MODULE 3

EVS 242
 CONTENTS

Introduction
Population Growth
Population Explosion
Causes of Rapid Population Growth
Effect of Rapid Population Growth
Strategies for Solving the issue of Population Growth
Case Studies
 Introduction

• At present, it is estimated that earth has about 10

to 30 million life forms of which man is one of the
life form.
• But, because of the ability of the man to change
the environment according to his needs, he has
acquired a supreme status among the existing life
forms.
 Population Growth
• Each population has a characterized pattern of
increase which is termed as its growth form.
• It increases in size in a characteristic S-Shaped or
sigmoid fashion.
• When a population starts growing, first the growing
is slow, then it becomes rapid and finally slows down
until an equilibrium is reached.
• If we plot time on n-axis and number of organisms
any –axis, on a graph paper, we should get a s-shaped
sigmoid curve.
• Human population shows s-shaped sigmoid
curve. However, if the growth stops abruptly, a
j-shaped growth curve is obtained.
• The level beyond which no major increase can
occur is called the saturation level or carrying
capacity the following states have been ruined
to occur in the population growth form.
The Period of Positive Growth:
• The curve representing this period is usually sigmoid
or S shaped in form.

The Equilibrium Position:

• Equilibrium state can be defined as the on ion
numerical stability i.e. the average size helped by a
population over a considerable period of time.
• Since human populations have not yet attained their
maximum growth , it has not possible to report on
their equilibrium state.
The Logistic Growth of a Laboratory Population of Drosophila
Melanogaster
Oscillations and Fluctuations:

Oscillations and the symmetrical

departures form equilibrium
whereas asymmetrical departures
constitute population fluctuations
Decline and Extinctions:
• A decline in the population shows consistent
and progressive reduction of the populations
below the equilibrium or lower than the usual
average of fluctuations or oscillations.
• Extinction can be defined as the final dying out
of the group.
• The two terms can be separated by their
definitions but they actually belong to each
other.
 Variations Among Nations
• The world’s population was approx. 7.6 billion in 2017
and at present it is around 8.2 billion in 2025, but it is
not properly balanced.
• Almost half of the world’s population live in Asia
(approx. 4.835 billion).This accounts for only one fifth of
the world’s land area.
• While north, central and south America together
occupy more than a quarter of the land surface and
have only 1.055 billion population.
• The African continent accounts for a quarter of the
land surface of the world and has a population of
approx. 1.549 billion.
• Europe covers about 10,180,000 sq. km., almost 2%
of the Earth's surface (6.8% of land area) and has
about 1/10th (742 million) of the world’s
population.
• The distribution within the continents is also
uneven.
• In Asia, India alone, with about 1.47 billion
population, accounts for almost 1/3rd of Asian and
1/5th of the world’s population.
• China has around 1.40 billion population
• In Europe too, the population is unevenly
distributed.
• Far less people live in Northern Europe
countries than in other European countries.
• The most populous European countries are
Russia (143.5 million), Germany (82.4 million)
United Kingdom (60.2 million, France (59.5
million); Italy (58.1 million), Ukraine (48.2
million), Spain (41.3 million) and Poland 38.6
million).
• The distribution of population depends on the
quality of land.
• Population density (i.e. the number of people
living in unit area) varies widely. The densely
populated areas include western Europe, the
Indian subcontinent, the plains and river
valleys of China and north eastern U.S.A.
❑ The Factors Encouraging Settlement:
• Good Land
• Flat or undulating terrain
• Availability of renewable resources
• Suitable Climate
• Land supporting wide range of crops and cash crops.
❑ The factors discouraging settlement:
• Unsuitable Climate
• Relief factors
• Cold, Altitudes, Heat, Drought,
• Poor soil quality
Population Explosion
•Population explosion refers to the rapid and
dramatic rise in world population that has
occurred over the last few hundred years.
•Between 1959 and 2000, the world’s population
increased from 2.5 billion to 6.1 billion people.
•According to United Nations projections, the
world population will be between 7.9 billion and
10.9 billion by 2050.
•Most of the growth takes place in the developing
world, where natural resources are high.
 Over Population
• In the past, infant and childhood deaths and short life
spans used to limit population growth. In today’s world,
thanks to improved nutrition, sanitation and medical
care, more babies survive their first few years of life.
• The combination of a continuing high birth rate and a
low death rate is creating a rapid population increase in
many countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa.
➢ Over population is defined as the condition of having
more people than can live on the earth in comfort,
happiness and health and still leave the world a fit
place for future generations.
• It took the entire history of humankind for the
population to reach 1 billion around 1810.
• Just 120 years later, this doubled to 2 billion people
(1930); then 4 billion in 1975 (45 years).
• The number of people in the world has risen from
4.4 billion people in 1980 to 7.6 billion in 2017.
• It is estimated that the population could double
again to nearly 11 billion in less than 40 years.
• More people are now being added each day that at
any other time in human history.
• According to a report by the United Nation
Population fund, total population is likely to reach
10 billion by 2025 and grow to 14 billion by the end
of the next century.
• Both, death rate and birth rates have fallen, but
death rates have fallen faster than birth rates.
• These are about 3 births for each death with 1.6
births for each death in more developed countries
(MDCs) and 3.3 births for each death in less
developed countries (LDCs).
Causes of Rapid Population Growth

The great advances in science and technology

resulted in to reduction of death rates by:
1. Increase in food production and distribution.
2. Improvement in public health (water &
sanitation)
3. Medical technology (vaccine and antibiotics),
along with gains in education and standards
of living within many developing nations.
Consequences of Rapid Population Growth

• Overpopulation and poverty have long been

associated with increased death, and disease.
• People tightly packed into unsanitary housing
are inordinately vulnerable to natural disaster
and death problems.
• It reduces human beings to a low level of
existence.
• Poor people lack access to enough land and
income to meet basic needs.
• A lack of basic needs results in physical
weakness and poor health.
•Poor health decreases the ability of the
poor to work and put them deeper into
poverty.
•Overpopulation results in to sanitary
problems.
•Highly populated nations generally faces
the problem of scarcity of natural resources
•Increased pollution and Shortage of food
and fodder.
•Poor education and living standards.
Control Measure:
In the past, human populations have rarely
been subjected to explosion. The powerful
long-term momentum that is built into the
human age structure means that the effects of
fertility changes become apparent only in the
future. For these reasons, it is now
conventional practice to use the technology of
population projection as a means of better
understanding the implications of trends.
• More public education is needed to develop
more awareness about population issues.
• Facts like the size or the growth rate of human
population should be in the head of every
citizen.
• Schools should inform students about
population issues in order for them to make
projections about the future generations.
• Action plan and strategies can be developed to
increase public understanding of how rapid
population growth limits chances for meeting
basic needs.
• Women’s education at the community level
build a basis for action.
• Free and equal access to health care , family
planning and education.
• Individual choice, human rights and
collective responsibility.
• Allowing families to plan the size and
spacing of their children.
• Teachers, parents, educators, politicians,
concerned citizens can practice and work on
how to make good decisions in everyday life.
Case Study
For decades Algeria has had one of the highest
population growth rates in world, arising directly
from a steady gap between death rates and birth
rates. The reasons are of a complex social,
economic and cultural kind, such as high infant
mortality, traditionally early marriage, family
models largely determined by religion, the
common practice of child labour and other
factors. As a consequences of the mismatch
between economic and demographic growth the
society is confronted by growing mass ----
Unemployment, underemployment, food supply
problems, housing shortage and ecological
crises. The critical economic situation in the
eighties reduced the prospects for constraining
the population explosion by quickly conquering
socioeconomic underdevelopment. Nowadays
Algeria is deliberately following a programme for
family planning, which is also supported to a
certain extent by the Islamic clergy.
 CONTENTS
• Environment and Human Health
• The effects of environment on human health
• Effects of Air Pollutants
• Effects of Water Pollutants
• Effects of Solid Wastes
 Environment & Human Health

• Human well being is closely linked with the well being

of environment. However, over the years, there has
been progressive pressure on the environment and the
natural resources, the consequences of which are
becoming increasingly evident in form of
environmental damage & health risks, thus reducing
the benefits of development.

• Population growth and intensification of man’s

activities through agriculture development,
urbanization and industrialization all over the world
have created various environmental problems. The
environment is under constant interference by man.
The effects of environment on human health
can be measured in the following terms:

a) The extent to which environmental

conditions lead to shortening of life.
b) The extent to which such conditions
create disability or impairment among
those who are exposed to it.
c) The extent to which the full biological
potential of an organism is not realized.
Specific Health Effects of Air Pollutants
 Specific Health Effects of Water
Pollutants
• Besides air, water is an important natural
resource.
• Water pollution reduces the amount of pure
water available on the planet for necessities like
drinking, cleaning and recreational activities.
• Factors responsible for water pollution may be
artificial or natural.
• However, it is the unprecedented release of
industrial effluents and sewage into fresh water
bodies which is responsible for scarcity of pure
drinking water.
• About 70% of the water bodies in India are
polluted. The table below gives a list of some
Indian Rivers and their major source of pollution.
• The common water pollutants are the industrial
effluents, municipal wastes, pesticides, oil spills
etc. Further, a mere 5% to 7% of the country’s
pollution is covered by sewage facilities and only
3% have by sewage treatment plants.
• It is estimated that on account of pollution of
rivers and lakes, more than 60% of the diseases
are water borne in India which result in a loss of
nearly 73 million working days.
 Specific Health Effects of
Solid Waste
• Discharge of industrial sludges or dumping of solid
both wastes, from industries and the municipalities
is the cause of increasing pollution.
• Another important factor is the increase in use of
pesticides in our agricultural fields.
• A typical classification of industrial and municipal
solid waste includes: garbage, rubbish, ashes,
hospital refuse, large wastes, dead animals,
industrial, mining wastes, agriculture wastes.
• Most of these solid waste dumps provide habitat to
a variety of disease producing and transmitting
organisms.
• The indiscriminate use of pesticides to prevent
damage of crops by insects has lead to widespread
contamination of environment with pesticide
residues.
• These have resulted in contamination of ground and
surface water, food and food products.
• The worldwide use of pesticides is increasing by
2.3% every year. Most of these pesticides are
mutagenic and carcinogenic.
• They can stop cell division and produce
chromosomal. DDT is known to cause
hepatocarcinoma, leukemia, aplastic anaemia etc.
• Increase in urbanization has adversely affected
the ecological balance by depleting both
renewable and non renewable resources faster
because of the high Energy requirement of
urbanities.
• It also results in creation of slums which leads to
deteriorating life quality, poor health services and
flourishing of communicable diseases.
• In many big cities (like Mumbai & Kolkata) slum
population accounts for about 40% of the total city
population resulting in filthy surroundings, lack of
basic amenities and hence a disease prone life.
• Besides the direct negative impact of
deteriorating
• environmental quality on human health, loss of
natural
• resources has also adversely affected life
quality.
• Deforestation has resulted in biodiversity loss
which is essential for maintaining the basic life
supporting process. Flora & fauna is the
source of a large number of medicines which
are essential for maintaining human health.
 CONTENTS

• Introduction about Human

Rights
• Important Articles of Human
Rights
 Human Rights
•Large numbers of people in many
countries lived under the control of tyrants,
having no resources but war to relieve
often intolerable living conditions.
•
•Unless some way was found to relieve the
lot of these people, they could revolt and
become the catalyst for another wide-scale
and possibly nuclear war.
•For perhaps the first time, representatives
from the majority of governments in the
world came to conclusion that basic
human rights must be protected, not only
for the sake of the individuals and
countries involved, but to preserve the
human race.
On December 10, 1948 the
General Assembly of United
Nations adopted and
proclaimed the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights.
The Assembly called upon all
Member countries to publicize
the text of the Declaration.
Important Articles of “Declaration
of Human Rights”.
Article 1:
All human beings are born free and equal in
dignity and rights. They are endowed with
reason and conscience and should act towards
one other in a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 2:
Every one is entitled to all the rights and
freedoms, without distinction of any kind, such
as race, sex, language, religion, political or
other opinion, national or social origin,
property, birth or other status.
Article 3:
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security
of person.

Article 4:
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude,
slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in
all their forms.

Article 5:
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel,
inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
Article 6:
Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere
as a person before the law.
Article 7:
All are equal before the law and are entitled
without any discrimination to equal protection of
the law.
Article 8:
Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by
the competent national tribunals for acts violating
the fundamental rights granted him by the
constitution or by law.
Article 9:
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest,
detention or exile.
Article 10:
Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and
public hearings by an independent and impartial
tribunal.
Article 11:
Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right
to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according
to law in a public trial at which he has all the
guarantees necessary for his defence.
Article 12:
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with
his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to
attacks upon his honour and reputation.

Article 13:
(1) Every one has right to freedom of movement and
residence within the borders of each state.
(2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including
his own, and to return t his country.

Article 14:
Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other
countries asylum from persecution.
Article 15:
(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his
nationality nor denied the right to change his
nationality.

Article 16:
Men and women of full age, without any limitation
due to race, nationality or religion have right to
marry and to find a family.
Article 17:
(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as
well as in association with others.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

Article 18:
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought,
conscience and religion, this right includes freedom
to change his religion or belief and freedom, either
alone or in community with others and in public or
private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching,
practice, worship and observance.
Article 19:
Everyone has the right to freedom of
opinion and expression; this right includes
freedom to hold opinions without
interference and to seek, receive and impart
information and ideas through any media
and regardless of frontiers.
Article 20:
Every one has the right to freedom of
peaceful assembly and association.
Article 21:
Everyone has the right to take part in the
government of his country, directly or through
freely chosen representatives. The will of the
people shall be the basis of the authority of
government.
Article 22:
Everyone is the member of society, has the right
to social security and is entitled to realization of
the economic, social and cultural rights
indispensable for his dignity and free
development of his personality.
Article 23:
(1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice
of employment, to just and favourable conditions
of the work and to protection against
unemployment.
(2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the
right to equal pay for equal work.
Article 24:
Everyone has the right to rest and leisure,
including reasonable limitation of working hours
and periodic holidays with pay.
Article 25:
Every one has the right to a standard
of living adequate to the health and
well-being of himself and his family
and the right to security in the event of
unemployment, sickness, disability,
widowhood, old age or other lack of
livelihood in circumstances beyond
his control.
Article 26:
Everyone has the right to education.
Education shall be free, atleast in the
elementary and fundamental stages.
Elementary education shall be compulsory.
Technical and professional education shall
be made generally available and higher
education shall be equally accessible to all
on the merit basis
Article 27:
Everyone has the right freely to participate
in the cultural life of the community, to
enjoy the arts and to share in scientific
advancement and its benefits.
Article 28:
Everyone is entitles to a social and
international order in which the rights and
freedoms set forth in this Declaration can
be fully realized.
Article 29:
Everyone has duties to the community in which
alone the free and full development of his
personality is possible.

Article 30:
Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as
implying for any State, group or person any right
to engage in any activity or to perform any act
aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and
freedoms set forth herein.
 CONTENTS
• Introduction to HIV/AIDS
• Background of HIV/AIDS
• Symptoms
• Mode of transmission
• Probable Safety Steps
• Myths & Facts
Introduction to HIV/AIDS
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus
that attacks the immune system, which is our body’s
natural defence against illness. HIV has two major
categories: HIV-1 and HIV-2
• HIV-1, which currently has about 10 subtypes, is
most common worldwide and the only form
found in the US.
• HIV-2 is less virulent and though currently
confined to West Africa and it’s spreading.
• The HIV basically provokes an infection which
destroys the body’s immune system.
• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
is the advanced stage of this disease. In this
case, the immune system becomes irreparably
damaged, endangering multiple infections and
cancers.
• A person is considered HIV positive when he
tests positive for any of the 26 diseases
(Kaposi’s sarcoma, lymphoma, pulmonary
tuberculosis, recurrent pneumonia within 12
month period, wasting syndrome and other
indicators) that can easily invade the body
during our immune’s non-functionality.
• On invading the body, the virus specially attacks,
a core of the human defense system.

• They mobilize other cells to seek and destroy

contagious foreign elements besides leading the
immune system’s fight against infections.
 Background of HIV/AIDS

• The first recorded sample of HIV was

discovered in 1959 in a blood specimen
obtained at Leopoldville (now Kinshasa) in
the Belgian Congo.
• This was the first known death chalked up
by AIDS.
• The HIV is thought to have originally
effected chimpanzees.
• The crossover of the virus from animal to
humans may have occurred in the 1950s
through an accident or bite.
• All the early AIDS cases originated in the
Central African states of Congo, Rwanda or
Burundi.
• Within two decades, upto 50 million may have
been infected globally, approximately 22 million
have succumbed and nearly 15000 new
infections are said to occur daily.
 Symptoms

Stage 1 Symptoms: Acute Infection

Symptoms during this stage may include:

• Fever
• Chills
• Headache
• Sore throat
• Fatigue
• Muscle pain
• Joint pain
• Night sweats
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Mouth ulcers
Stage 2 Symptoms: Chronic HIV Infection

During chronic infection, a person may experience symptoms

like:
• Persistent fatigue
• Swollen lymph nodes
• Chronic diarrhea
• Patchy red, dry skin
• Oral thrush (a yeast infection of the mouth)
• Recurrent respiratory infections (including bacterial
pneumonia)
• Recurrent mouths sores
• Fungal nail infections
Stage 3 Symptoms: AIDS

Neurological Painful headaches, muscle

weakness, numbness or nerve
pain, loss of coordination and
clumsiness, difficulty walking,
hearing impairment, changes in
vision, difficulty swallowing,
confusion, changes in behavior,
seizures, dementia
Eyes Persistent eye dryness, decreased
vision, extreme sensitivity to
[Link] infection or inflammation,
vision loss, blindness

Gastrointestinal Mouth and throat sores, whitish

growth in the mouth or throat, severe
abdominal pain, lower abdominal
swelling, bloating and gas, difficulty
swallowing, painful swallowing,
nausea and vomiting, diarrhea,
constipation, blood in stool, bloody
vomit, black or tarry stool, rectal pain,
unintended weight loss
Liver Upper abdominal pain, extreme
fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea
or vomiting, clay-colored stool,
cola-colored urine, ascites (fluid
buildup in the
abdomen), jaundice (yellowing of
eyes and skin)
Lungs Shortness of breath, wheezing,
chronic cough, phlegm, difficulty
breathing, chest pain, easy
exhaustion with physical
activity, crackling lung sounds,
pneumonia
Skin Painless bruise-like
lesions, an outbreak of
painful blisters and
ulcers, whole-body rash,
hardened or crusty skin
plaques, pus-filled skin
eruptions, nail
deformity, cellulitis and
other skin infections
HIV has three three stages: acute, chronic, and AIDS.
People in the acute stage may experience flu-like
symptoms between two and four weeks after exposure.
People in the chronic stage (which can last 10 years or
more) may experience persistent fatigue, swollen lymph
nodes, and recurrent respiratory infections.

When HIV progresses to AIDS, symptoms can vary based

on the type of opportunistic infections a person gets.
Treatment with antiretroviral drugs can restore the immune
system and should be started at any stage of infection.
 Modes of Transmission

• HIV is transmitted primarily by sex (anal, vaginal

or oral sex with an infected partner).
• By injections (sharing contaminated needles for
drug use or accidental piercing with a
contaminated needle), or from infected mother
to child through pregnancy or breast-feeding.
• Infected women and vaginal fluids, infected
blood and blood products lead to the
transmission of HIV.
• Drug abuse with unsterilized needles is another
high risk activity.
• Unprotected sex with multiple partners is the primary
cause of infection. During unprotected sex, the
infected fluid could enter the bloodstream.
• Through a tiny cut or sore.
• Anal penetration has a higher risk of transmission,
which is why a high percentage of homosexuals
develop the disease.
• Bleeding during sex also raises the chances of
infection. Therefore, unprotected sex during menstrual
periods and anal intercourse are best avoided.
• An infected mother can also transmit the virus to
her baby before or during birth or through breast
milk.
• Although traces of HIV have been detected in
body fluids (saliva, urine and tears) there is no
evidence that HIV spreads through these fluids.
• It is not water borne, air borne or transmitted
through mosquitoes and other insects.
• Some HIV infected patients progress to AIDS
quickly while others can remain healthy for 10
years or more.
 Probable Safety Steps

• Avoid alcohol or drugs during sex, one might lose

control of his/her senses and engage in unsafe sex.
• Stick to safer practices at all times and avoid having
multiple partners.
• Practice monogamy. If this is a tall order, serial
relationships are a lesser evil than multiple ones.
• High risk sexual behaviour should be avoided at all
costs.
• The presence of sexually transmitted disease
(STDs) increases the risk of contracting HIV from an
infected partner.
 Myths and Facts

• Say ‘AIDS’ and dime-a-dozen misconceptions

about.
• AIDS is supposedly a disease of gay men and
intravenous drug users.
• The facts are otherwise. No doubt in the early
years many HIV –positive cases reported
amongst the Western gay community.
• In recent years, however, prevalence rates
among gays have leveled off.
• Instead, heterosexual transmission has been
forging ahead of all other modes of
transmission.
•AIDS virus is NOT transmitted through
touching, hugging, kissing, massage,
sharing toilet seats, drinking or eating from
utensils used by an infected person or any
other mode of casual contact.
•Working, socializing and living with
infected people cause the disease.
•Donating blood also does not run the risk
of disease
• Since the AIDS virus is unable to survive outside
the human body beyond a short duration, dried
blood is not infectious.
• For this reason, mosquitoes are incapable of
transmitting HIV as the virus cannot replicate
itself in the intestine of insects.
• Although the medical personnel are potentially
at risk from infection, this is minimal if protective
gear such as gloves, masks and goggles are
always used when handling potentially infected
material.
 CONTENTS

• Women & Child Welfare

• Objectives
• Initiatives of Government
• Department of Women and Child
Development various Schemes
Women and Child Welfare
The objective:
• To improve the social, economical, health and
nutritional status of the women.
• To improve the physical, mental, intellectual
development of the children and to improve the
health and nutritional status and protect the
children from malnutrition.
• To protect the constitutional rights of women
and create awareness about different
programmes pertaining to women welfare and
laws of protection.
Several initiatives have been taken by
the Government to improve the status
of women.

Major programmes implemented and

initiatives undertaken by the Govt. in
the area of women’s empowerment
and child welfare are:
1. Support to Training cum Employment
Programme (STEP)
The scheme renders support to women’s
employment in sectors like agriculture,
dairying, small animal husbandry,
fisheries, khadi and village industries,
handlooms etc., where women are
predominately engaged in work. The
scheme focuses on the poorest, the
unorganized and asset less women.
2. Socio-Economic Programme
Under this programme, the Central Social
Welfare Board gives financial assistance to
voluntary organizations for a variety of
income-generating activities, providing
work and wages to needy women. Small
economic units, handloom and
handicrafts units, dairy and other animal
husbandry programmes like piggery,
goat-rearing, sheep breeding and poultry
are supported under this programme.
3. Women’s Development Corporation
The Scheme for setting up Women’s
Development Corporations in States was
formulated in 1986+87 with a view to
identifying women entrepreneurs, providing
them with technical consultancy, facilitating
availability of credits, promoting marketing of
products, strengthening women’s
cooperatives, arranging training facilities etc.
4. Swa-Shakti Project
Swa-Shakti Project (earlier known as
Rural Women’s Development and
Empowerment Project) was sanctioned
on 16 October 1998 as a Centrally
sponsored project for a period of five
years.
The objective of the project are:
a)Establishment of self-reliant women’s
Self- Help Groups (SHGs);
b) Sensitizing and strengthening the institution

c) Developing linkages between SHGs and credit-

lending institutions,

d) Enhancing Women’s access to resources for

better quality of life,

e) Increased control of women, particularly poor

women, over income and spending, through
their involvement in income-generation
activities
5. Welfare and Support Services
• Financial assistance is given to
voluntary organizations for
construction of hospitals for working
women.
• Grant-in-aid is also given to voluntary
organizations /institutions to
assist/run short-stay homes for
women and girls who are in social and
moral danger.
6. Advocacy and Sensitization
• Development indicators stand witness the
gender gaps that exist in various areas of
our social and economic life.
• The constantly declining sex ratio, which
now stands at 927 females to 1000 males,
the growing incidence of female foeticide,
the prevalence of female infanticide and the
high rates of infant and maternal mortality
demonstrate that even survival of the girl
child/woman is critical areas of concern.
7. Support through Legislation
• These include Equal Remuneration Act,
Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, Criminal
Laws and Indian Evidence Act, Maternity Benefit
Act, Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, Dowry
Prevention Act.
• A Landmark legislation on the pre-natal diagnostic
technique to prevent its misuse was passed in
April 1994. The 73rd Amendment to the
constitution providing for 1/3rd reservation for
women in the Panchayats and local urban bodies
is the most important landmark in the women’s
empowerment efforts.
8. National Commission for Women
The main area of activities of commission
constituted on 31 January 1992 includes
review of the constitutional and legal
safeguards for women, recommending
remedial measures, facilitating redressals of
grievances, undertaking studies and
investigation, participation and advice in the
planning process and generally advising the
Govt. on all matters of policy affecting their
welfare and development of women in the
country.
9. National Institute of Public Cooperation and
Child Development
The objectives of the institute are to develop
and promote voluntary action in social
development, take a comprehensive view of
child development and develop measures for
coordination of governmental and voluntary
action in social development and evolve a
framework and perspective for organizing
children’s programmes through social and
voluntary efforts.
 Department of Women and
Child Development
Schemes of the Department:

Umbrella ICDS
Anganwadi Services Scheme
Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana
National Creche Scheme
National Nutrition Mission
Child Protection Scheme
Scheme for Adolescent Girls (SAG)
 Women Empowerment Schemes

Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme

One Stop Centre Scheme
Women Helpline Scheme
UJJAWALA : A Comprehensive Scheme for
Prevention of trafficking and Rescue,
Rehabilitation and Re-integration of Victims of
Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation
Working Women Hostel
Ministry approves new projects under Ujjawala
Scheme and continues existing projects
SWADHAR Greh (A Scheme for Women in Difficult
Circumstances)
Support to Training and Employment Programme for
Women (STEP)
NARI SHAKTI PURASKAR
Awardees of Stree Shakti Puruskar, 2014 & Awardees of
Nari Shakti Puruskar
Awardees of Rajya Mahila Samman & Zila Mahila
Samman
Mahila police Volunteers
Mahila E-Haat
Mahila Shakti Kendras (MSK)
Other Schemes

•General Grant-in-Aid Scheme in the field

of Women and Child Development
•General Grant-in-aid (GIA) Scheme for
Assistance to Voluntary Organisations in
the field of Women and Child
Development
•Kishori Shakti Yojana
•Rashtriya Bal Kosh (National Childrens
Fund)
• Dhanalakshmi
• Grant-in-Aid for Research, Publication and
Monitoring
• Gender Budgeting Scheme
• Nutrition Education and Training though
Community Food & Nutrition Extension
Units(CFNEUS)
• General Grant-in-Aid Scheme for innovative
projects
• Family Counselling Centre Scheme
 CONTENTS
• Role of IT in Environment
• Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical
Information System (GIS) Technology
• Environmental Information System (ENVIS)
• Role of IT in Human Health
• IT’s Role in Design of Healthcare Products and
Services
Role of Information Technology in
Environment
• Information technology (IT) is a recent tool for
communication and dissemination of
information for the protection of environment
and sustainable development in the country.
• World Wide Web (WWW) or the internet is a
revolutionary concept on which you can get
tonnes of information pertaining to any
subject and that holds true for the area of
environment also.
• Various techniques are used under IT for the
observation and protection of environment.
 Remote Sensing and GIS
Technology
• Remote sensing and Geographical Information
System (GIS) technology is a useful tool for
following and managing natural resources.

• Using this we can quickly detect changes

occurring in the derivative maps and statistics
that take from period images not only help us
assess a part of changing trends of nature and
environment, but also propose reasonable ways
in using resource, protecting environment and
stable development.
Environmental Information System
(ENVIS)
• Realizing the importance of Environmental
Information, the Govt. of India, in December
1982 established an Environmental
Information System (ENVIS) as a plan
programme.

• The focus of ENVIS, since inception, has

been on providing Environmental information
to decision makers, policy planners,
scientists and engineers, research workers
etc.
• All over the country 25 ENVIS centers have
been established to cover the broad subject
areas of environment with a focal point in the
Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate
Change (MoEF&CC).

• ENVIS is a decentralized system with a network

of distributed subject oriented Centres ensuring
integration of national efforts in environmental
information collection, retrieval and
dissemination to all concerned.
• Presently the ENVIS network consists of Focal
Point at MoEF&CC and ENVIS Centres set up in
different organizations/establishments in the
country in selected areas of environment.

• These Centres have been set up in the areas of

pollution control, toxic chemicals, central and
offshore ecology, environmentally sound and
appropriate technology, bio-degradation of
wastes and environment management etc.
Role of IT in Human Health
• Health care needs cannot be met in most
countries for the vast majority of the world’s
population from within the prevailing structures
of resources allocation.

• There are several potential sources of conflict

among countries for making and observing rules
of International trade in health care goods and
services. However, promoting trade and
protecting health need not be viewed as
incompatible goals.
Shared commitments on the use of global
healthcare resources can be a powerful uniting
force in the world.

Information and communication technologies

(ICT) could revolutionize healthcare. With the
right policy choices, IT is able to promote new
thresholds of human connectivity and is a
powerful tool of global convergence through
cross-border supply of services. IT touches all
aspects of healthcare and at many different
points of contact.
 IT’s Role in Design of Healthcare
Products and Services
It has created opportunities for optimizing linkages
between domestic markets and exports/imports which
is reflected in the design of healthcare products and
services.

The notion of ‘Tele Medicine’ thus emerged as the

practice of using audio, visual and data
communications for medical consultations, diagnosis,
treatment, nursing care, medical education and
transfer of medical data together with a broader
concept of ‘Tele Health’ which includes Tele Medicine
and healthcare management, surveillance, literature
and access to knowledge from a distance, using ICT.
IT enables new ways of working and organizing work
locally, nationally and globally. It is an important
consideration in the design of public health systems in
less developed countries where governments need to
simultaneously pursue agenda related to healthcare,
development and trade.

High cost medical procedures, increased longevity, ageing

populations and costly medicines are the main reasons
patients, national public health systems and health
maintenance organizations seek cross-border supplies
offering more advantageous price/quality ratio.