

 For an ideal fluid with no friction

▪ Total energy line (TEL) is horizontal
 For real fluid with friction
▪ Due to gradual loss in energy, the TEL will not be horizontal
▪ It will always fall in the direction of the flow
 Slope of HGL and TEL in a uniform diameter pipe
▪ Will be the same
▪ HGL will be below THL by an amount equal to velocity head
 Pipe with abrupt narrower section
▪ Velocity increases suddenly
▪ Pressure head decreases
➢ Results in vertical downward step in the HGL
 Pipe with abrupt expansion
▪ Pressure head increases, HGL increases
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 TEL (EGL) and HGL

11 Source: [Link]
 Hydraulic gradient

 The gradient of the hydraulic grade line (HGL) is called the

hydraulic gradient

 HGL itself is commonly referred to as hydraulic gradient

ℎ𝐿
𝑆𝐹 =
𝐿
ℎ𝐿 - head loss
L – length of the pipe

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 Major (friction) head loss calculation
 Laminar flow
 Poiseuille developed an equation for the head loss due to friction
 Roughness of the pipe has no effect on the head loss
𝑉𝐿
ℎ𝑙 = 32𝜐 2
𝐷 𝑔
𝜐 is the kinematic viscosity
 Turbulent flow
 Darcy-Weisbach equation
𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝑙 = λ
𝐷 2𝑔
λ(sometimes represented as 𝑓) is the friction factor
 Denotes the roughness of the pipe
𝑘
λ 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑅𝑒, )
𝐷
𝑘
𝑘- protrusions from the surface of the pipe. is called the relative
𝐷
roughness
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 Friction factor for laminar flow
 For laminar flow
 The Darcy Weisbach equation and Poiseuille equation can be
equated to obtain the friction factor for laminar flow

𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝑙 = λ
𝐷 2𝑔

𝑉𝐿
ℎ𝑙 = 32𝜐 2
𝐷 𝑔

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λ=
𝑅𝑒
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 Friction factor for turbulent flow
 For turbulent flows
 Blasius examined the experimental data and identified two
different types of pipe friction in turbulent flow
 Smooth turbulent pipe friction
 The friction factor is proportional to Re
0.316
𝜆 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 = 0.25
𝑅𝑒

 Rough turbulent pipe friction

 Friction factor depends on both Re and pipe roughness
 Friction factor determined using Moody’s diagram

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Moody Diagram- to decide a pipe factor

16 Source: Les Hamill, Understanding Hydraulics, Third Edition, Palgrave

 Description of Moody diagram
 Laminar flow (Re < 2000)
 Not effected by surface roughness
 Intermediate flow ( 2000 < Re < 4000)
 No values of friction factor are given
 Smooth turbulent flow
 When Re > 4000, there is a diagonal line that forms the lower
envelope to the curves above. This is the smooth pipe curve (also
called smooth turbulent flow)
 Above smooth pipe curve
𝑘
 Series of lines representing different pipe roughness ( )
𝐷
 It is clear that friction factor decreases as Re increases
 In the horizontal section of the curves- friction factor only depends on the
𝑘
𝐷

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Equations to calculate friction factor
 Equations to describe Moody diagram mathematically:

Colebrook-White equation
Friction factor for whole range of turbulent flows can be estimated
1 𝑘 2.51
= −2log +
𝜆 3.7𝐷 𝑅𝑒 𝜆

 Darcy-Weisbach equation combined with Colebrook equation

𝑘 2.5𝜈
𝑉 = −2 2𝑔𝐷𝑆𝐹 log +
3.7𝐷 𝐷 2𝑔𝐷𝑆𝐹
ℎ
Where 𝑆𝐹 = 𝐿
𝐿
Moody equation
1
𝑘 6
10 3
𝜆 = 0.0055 1 + 20000 + (4000<Re<10 x 106, k/d<0.01)
𝐷 𝑅𝑒

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Roughness values for different materials

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How to use Moody Diagram to find λ,f

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 Major head loss calculation

 Head loss or pressure drop

 Determined using Darcy-Weisbach equation
𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝑙 = λ
𝐷 2𝑔
𝑘
λ 𝑜𝑟 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑅𝑒, )
𝐷
 How to determine λ?
1. Find Re number
64
2. If flow is laminar : 𝑓 =
𝑅𝑒
3. If flow is turbulent: 𝑓 can be determined either from
Moody diagram or formula, or using Colebrook-White
formula.

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 Example
A 1.2 m diameter pipeline must discharge 2.672 m3/s when
flowing full. If the kinematic viscosity (ν) of the pipe is 1.005
x 10-6 m2/s and the roughness value (k) = 0.0006𝑚,
calculate the friction factor (𝑓 𝑜𝑟 𝜆) and the required
hydraulic gradient.

22 Source: Les Hamill, Understanding Hydraulics, Third Edition, Palgrave

 Solution

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 Example
 A 200 mm diameter galvanized iron pipe transports
water from a reservoir at a temperature of 20 C.
Determine the head loss and pressure drop in 200 m of
the pipe if the Q= 90 L/s. (ρ of water = 998.3 kg/m3 and
kinematic viscosity of water ν = 1 x 10-6 m2/s. k for
galvanized iron pipe is 0.15 mm)

24 Source: R.C. Hibbeler, 2016. Fluid Mechanics. Pearson.

 Solution

25 Source: R.C. Hibbeler, 2016. Fluid Mechanics. Pearson.

Minor Losses and Minor Loss Calculations
 Minor losses in pipes
 There are many different types of systems that can cause
minor losses in pipe
 Bends
 Expansion
 Contraction
 Valves
 Fittings and meters
 Entrances and exists, junction etc
 Minor loss:
𝑉2
ℎ𝑙 = 𝐾
2𝑔
K – is the loss coefficient
NOTE: If L > 1000D minor losses become significantly less than
27 that of major losses and hence can be neglected.
 K values for pipe entrance and exit

28 Source: Cengel,Y.A., Cimbala, J.M., Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals & Applications, McGraw-Hill, 2005.
 K values for pipe expansion and contraction

(V1 − V2 )2
2
 A1  V1
2

Hm = = 1 − 
2g  A2  2 g

29 Source: Cengel,Y.A., Cimbala, J.M., Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals & Applications, McGraw-Hill, 2005.
 K values for pipe bends

30 Source: Cengel,Y.A., Cimbala, J.M., Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals & Applications, McGraw-Hill, 2005.
 K values for valves

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 Energy Losses: Example

Minor head loss coefficient for entrance and exit are 0.5 and 1 respectively

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Source: E.J. Finnemore, and J.B. Franzini, [Link] Mechanics with Engineering Applications, McGraw Hill
 Energy Losses: Example

Source: E.J. Finnemore, and J.B. Franzini, [Link] Mechanics with Engineering Applications, McGraw Hill
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 Energy Losses: Example

 When the globe valve at B is fully opened, it is observed

that water flows out through the 65 mm diameter cast
iron pipe (k =0.26 mm) with an average velocity of 2
m/s. Determine the pressure in pipe at A. Take ρ = 998
kg/m3 and ν = 0.8 x 10-6 m2/s.
K (loss
coefficient) at
the elbow is 0.9

K (loss
coefficient) at
the valve is 10

34 Source: R.C. Hibbeler, 2016. Fluid Mechanics. Pearson.

35 Source: R.C. Hibbeler, 2016. Fluid Mechanics. Pearson.
 Simple Pipe Systems
Three basic types:

1- Pipes in parallel
2- Pipes in series
3- Branching pipes
 Pipes in Parallel
• hf1 +hm1=hf2 +hm2=H
• QT=Q1+Q2
 Pipes in Parallel: Example
Two pipes connect two reservoirs (A and B) which have a height
difference of 150 m. Pipe 1 has diameter 1.2 m and length 43 km. Pipe
2 has diameter 0.9 m and length 43 km. λ= 0.04. Ignore the minor
losses. Calculate discharge for each pipe.

Source: Les Hamill, Understanding Hydraulics, Third Edition, Palgrave

 Pipes in Parallel: Solution

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 Pipes in Series

Q= Q1= Q2
H= Σh1+ Σh2
H= Σh
According to energy line, minor losses considered or
ignored?
 Pipes in Series: Example

Determine flow rate through pipe system below.

L1= 1 km
L2= 1 km
D1= 300 mm
D2= 600 mm
λ1= λ2= 0.04

Source: Les Hamill, Understanding Hydraulics, Third Edition, Palgrave

 Pipes in Series: Solution

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 Branching Pipes
 Also named “three reservoir problem”
 Solution method- analyse flow to/from joint J
Questions???

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