Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th Edition

Martini / Bartholomew

19 The Reproductive
System

PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines

prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University

Slides 1 to 84

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Overview of Reproduction
Reproductive System Essentials
• Gonads (reproductive organs)
• Testes in males, ovaries in females
• Gametes (reproductive cells)
• Spermatazoa (sperm) in males,
• Ova (eggs) in females
• Fertilization
• Fusion of male and female gamete
• Zygote
• Fertilized egg
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Male Reproductive System
Reproductive Organs
• Testes
• Enclosed by scrotum
• Produce spermatazoa (sperm)
• Epididymis
• Stores sperm
• Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
• Conducts sperm outward

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Male Reproductive System

Reproductive Organs (cont d)

• Ejaculatory duct
• Accessory organs
1. Seminal vesicle
2. Prostate gland
3. Bulbourethral glands
• Urethra
• Inside the penis, an erectile
organ

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Male Reproductive System
The Male Reproductive System

Figure 19-1
Male Reproductive System

The Testes
• Primary sex organ in males
• Hang within scrotum
• Cremaster muscle lifts testis
toward body
• Tunica albuginea encloses testis

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Male Reproductive System

The Testes (cont d)

• Septa divide testis into lobules
• Seminferous tubules within
lobule produce sperm
• Interstitial cells surround tubules
• Produce testosterone, the main
male sex hormone

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Male Reproductive System

Seminiferous Tubules
• Contain spermatogonia
• Stem cells for spermatogenesis =
sperm production

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Male Reproductive System
The Scrotum, Testes, and
Seminiferous Tubules

Figure 19-2(a)
Male Reproductive System
The Scrotum,
Testes, and
Seminiferous
Tubules

Figure 19-2(b)
Male Reproductive System
The Scrotum,
Testes, and
Seminiferous
Tubules

Figure 19-2(c)
Male Reproductive System
Anatomy of a Spermatozoon
1. Head
• Contains nucleus and
chromosomes
• Acrosomal cap contains enzymes
2. Middle piece
• Contains mitochondria
3. Tail
• Whips the sperm along

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 SPERMATOGENESIS
MITOSIS of
spermatogonium
(diploid)

Primary
spermatocyte
(diploid)
DNA replication Primary
MEIOSIS I spermatocyte
Synapsis and Tetrad (four chromatids)
tetrad formation
Secondary
spermatocytes

MEIOSIS II Spermatids
(haploid)

SPERMIOGENESIS
(physical maturation)

Spermatozoa
(haploid)
Figure 19-3
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 SPERMATOGENESIS
MITOSIS of
spermatogonium
(diploid)

Primary
spermatocyte
(diploid)

Figure 19-3
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 SPERMATOGENESIS
MITOSIS of
spermatogonium
(diploid)

Primary
spermatocyte
(diploid)
DNA replication Primary
MEIOSIS I spermatocyte
Synapsis and Tetrad (four chromatids)
tetrad formation
Secondary
spermatocytes

Figure 19-3
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 SPERMATOGENESIS
MITOSIS of
spermatogonium
(diploid)

Primary
spermatocyte
(diploid)
DNA replication Primary
MEIOSIS I spermatocyte
Synapsis and Tetrad (four chromatids)
tetrad formation
Secondary
spermatocytes

MEIOSIS II Spermatids
(haploid)

Figure 19-3
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 SPERMATOGENESIS
MITOSIS of
spermatogonium
(diploid)

Primary
spermatocyte
(diploid)
DNA replication Primary
MEIOSIS I spermatocyte
Synapsis and Tetrad (four chromatids)
tetrad formation
Secondary
spermatocytes

MEIOSIS II Spermatids
(haploid)

SPERMIOGENESIS
(physical maturation)

Spermatozoa
(haploid)
Figure 19-3
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 Male Reproductive System
Spermatozoon
Structure

Figure 19-4
Male Reproductive System
Key Note
Meiosis produces gametes
that contain half the number
of chromosomes found in
somatic cells. For each cell
entering meiosis, the testes
produce four spermatozoa,
whereas the ovaries
produce only one ovum.

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Male Reproductive System
Male Reproductive Tract
1. Epididymis
• Long tubule in which sperm mature
• Sperm learn to swim: YMCA
2. Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
• Carries sperm from epididymis into body
cavity
• Joins with seminal vesicle
• Forms ejaculatory duct
3. Urethra
• Extends from bladder to tip of penis
• Passageway for urine and semen

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Male Reproductive System
The Ductus
Deferens

Figure 19-5(a)
Male Reproductive System
The Ductus
Deferens

Figure 19-5(b)
Male Reproductive System
The Accessory Glands
1. Seminal vesicle
• Secretes 60% of volume of semen
• Secretes fructose to power the sperm
2. Prostate gland
• Contributes about 30% of semen volume
• Contains antibiotic to prevent UTI s
3. Bulbourethral glands (Cowper s gland)
• Secretes alkaline mucus as a lubricant

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Male Reproductive System

Semen
• Typical ejaculation
expels 2–5 ml of semen
• Called the ejaculate
• Contains 20–50 million
sperm per ml

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Male Reproductive System

The Penis
• Penis skin resembles scrotal skin
• Contains three erectile bodies
• A pair of corpora cavernosa dorsally
• A single corpus spongiosum ventrally
• Urethra passes through it
• Erection of penis follows dilation of
erectile bodies with blood

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Male Reproductive System
The Penis

Figure 19-6(a)
Male Reproductive System
The Penis

Figure 19-6(b)
Male Reproductive System
The Penis

Figure 19-6(c)
Male Reproductive System
Hormones and Male Reproductive Function
1. Pituitary Hormones
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• Promotes spermatogenesis
• Luteining hormone (LH)
• Stimulates testosterone production
2. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
• Hypothalamic hormone controls pituitary
3. Androgens (steroids)
• Testosterone most important

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Male Reproductive System
Hormonal
Feedback in the
Regulation of Male
Reproductive
Function

Figure 19-7
Female Reproductive System

Principal Female
Reproductive Organs
• Ovaries
• Uterine (Fallopian) tubes
• Uterus
• Vagina
• External genitalia (vulva)

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Female Reproductive System
The Female Reproductive System

Figure 19-8(a)
Female Reproductive System
The Female Reproductive System

Figure 19-8(b)
Female Reproductive System

The Ovaries
• Primary sex organs of females
• Size and shape of almond
• Site of oogenesis (ovum
production)
• Responsible for monthly
ovarian cycle
• Responsible for several stages
in ovum development

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Female Reproductive System

The Ovaries (cont d)

• Stages in oogenesis (ovum production):
1. Stem cells (oogonia) complete mitosis
before birth
2. Primary oocytes begin meiosis before birth
(stop at prophase) about 2 million of these
3. They stay in a state of suspended
animation until puberty. Only about 400,000
primary oocytes survive until then.

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Female Reproductive System
Oogenesis Cont.
4. At puberty the primary follicles begin to mature. It
could take up to a year for 1 follicle to mature.
 follicle contains the oocyte
 Oocyte is surrounded by special layer of cells

Now the Ovarian Cycle can begin.

28 day cycle
Includes: follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase
 OOGENESIS
MITOSIS of oogonium
(before birth)

Primary
oocyte
(diploid)
DNA replication (before birth) Tetrad

MEIOSIS I begins before birth Primary

oocyte
Synapsis and tetrad formation

MEIOSIS I First polar

completed body
after puberty
Secondary
(may not oocyte
occur) (haploid)

MEIOSIS II
begun in the Secondary oocyte
tertiary follicle ovulated in metaphase
and completed of MEIOSIS II
only if fertilization
occurs

If fertilization Second
occurs after polar Ovum Maturation
body (haploid) of gamete
ovulation,
MEIOSIS II
Is completed
Figure 19-9
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 OOGENESIS
MITOSIS of oogonium
(before birth)

Primary
oocyte
(diploid)

Figure 19-9
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 OOGENESIS
MITOSIS of oogonium
(before birth)

Primary
oocyte
(diploid)
DNA replication (before birth) Tetrad

MEIOSIS I begins before birth Primary

oocyte
Synapsis and tetrad formation

Figure 19-9
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 OOGENESIS
MITOSIS of oogonium
(before birth)

Primary
oocyte
(diploid)
DNA replication (before birth) Tetrad

MEIOSIS I begins before birth Primary

oocyte
Synapsis and tetrad formation

MEIOSIS I First polar

completed body
after puberty
Secondary
oocyte
(haploid)

Figure 19-9
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 OOGENESIS
MITOSIS of oogonium
(before birth)

Primary
oocyte
(diploid)
DNA replication (before birth) Tetrad

MEIOSIS I begins before birth Primary

oocyte
Synapsis and tetrad formation

MEIOSIS I First polar

completed body
after puberty
Secondary
(may not oocyte
occur) (haploid)

MEIOSIS II
begun in the Secondary oocyte
tertiary follicle ovulated in metaphase
and completed of MEIOSIS II
only if fertilization
occurs

If fertilization Second
occurs after polar Ovum Maturation
body (haploid) of gamete
ovulation,
MEIOSIS II
Is completed
Figure 19-9
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 Primordial follicles Primordial follicles Secondary follicle
before puberty Tertiary follicle
Follicle Antrum
Primordial follicles Zona Primary containing
cells pellucida oocyte follicular
Nucleus fluid
of
Primary primary
oocytes oocyte

Zona
pellucida
Follicle
cells
Zona pellucida

Primordial Primary Secondary Tertiary

follicles follicle follicle follicle OVULATION
Outer
surface
of
ovary

Released
secondary
oocyte

Degenerating Corpus Corona Corpus luteum

corpus luteum radiata
luteum

Figure 19-10
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 Primordial follicles
before puberty

Primordial follicles

Primordial
follicles

Figure 19-10
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 Primordial follicles Primordial follicles
before puberty
Follicle
Primordial follicles cells

Primary
oocytes

Zona
pellucida

Primordial Primary
follicles follicle

Figure 19-10
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 Primordial follicles Primordial follicles Secondary follicle
before puberty
Follicle Zona
Primordial follicles cells pellucida
Nucleus
of
Primary primary
oocytes oocyte

Zona
pellucida
Follicle
cells

Primordial Primary Secondary

follicles follicle follicle

Follicular Phase:
1. At start of Ovarian Cycle
an ovary contains only a
few secondary follicles
2. By day 5 there is usually
only 1

Figure 19-10
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 Primordial follicles Primordial follicles Secondary follicle
before puberty Tertiary follicle
Follicle Antrum
Primordial follicles Zona Primary containing
cells pellucida oocyte follicular
Nucleus fluid
of
Primary primary
oocytes oocyte

Zona
pellucida
Follicle
cells
Zona pellucida

Primordial Primary Secondary Tertiary

follicles follicle follicle follicle

3. FSH causes the

follicle to mature into
a tertiary follicle or
Graafian follicle
4. This happens 10-14
days into the cycle.

Figure 19-10
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 Primordial follicles Primordial follicles Secondary follicle
before puberty Tertiary follicle
Follicle Antrum
Primordial follicles Zona Primary containing
cells pellucida oocyte follicular
Nucleus fluid
of
Primary primary
oocytes oocyte

Zona
pellucida
Follicle
cells
Zona pellucida

Primordial Primary Secondary Tertiary

follicles follicle follicle follicle OVULATION
Outer
surface
of
ovary

Released
secondary
oocyte
Ovulation:
Corona
radiata
1. Secondary oocyte
bursts out of ovary
2. Generally happens
day 14 of 28 day
cycle. Figure 19-10
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 Primordial follicles Primordial follicles Secondary follicle
before puberty Tertiary follicle
Follicle Antrum
Primordial follicles Zona Primary containing
cells pellucida oocyte follicular
Nucleus fluid
of
Primary primary
oocytes oocyte

Zona
pellucida
Follicle
cells
Zona pellucida

Primordial Primary Secondary Tertiary

follicles follicle follicle follicle OVULATION
Outer
surface
of
ovary

Luteal Phase: Released

secondary
1. Ruptured follicle oocyte

becomes the Degenerating Corpus Corona Corpus luteum

corpus luteum. corpus
luteum
luteum radiata

2. Produces
progesterone.

Figure 19-10
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Female Reproductive System
Key Note
Oogenesis begins during embryonic
development, and primary oocyte
production is completed before birth.
After puberty, each month the ovary
produces one or more secondary
oocytes from pre-existing primary
oocytes. The number of viable primary
oocytes declines with age, until
ovarian cycles end at age 45–55.
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Female Reproductive System
The Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes)
• 5 inches long
• End in a funnel-shaped infundibulum
• Opens into pelvic cavity
• End are fingerlike projections= fimbriae
• Ovum enters here after ovulation
• Ovum moves from infundibulum toward
uterus -- takes 3-4 days
• Fertilization must occur during first 12–
24 hours of its passage from
infundibulum to uterus
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Female Reproductive System
The Uterus
• Protects and supports developing
embryo
• Pear-shaped; 3in x 2in
• Anchored by several ligaments
• Regions
1. Body
2. Cervix inferior portion projects into
vagina
3. Uterine cavity

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Female Reproductive System

The Uterus (cont d)

• Wall components
1. Endometrium
• Lining of cavity
2. Myometrium
• Smooth muscle layer
3. Perimetrium
• Serous covering

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Female Reproductive System
The Uterus

Figure 19-11
Female Reproductive System

The Uterine Cycle

• Also called, menstrual cycle
• Typically, 28 days long
1. Begins with
• Onset of menses
• Loss of the functional zone of
endometrium
• Lasts one to seven days

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Female Reproductive System

The Uterine Cycle (cont d)

2. Proliferative phase follows
menses
• Repair, growth of functional
zone of endometrium
3. Secretory phase follows
• Endometrial glands become
active
• Uterus prepared for embryo
• Menarche—First menses
• Menopause—Cycles stop

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Female Reproductive System

The Vagina
• Muscular tube between
uterus and external genitalia
• Highly elastic, distensible
• Partially blocked by hymen
• Thin fold of epithelium

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Female Reproductive System

Functions of the Vagina

1. Convey menstrual fluid
2. Receive penis during
intercourse
3. Hold semen after
ejaculation
4. Passageway for fetus
during birth

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Female Reproductive System
The Mammary Glands
• Located within the breast
• Specialized organs of the
integumentary system
• Produce milk to nourish the infant
• Lactation—The processes of milk
synthesis and secretion by cells
of the mammary glands
• Stimulated by hormones

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Female Reproductive System
Mammary
Gland of the
Left Breast

Figure 19-13
Female Reproductive System
Hormones and the Reproductive Cycle
• Coordinate ovarian and uterine cycles
• The ovarian follicle produces estrogen
1. Affects CNS, specifically hypothalamus to
increase sex drive
2. Stimulate bone and muscle growth
3. Female secondary sex characteristics
(body hair, fat deposits)
4. Maintains accessory sex organs
5. Initiates repair of endometrium

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Female Reproductive System
• Progesterone— secreted by corpus luteum
during the luteal phase of ovarian cycle
1. Prepares uterus for pregnancy
2. Stimulates growth of endometrium
3. Stimulates metabolism and raises basal
body temperature

• Ovulation triggered by mid-cycle LH surge

• Hypothalamic secretion of GnRH triggers
pituitary to release FSH, LH
Female Reproductive System
Hormonal
Regulation of the
Female
Reproductive
Cycle

Figure 19-14
Female Reproductive System
Hormonal Regulation of the Female
Reproductive Cycle

Figure 19-14(a)
Female Reproductive System
Hormonal Regulation of the Female
Reproductive Cycle

Figure 19-14(b)
Female Reproductive System
Hormonal Regulation of the Female
Reproductive Cycle

Figure 19-14(c)
Female Reproductive System
Hormonal Regulation of the Female
Reproductive Cycle

Figure 19-14(d)
Female Reproductive System
Hormonal Regulation of the Female
Reproductive Cycle

Figure 19-14(e)
Female Reproductive System

Key Note
Cyclic changes in FSH and LH
levels are responsible for the
maintenance of the ovarian cycle;
the hormones produced by the
ovaries in turn regulate the
uterine cycle.

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Physiology of Sexual Intercourse

Male Sexual Function

• Arousal
• Erotic thoughts, sensations
lead to parasympathetic
activity
• Erection
• Sympathetic activity
increases blood flow into
erectile tissues of penis

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Physiology of Sexual Intercourse

Male Sexual Function

(cont d)
• Coitus
• Sexual intercourse increases
sensation
• Emission
• Ejaculation
• Orgasm
• Associated with strong
contractions
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Physiology of Sexual Intercourse
Female Sexual Function
• Phases of sexual arousal resemble the
male s
• Parasympathetic activity during arousal
• Clitoral erection
• Muscular contraction associated with
orgasm

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Reproductive System and Aging
Menopause
• Time when menstruation and ovulation
cease
• Normally occurs about age 50
• Production of sex steroids drops
• Estrogen, progesterone
• Production of regulatory hormones rise
• GnRH, FSH, LH
• Negative feedback effect

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Reproductive System and Aging

The Male Climacteric

• Onset at about age 50–60
• Hormone levels change
• Testosterone levels drop
• FSH, LH levels rise
• Negative feedback effect
• Sperm quantity and quality
decline

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 The Reproductive System
in Perspective

FIGURE 19-17
Functional Relationships Between
the Reproductive System and Other Systems

Figure 19-17
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The Integumentary System

• Covers external genitalia;

provides sensations that
stimulate sexual behaviors;
mammary gland secretions
provide nourishment for
newborn
• Reproductive hormones affect
distribution of body hair and
subcutaneous fat deposits

Figure 19-17
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The Skeletal System

• Pelvis protects reproductive

organs of females, portion of
ductus deferens and
accessory glands in males
• Sex hormones stimulate
growth and maintenance of
bones; sex hormones at
puberty accelerate growth
and closure of epiphyseal
cartilages

Figure 19-17
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The Muscular System

• Contractions of skeletal
muscles eject semen from
male reproductive tract;
muscle contractions during
sexual act produce
pleasurable sensations in
both sexes
• Reproductive hormones,
especially testosterone,
accelerate skeletal muscle
growth
Figure 19-17
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The Nervous System

• Controls sexual behaviors and

sexual function
• Sex hormones affect CNS
development and sexual
behaviors

Figure 19-17
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The Endocrine System

• Hypothalamic regulatory
hormones and pituitary
hormones regulate sexual
development and function;
oxytocin stimulates smooth
muscle contractions in uterus
and mammary glands
• Steroid sex hormones and
inhibin inhibit secretory
activities of hypothalamus
and pituitary gland
Figure 19-17
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The Cardiovascular System

• Distributes reproductive
hormones; provides nutrients,
oxygen, and waste removal for
fetus; local blood pressure
changes responsible for
physical changes during sexual
arousal
• Estrogens may help maintain
healthy vessels and slow
development of atherosclerosis

Figure 19-17
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The Lymphatic System

• Provides IgA for secretions

by epithelial glands; assists
in repairs and defense
against infection
• Lysosomes and bactericidal
chemicals in secretions
provide nonspecific defense
against reproductive tract
infections

Figure 19-17
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The Respiratory System

• Provides oxygen and

removes carbon dioxide
generated by tissues of
reproductive system
• Changes in respiratory rate
and depth occur during
sexual arousal, under control
of the nervous system

Figure 19-17
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The Digestive System

• Provides additional
nutrients required to
support gamete production
and (in pregnant women)
embryonic and fetal
development

Figure 19-17
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The Urinary System

•Urethra in males carries

semen to exterior; kidneys
remove wastes generated by
reproductive tissues and (in
pregnant women) by a growing
embryo and fetus
•Accessory organ secretions
may have antibacterial action
that helps prevent urethral
infections in males
Figure 19-17
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