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Purposive Communication (Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig)

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MODULE 1 THE BASICS OF A language is a set (finite or infinite) of

COMMUNICATION sentences, each finite length constructed
PART ONE: Language and out of a limited set of elements. (N.
Communication Chomsky, 1957)
• Definition of Language and - Sentences maybe limited or
Communication unlimited and are made up of
• Elements of Communication only minor components.
• Communication Barriers • Syntax is the rules for the
structure of a sentence.
• Morphology is focused on the
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION organization of words.
• Phonology looks at the sound
Purposive Communication is about of speech and the shaping of
writing, speaking, and presenting to syllables.
different audiences and for various
purposes. Human communication is an open
communication system that can
easily create meanings and
OVERVIEW messages.

Language is a term, which due to its ‘Audible, articulate meaningful sounds as

range of applications, has prompted produced by the action of the vocal
innumerable definitions. Some of organs.’ (Webster’s Third New
these focus on the general concept of International Dictionary, Vol.2, 1971)
‘language.’ Then there are also those - Language is not a mere
which emphasize on its range of collection of many words. It is
functions or those which stress the the understanding of how the
differences between language and other words are related to each other
forms of human and animal and how these words can be
communication. used for communication.
A Language is a system of
communication by sound, operating
DEFINITIONS OF through the organs of speech, among
members of a given community, and
LANGUAGE using vocal symbols possessing arbitrary
A Language is purely human and non- conventional meaning (Pei, 1966, as
instinctive method of communicating cited in Madrunio & Martin, 2018).
ideas, emotions, and desires by means of - Language is a system of
voluntarily produced symbols (E. Sapir, communication that relies on
1921, as cited in Madrunio & Martin, verbal or non-verbal codes to
2018). transfer information.
A language is a system of arbitrary vocal A Language is the most sophisticated and
symbols by means of which the members versatile means available to human
of a society interact in terms of their total beings for the communication of
culture.’ (G. Trager, 1949) meaning. (Brown, 1984)
- Language consists of speech - Language is the most
sounds based on social sophisticated means of
agreement or conventions. communication. It is used to

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transmit thoughts and feelings, Language learning is the active process

and this can be reached of learning in a formal or informal way,
through voice sounds, such as at school or in a family.
gestures, and written symbols.
Language is a tool that enables people to
FUNCTIONS OF
communicate, express needs and wants, LANGUAGE
give directives, create, and produce
1. THE REFERENTIAL FUNCTION
through our own tongue.
2. THE EXPRESSIVE/EMOTIVE
- Language is a communication FUNCTION\
tool used by everyone on their 3. THE DIRECTIVE/CONATIVE
daily lives as a means to FUNCTION
convey information and 4. THE POETIC FUNCTION
arguments with others. 5. THE PHATIC FUNCTION
6. THE METALINGUAL FUNCTION
Linguists agree that a language can
only be called a language, if it has a Language is a complex phenomenon with
system of rules (also known as multiple functions
grammar), a sound system
Russian-American linguist Roman
(phonology) and a vocabulary
Jakobson defined six primary functions of
(lexicon).
language according to which an effective
Language development is continuous and act of verbal communication can be
recursive. described.
You enhance your language learning by 1. THE REFERENTIAL FUNCTION- This
using what you know in new and more function is primarily used to convey
complex contexts. information which was one of the
primary reasons that language was
Context refers to the circumstances discovered.
(condition) of the situation in which
communication is taking place. E.g., Descriptions of situations,
objects, and even mental states.
“The Earth is sphere.”
FIRST LANGUAGE
2. THE EXPRESSIVE/EMOTIVE
The language acquired growing up is FUNCTION- This function reports
known as first language (also called as feelings or attitudes of the
mother tongue or native language). speaker or writer and it is also
A first language is the language a person meant to evoke feelings in the
has learned from birth or within the listener or reader.
critical period, or that a person speaks
the best and so is often the basis for For example, if your mobile phone
sociolinguistic identity. falls into a bucket of water, what
would you likely to say to yourself?

3. THE DIRECTIVE/CONATIVE
SECOND LANGUAGE FUNCTION- This function engages
the addressee directly and is
A second language is a language that a usually used for the purpose of
person learns in addition to his or her causing or preventing an action
first language. through commands or request.

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4. India has a long tradition of grassroots

E.g., “Please shut the door.” bilingualism.
“Come here.” - MULTILINGUAL or REFERENTIAL
5. The picture looks so pretty!
4. THE POETIC FUNCTION- This - EXPRESSIVE/EMOTIVE
function focuses on the message 6. The place looked neat and clean.
for its own sake and is used in - REFERENTIAL FUNCTION
poetry as well as in slogans. This is
the aesthetic function of DEFINITION OF
language.
5. THE PHATIC FUNCTION- This
COMMUNICATION
involves language for the sake of The term communication comes from
social interaction. the Latin word “communicare” – which
means to share something in
This function can be observed in common.
greetings “Hi, how are you” and
casual discussions about the Communication is a process by which
weather, i.e. “It’s so hot these days.” people send messages or exchange ideas
or thoughts with one another in a verbal
6. THE METALINGUAL FUNCTION- This or nonverbal manner.
function is used to talk about the Communication is how we give and
language itself - It’s features, words receive information and convey our
definition, clarifying ambiguity, and ideas and opinions with those around us.
describing deliberate word play.
Communication is the art of creating
E.g., “What do you mean by an ace?” and sharing ideas for a specific
purpose.
It comes in many forms:
LANGUAGE MARKS OUR IDENTITY
1. Verbal - language, sounds, tone of
Broadly speaking, these functions could voice
help define and maintain interpersonal 2. Aural - hearing and listening
relations such as slang, jokes, jargons, 3. Non-verbal - body language, facial
ritualistic exchanges, switches to social expression
and regional dialects. 4. Written - email, journal, blog, text
We have to learn a large repertoire of message
such usage if we are to interact 5. Visual - signs, symbols, pictures,
comfortably with different people. graphics, emojis

PROGRESS CHECK
Given below are sentences expressing
THE COMMUNICATION
one of the functions. Indicate the PROCESS
appropriate function against each.
The communication process refers to
1. “It looks like it may rain, doesn’t it?” how messages travel from one
- PHATIC FUNCTION person to another or, one entity to
2. Tired eyes, Aching feet, The another.
commuters scramble for a seat.
- POETIC FUNCTION ELEMENTS OF
3. Don’t touch my papers.
- DIRECTIVE/CONATIVE FUNCTION COMMUNICATION

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1. SOURCE 5. THE FEEDBACK - The feedback is the

2. MESSAGE receiver’s response to the original
3. RECEIVER message.
4. CHANNEL Feedback is the last stage of the
5. FEEDBACK communication process. The
6. ENCODING receiver responds, directly or
7. DECODING indirectly, to the source’s message.
8. NOISE The quality of their feedback depends
on the success of the decoding stage.
An understanding on how communication
works can help us to apprehend and 6. THE ENCODING - Encoding is the
improve communication. process of formatting ideas into
1. THE SOURCE - The source, concrete message.
sometimes called the sender (a Through encoding, you translate
person, organization, or other entity) your idea into a tangible,
who sets the communication deliverable form of expressions,
process-in-motion. such as written words or a
The source sends the message speech.
and starts the communication
process. 7. THE DECODING - Decoding is the
process in which the receiver
2. THE MESSAGE - The message is an interprets the message.
idea or piece of information that When the message is clearly
passes between sources and articulated, the receiver should be
receivers. able to decode the message with
ease.
3. THE RECEIVER - The receiver is the Differences like age, culture,
person or entity who accepts, ethnicity, and gender all shape
decodes, and responds to the people’s perspectives, and in
message. turn, how they decode messages.
The receiver is the intended target
for a message. 8. THE NOISE - Noise is anything that
disrupts, delays, or distorts a
PUT ALL THREE ELEMENTS message.
TOGETHER — AND YOU HAVE THE Many times, messages run into similar
COMMUNICATION PROCESS AT ITS problems through the encoding,
MOST BASIC channel, and decoding stages on their
SENDER RECEIVER MESSAGE way to the receiver.

4. THE CHANNEL - The channel is the

medium in which the message
travels. THE COMMUNICATION
Communication channels or medium, BARRIERS
span across all media - from print,
broadcast, to digital (social 1. LANGUAGE BARRIERS
networks, apps), or even physical 2. PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS
functions like voice and body 3. CULTURAL BARRIERS
language. 4. PHYSICAL BARRIERS
5. BEHAVIORAL BARRIERS
6. ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS

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7. COMMUNICATION STYLE 4. PHYSICAL BARRIERS- Physical

BARRIERS barriers such as learning
impairment, defects in vision,
The Communication barriers are not speech problems, or learning
confined to physical and disabilities that affect
psychological noise, but could also communication.
include cultural difference, varying
levels of expectations and PROPER TRAINING AND PRACTICE IS
experiences, and difference in NEEDED TO HELP PEOPLE WHO ARE
perspectives and communication EXPERIENCING THESE BARRIERS.
styles.

5. BEHAVIORAL BARRIERS- The

1. LANGUAGE BARRIERS- Language behaviors like bias,
barriers occur when people do not generalizations & stereotyping
speak the same language, or do can cause communication barriers.
not have the same level of ability In the workplace, such attitudes can
in a language. cost the organization time and money.
e.g., Excessive use of jargons,
LEARN HOW TO TREAT EVERYONE
ambiguous words, or technical
WITH RESPECT.
terminology
THIS BARRIER COULD BE OVERCOME
BY KEEPING COMMUNICATION CLEAR 6. ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS-
AND APPROPRIATE FOR THE TARGET Messages can be blocked by
AUDIENCE. environmental factors, such as the
physical setting or the situation
where communication takes
2. PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS- place.
Psychological barriers like anger,
COMMUNICATORS HAVE TO THINK
fear, insecurity, shyness, close-
ABOUT THE POTENTIAL AND REAL
mindedness can always damage
ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS DURING
communication.
COMMUNICATION.
THIS BARRIER COULD BE OVERCOME
IF YOU KNOW HOW TO CONNECT
WITH YOUR LISTENERS. 7. COMMUNICATION STYLE
BARRIERS- Some people are very
direct while others prefer a more
3. CULTURAL BARRIERS- indirect approach.
Communication with people of Some use detailed data, while others
different cultures and rely on generalities, etc.
backgrounds means becoming
A PERSON WHO IS SO ENTRENCHED
aware of the differences in values,
IN THEIR WAY OF COMMUNICATING,
beliefs, and attitudes that people hold.
THEY FIND IT DIFFICULT TO
PRACTICE CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATE WITH OTHERS WHO
SENSITIVITY (EMPATHY) TO RELY ON A DIFFERENT STYLE.
OVERCOME THIS BARRIER BASED ON
CULTURE.
AUDIENCE ANALYSIS

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1. DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS - are pre-requisite for the

2. ATTITUDINAL ANALYSIS development of effective
3. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS communication skills.
- Language, spoken and written, is a
Extremely important in "packaging" the human being’s chief
message and sending it across. instrument of communication.
THREE WAYS OF CONDUCTING Gestures have a similar role, as
AUDIENCE ANALYSIS: also other forms of symbolism.

1. DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS- age, Communication is a pervasive

gender, culture, ethnicity, race, manifestation with many forms.
religion, educational level
2. ATTITUDINAL ANALYSIS- attitude,
beliefs, values LET US SUM UP
3. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS-
In this topic we have seen that one of the
seating arrangement, number of
most distinctive characteristics which set
people likely to attend, room lighting.
us apart from other life forms is the
highly evolved mode of communication
Almost 91% of professionals from the which we call language.
world’s top 300 multinational companies
said that communicating in English is
important for work success, but only 7%
of them indicate that their current level
of English is sufÏcient for their jobs. (This PART TWO: Communication
is based on “The Globalization of English” • Communication Process
research study conducted by the • Communication Models
McKinsey Global Institute).

Communication Process
THE DIFFERENCE The communication process is best
BETWEEN LANGUAGE described through discussion of
different communication models.
AND COMMUNICATION
SKILLS
• LANGUAGE SKILLS- Language skills Communication Models
is being proficient in listening, According to Dennis McQuail, “a model
speaking, and writing a language. is a selective representation in
• COMMUNICATION SKILLS- verbal or diagrammatic form of
Communication skills refer to the some aspect of the dynamic process
ability to communicate or connect of mass communication.”
well with others.
In other words, models of communication
provide us with a visual representation
of the different aspects of a
THE CONNECTION communication situation.
BETWEEN LANGUAGE Some models are more detailed than
AND COMMUNICATION others, but even the most elaborate ones

Language skills

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cannot perfectly represent what goes on 1. ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION

in a communication encounter. MODEL
2. LASWELL’S COMMUNICATION
• Communication models is a MODEL
pictorial representation of the 3. CLAUDE SHANNON AND WARREN
communication process, ideas, WEAVER COMMUNICATION MODEL
thoughts, or concepts through 4. BERLO’S SMCR COMMUNICATION
diagrams. MODEL
• It is a systematic representation
of the process which helps in
understanding how
communication works can be ARISTOTLE’S
done. COMMUNICATION MODEL
This communication model represents
The Goals of Creating Models is communication as an orator to a large
three-fold: (mass) audience.

Understanding communication models Aristotle emphasized that there are

can help us: three variables in the
communication process: ethos,
1. Think about our communication pathos, and logos.
situations more deliberately.
2. Better prepare for future situations. - Ethos refers to the character or
3. Learn from our previous experiences. credibility. Aristotle believed that if
an audience trusts and respects
the speaker, they are more likely to
be persuaded.
3 MAIN COMMUNICATION MODELS:
1. LINEAR MODEL The speaker’s ethical appeal is
2. INTERACTIVE MODEL often established through their
3. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL reputation, their delivery, or through
demonstrating their knowledge or
expertise on the topic at hand.

LINEAR MODEL - Pathos refers to the emotional

appeal of the argument. By
appealing to the audience’s
emotions, speakers can persuade
them to accept their point of
view. This could involve evoking
Also called the transmission model. feelings of pity, fear, anger, or even
happiness.
A linear model is based on the
assumption that communication is - Logos refers to the logical appeal
transmitted in a straightforward of the argument. This involves
(unidirectional) manner - from a sender using reasoning, evidence, facts,
to a receiver. or a well-constructed argument
This clearly reflects that communication to persuade the audience.
is a one-way process, and no concept
of feedback.

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According to Laswell, there are three

functions for communication:
1. Surveillance- investigation or
providing information about the
The speaker plays an important role in environment.
public speaking. He must prepare his 2. Correlation- presenting the
speech and analyze audience needs information after selecting,
before doing his speech. interpreting, and criticizing.
3. Cultural- Transmission that
His words should influence the audience reflects own beliefs, values, and
mind and persuade their thoughts norms.
towards him.
Example:
 Very Easy to Use
Alexander gave brave speech to his
soldiers in the war field to defeat Persian The model provides a blueprint for
Empire. breaking down and analyzing any
communication in five steps.
- Speaker- Alexander
- Speech- about his invasion  Designed for Mass
- Occasion- War field Communication
- Audience- Soldiers
The model has a specific usefulness
- Effect- To defeat Persia.
for mass communication and
propaganda analysis. It wants to look
at one-way communication methods
LASWELL’S used by powerful governments and
COMMUNICATION MODEL corporations.

Theorist Harold D. Lasswell Example:

developed this model of An Instagram Post:
communication in 1948.
- Who: A vodka company
This model was summed up and can be - Said what: Showed that vodka can
understood by answering the five help you have fun and meet good
questions: looking women.
- Who - In which channel: On Instagram
- What was said - To whom: A targeted group of men
- In which channel aged 21 30.
- To whom - With what effect: Increased month-
- With what effect on-month sales.

CLAUDE SHANNON AND

WARREN WEAVER
COMMUNICATION MODEL
This model is about the process of Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
communication and its function to broadly defined communication as
society. “all of the procedures by which one
mind may affect another.”

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Watching the news on the television

The news presenter is the source of the
news, and she conveys the message to
the audience.
The news is the message.
The television is the channel.
The audience are the receivers of the
message.

This was the first model to

acknowledge the existence of noise INTERACTIVE MODEL
in communication that occurs during
the process of encoding, sending, and
decoding, and could disrupt or alter a 1. OSGOOD AND SCHRAMM
message. COMMUNICATION MODEL
2. WESTLEY AND MACLEAN
This noise could refer to something like
COMMUNICATION MODEL
the static on a radio broadcast,
spelling errors in written This model is in contrast with the
communication, or the receiver linear one, which considers
mishearing the message. communication flowing only in one
direction, from a sender to a receiver
(Gronbeck, 1999, Madrunio and Martin,
BERLO’S SMCR 2018).
COMMUNICATION MODEL In this model, communication is a two-
way process, which involves an
David K. Berlo (1960) created the exchange or an interaction between
SMCR model of communication. the sender and the receiver.
SMCR stands for sender, message,
channel, receiver. Berlo’s model
describes different components of OSGOOD AND SCHRAMM
the communication process. COMMUNICATION MODEL
He argued that there are three main
This model is known as a circular model
parts of all communication, which is
because it indicates that messages can
the speaker, the subject, and the
go in two directions.
listener.
Encoding and decoding happens in a
Berlo's model believes that for effective
continuous cycle.
communication to take place, the
source and the receiver need to be
on the same level.
- Source: sender’s communication
skills, their attitude, and their culture
- Message: content, structure, and
code of the message
- Channel: relies on the five senses
- Receiver: attitude, knowledge, and
culture
This revised model indicates that:
Example:

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1. Communication is not linear, but background, our perspective, and

circular. our identity.
2. Communication is reciprocal and
Westley and Maclean realized that
equal.
communication does not begin when
3. Messages are based on
one person starts to talk, but rather
interpretation.
when a person responds selectively
4. Communication involves
to his/her physical surroundings.
encoding, decoding, and
interpreting. This model considers a strong relation
between responds from
The benefit of this model is that the
surroundings and the process of
model illustrates that feedback is
communication. Communication
cyclical. It also shows that
begins only when a person receives
communication is complex because
message from surroundings.
it accounts for interpretation.
Example:
This model also showcases the fact that
we are active communicators, and we You have witnessed the accident and feel
are active in interpreting the the urge to call your best friend.
messages that we receive.
You: “There was a terrible accident
Feedback is instantaneous like in downtown!”
face-to-face conversations.
Your friend: “My goodness! Are you
Since feedback is immediate, it is hurt?”
possible to reduce noise through the
continuous clarification of messages You: “No, no, I just witnessed it. I wasn’t
throughout the conversation. involved! Don’t worry!”

Example: After the feedback from a worried

friend, the sender modifies his
A breakfast cereal company wants to message and send it back to her
convey their message for you to buy its friend.
product.
They will create an ad for the purpose,
and you will see or hear it on tv, radio or TRANSACTIONAL
other social media.
This will prompt you to interpret and
MODEL
understand the message. 1. BARNLUND’S COMMUNICATION
MODEL
2. DANCE’S HELICAL
WESTLEY AND MACLEAN COMMUNICATION MODEL
COMMUNICATION MODEL
This model emphasizes the importance
of feedback in communication. It also
highlights the role of environmental,
cultural, and personal factors that
influence communication.
It demonstrates that the messages we
communicate are influenced by our

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 Psychological Context: How the

human mind responds to what’s
occurring within its environment
(e.g., thoughts, perceptions,
The transactional communication models
intentions, mindfulness).
explore direct personal
communication processes in which two-
way feedback is immediate.  Semantic Context: The possible
understanding and interpretation
of different messages sent (e.g.,
someone’s language, size of
BARNLUND’S vocabulary, grammar).
COMMUNICATION MODEL
Barnlund’s Transactional Model is a The main components of the model
multi- layered feedback system. This include cues.
is a continuous process where
sender and receiver interchange The three types of cues:
their places, and both are equally
1. Public cues are anything that is
important.
physical or environmental.
The message passing takes place with 2. Private cues are referred to as the
constant feedback being provided private objects of the orientation,
from both parties. which include the senses of a
person.
Feedback for one, is the message for 3. Behavioral cues include nonverbal
the other. and verbal cues.
A cue is anything to which one may
attribute meaning or can trigger a
response.
 Physiological Context: The body’s
responses to what’s happening in The transactional model of
its environment. communication recognizes the
importance of nonverbal
a. Internal: Physiological responses communication, such as facial
that result because of our expressions,
body’s internal processes (e.g., tone of voice, and body language.
hunger, a headache, physically These are noises that could interrupt the
tired). flow of communication.
b. External: Physiological responses Paying attention to the cues can help you
that result because of external better understand what someone is
stimuli within the environment trying to communicate.
(e.g., are you cold, are you hot, the
color of the room, are you DANCE’S HELICAL
comfortable).
COMMUNICATION MODEL
 Physical Context: The physical In the Helix structure, the bottom or
space where interaction is starting is very small then it
occurring (ofÏce, school, home, is the gradually moves upward in a back-
space loud, is the furniture and-forth circular motion which
comfortable, etc.). forms the bigger circle in the top
and it is still moves further. The

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whole process takes some time to Communication is the lifeblood of any

reach. organization, so we have to strive
towards understanding how it works.
Using communication models helps us
make better decisions and enables us to
be successful communicators.
Meaning is sent from one person to
another according to the linear model
of communication.
Meaning is created in the
interactional model through the
feedback of a sender and a receiver.
The transactional model calls for the
As like helix, the communication development of shared meaning.
process starts very slowly and
defined small circle only. The  Linear Models of Communication:
communicators shared information The one-way interaction in the
only with a small portion of linear communication model lacks
themselves to their relationships. Its feedback.
gradually develops into next level
but which will take some time to  Interactive Models of
reach and expanding its boundaries Communication: The two-way
to the next level. Later the technique of communication with
communicators commit more and feedback is referred to as the
shared more portions by interactive model of communication.
themselves.
Feedback, on the other hand, is not
The model views communication as: simultaneous, therefore it offers
1. Cyclical gradual and indirect feedback.
2. Contextual- Influenced by time and
experience.
3. Continuous  Transactional Models of
4. Non-Repetitive Communication: The transitional
5. Accumulative- Getting increasingly model of communication gives the
more complex and ‘knowledgeable. impression that it is a two-way
process with instant feedback. The
Frank Dance included the concept of foundational element of this
time in his theory. models of communication is
The lifetime experience gained over simultaneous feedback. The
the issue will always be based on the response is immediate and quick. The
similar event or incident that happened recipient is forced to respond right
in the past. away.

According to this theory, a Indirect and direct feedback are the

communication process is the main distinctions between the
product of what is learnt. interactive and transactional
approaches.

LET US SUM UP

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COMMUNICATION IS PART THREE: Communication

Principles
COMPLEX
 Levels of Communication
The models of communication are all  Roadblocks to effective
very different. communication
They have similar components, yet they
are all conveyed very differently. Some OVERVIEW
have features that others do not have.
Effective communication is a
Nevertheless, there are transactional connection between people that
principles that are important to learn allows for the exchange of thoughts,
about interpersonal communication. feelings, and ideas, and leads to
mutual understanding.
In reality it is very different- the process
COMMUNICATION IS of communication is actually
impressively complex.
CONTINUOUS
It is important that you learn the different
In many of the communication models,
principles which serve as guides in the
we learned that communication never
practice and continuous improvement of
stops.
your communication skills.
Every time a source sends a message, a
receiver will decode it, and it goes back-
and-forth. LEVELS OF
It is an endless cycle, because even if COMMUNICATION
one person stops talking, then they have
already sent a message that the 1. INTRAPERSONAL
communication needs to end. COMMUNICATION
2. INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION
3. EXTENDED COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION IS 4. ORGANIZATIONAL
DYNAMIC COMMUNICATION
With new technology and changing
times, we see that communication is INTRAPERSONAL
constantly changing.
COMMUNICATION
Before social media, people interacted
very differently. Some people have It is the knowledge of and
suggested that social media has communication with oneself.
influenced how we talk to each other.
The models have changed over time
because people have also changed how INTERPERSONAL
they communicate. COMMUNICATION
 Interpersonal communication is
the interaction between two or
more people.

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Example: EXTENDED
 A conversation - where both parties COMMUNICATION
are actively participating and trying
to understand each other. It involves the use of electronic
 An interview for a job - since media in communication.
interview questions are not merely
transactional. ORGANIZATIONAL
 An argument - it balances
relationship maintenance with
COMMUNICATION
negotiation of contrasting goals.
It is the inclusion of all types of
communication that enable all varieties
 Researchers distinguish
of organization to use communication
interpersonal communication by
channels for connecting and
outlining five of its key
communicating within.
characteristics:
Barriers to Organizational
1. It involves independent Communication:
individuals. Interpersonal
communication is all about the 1. Information overload
interactivity of individuals who 2. Embellished messages
each have their own motivations, 3. Delays in formal communications
expectations, and interpretations of 4. Lack of employee trust and openness
communication. 5. Different styles of change
6. Intimidation and unavailability of
2. It involves self-disclosure, or those of rank or status
revealing personal thoughts, 7. Manager's interpretations
feelings, and reflections. 8. Electronic noises

3. It is rational. Interpersonal
communication is rational because TYPES OF
it is meant to be understood by
others. ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE
4. It involves personal choice.
Ultimately, people choose what 1. FORMAL STRUCTURE
they say and how they say it, 2. INFORMAL STRUCTURE
which makes interpersonal
communication a learnable skill 1. FORMAL STRUCTURE- It allows the
and not an innate process. communication to take place via
designated channels of message
5. It is constant and inescapable. flow between positions in the
Because humans need organization.
relationships with other humans to
survive, interpersonal 2. INFORMAL STRUCTURE- It comes
communication is an ongoing and from an unofÏcial channels of
inevitable fact of life. message flow. The “grapevine” of
messages.

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The grapevine is an informal,

person‐to‐person communication
network of employees that is not
ofÏcially sanctioned by the
organization. Communication is
spontaneous, quick, and hard to • Meaning - Communication flows from
stop; it can both help and hinder the subordinates to superior.
understanding of information. For • Flow - Flows from bottom to top.
these reasons, managers need to stay • Objective - Giving feedback and
in touch with the grapevine and recommendations, or request for help.
counteract rumors. • Nature - Appellative and informative
in nature
FOUR APPROACHERS IN • Time - Time-consuming
FORMAL • Frequency Low amount of data is
being transmitted.
COMMUNICATION
1. DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION
2. UPWARD COMMUNICATION HORIZONTAL
3. HORIZONTAL COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION
4. DIAGONAL COMMUNICATION • Also called lateral communication-
is the practice of sharing information
DOWNWARD between employees, departments,
COMMUNICATION and units within the same level of
an organization.
• The focus of horizontal communication
is coordination of tasks and resources.
Example: group presentations,
brainstorming, meetings, etc.

DIAGONAL
• Meaning - Communication flows from COMMUNICATION
superior to subordinates. • Also known as crosswise
• Flow - Flows from top to bottom. communication- is a type of
• Objective - Giving orders, assigning business communication that occurs
tasks, and evaluating performance. within an organization between
• Nature - Authoritative and directive in individuals who are not in a direct
nature. ranked relationship with each
• Time - Consume less time. other but belong to different
• Frequency High amount of data is departments or teams.
being transmitted.
• Communication cuts across different
levels and departments.
UPWARD
COMMUNICATION Example: open forum, team/departments
meeting, etc.

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Communication, which we most often

associate with our brain, mouth, eyes,
and ears, actually has many more
connections to and effects on our
physical body and well-being.

Human beings are social creatures,

which makes communication
important for our survival.

PRINCIPLES OF 2. INSTRUMENTAL NEEDS- include

needs that help us things in our
COMMUNICATION day-to-day lives and achieve
short- and long-term goals.
The principles of communication are
crucial as they enhance understanding,
Fulfilling these goals is an ongoing
minimize misunderstandings, and
communicative task, which means we
promote better personal and professional
spend much of our time
relationships.
communicating for instrumental
1. COMMUNICATION MEETS NEEDS needs.
2. COMMUNICATION IS
TRANSACTIONAL Some common instrumental needs
3. COMMUNICATION EXISTS ON include influencing others, getting
MULTIPLE LEVELS information we need, or getting
4. COMMUNICATION IS INEVITABLE support (Burleson, Metts, & Kirch,
5. COMMUNICATION IS GOAL- 2000).
ORIENTED
6. COMMUNICATION IS COMPLEX 3. RELATIONAL NEEDS-
7. COMMUNICATION IS GUIDED BY Communication meets our relational
CULTURE AND CONTEXT needs because it is through
8. COMMUNICATION CAN BE communication that we begin,
LEARNED develop, maintain, and end
relationships.

Communication forms the building

COMMUNICATION MEETS blocks of our relationships.
NEEDS
E.g., From checking in with
In addition to using communication to
relational partners by text, social
exchange messages and create shared
media, or face-to-face, to celebrating
meaning, we also use it to meet the
accomplishments.
various needs we have as human
beings.
4. IDENTITY NEEDS- include our need
Communication meets four needs: to present ourselves to others and
physical, instrumental, relational, be thought of in particular ways.
and identity.
Scholar Erving Goffman compared
1. PHYSICAL NEEDS- include needs self- presentation to a performance
that keep our bodies and minds and suggested we all perform
functioning.

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different roles in different contexts Consider the difference between

(Goffman, 1959). someone saying busy in an annoyed tone
versus babe, busy in an apologetic tone.
E.g., you may perform the role of a
Both messages mean the same thing on
parent when at home with your child,
the content dimension, but express
but the role of supervisor when at
different feelings on the relational
work.
dimension.

COMMUNICATION IS
COMMUNICATION IS
TRANSACTIONAL
INEVITABLE
Communication is also a transactional
process, this means that: It is impossible to not communicate.

• Each communicator is simultaneously In all communicative interactions, we are

a sender and receiver of messages. continuously sending messages,
• Meaning is co-created in the whether they are verbal or
interaction by both communicators. nonverbal, and whether it is
• Communication is an ongoing intentional (conscious), or
process and previous interactions unintentional (unconscious).
between communicators influence Although communication may seem like
current interactions. a perceptible and deliberate process,
• And since communication is ongoing, we often send messages without
current interactions likewise will conscious thought.
influence future interactions and will
either afÏrm or modify perceptions of Not all behavior is consciously
the other and the relationship encoded.
(Alberts, Nakayama, & Martin, 2016)
Every message consists of content
and feeling. COMMUNICATION IS
GOAL-ORIENTED
When you communicate, you have goals
COMMUNICATION EXISTS in
ON MULTIPLE LEVELS mind.
Communication operates on two To persuade; to entertain; to inform;
distinct levels: there is a content to express feeling, ideas, or
dimension and a relational emotions; to build and maintain
dimension. relationships; and to influence
The content dimension is the others.
meaning of the actual message In teamwork, communication is also a
itself, whereas the relational tool that helps us achieve certain goals.
dimension expresses you feel about
the other person: whether you like or Therefore, it is important to allow ideas
dislike the other person, feel in control or and information to flow clearly and
subordinate, feel comfortable or anxious, quickly among team members.
and so (Adler, 2017, p. 18).
Example:

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The process of transmitting those ideas The system includes shared set of
in the way they don't lose value defines beliefs, values, behaviors, laws, and
communication as goal oriented. ceremonies by a group of people.
Example:

COMMUNICATION IS In the US, it's common decency to look

someone in the eye when they're talking
COMPLEX to you.
Communication is so complex that it In Indonesia, the opposite is true. In fact,
entails a lot of processes which can maintaining direct eye contact is seen as
occur simultaneously or successively. disrespectful. Certain hand gestures can
The communication process requires an be offensive in different countries, too.
in- depth understanding of a number of
elements, from the background of the
interlocutor to the best channels to which COMMUNICATION CAN BE
the targeted individual responds.
LEARNED
Digital media brings new opportunities
Clear and effective communication is a
and presents new challenges and threats
vital skill in life and at work.
to individuals and companies
communicating with their audiences. CS OF COMMUNICATION
their targets.
1. Completeness
Example: 2. Conciseness
3. Courteous
Social media platforms allow for faster
4. Concreteness
and more effective communication, but
5. Coherent
there are specifics to each of these
6. Clarity
communication platforms to consider,
7. Correctness
which can create difÏculties for
individuals and organizations.
Communication complexity reflects 1. COMPLETENESS- In a complete
the amount of communication that the message, the audience has
participants of a communication system everything they need to be
need to exchange to be able to perform informed and if applicable, take
certain tasks. action. Does your message include “a
call to action”. Have you included all
relevant information- contact
COMMUNICATION IS names, date, time, location, etc.
GUIDED BY CULTURE AND 2. CONCISENESS- When you are
CONTEXT concise in your communication, you
stick to the point and keep it brief.
How messages are created and
processed is greatly influenced by the
Are there any adjectives or “filler
cultural background of communicators.
words” that you can delete? You can
Culture maybe defined as system of often eliminate words like “for
knowledge shared by a relatively large instance”, “you see”, “definitely”,
group of people. “kind of”, literally”, “basically”, “I
mean.”

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sensitive to one’s cultural, social beliefs

Is there unnecessary sentence? and practices.
Have you repeated the point several
While ethics are not the same as morals,
time?
there is a strong relationship between
the two: morals are ideas of what is
3. COURTEOUS- Courteous is friendly,
right and wrong, while ethics are
open and honest. There are no
behavbioral principles influenced by
hidden insults, passive-aggressive
moral beliefs.
tone. You keep your readers viewpoint
in mind, and you are empathetic to The ethics of communication are strongly
their needs. influenced by moral principles
(Madnelbaum, 2019).
4. CONCRETENESS- When your
message is concrete, your audience Ethical communication is a type of
has a clear picture of what you are communication that is predicated upon
telling them. There are details, and certain business values, such words and
vivid facts. Your message is solid. the resulting actions.
As a set of principles, ethical
5. COHERENT- When your communication and expressed effectively
communication is coherent, it is and concisely, and that the resulting
logical. All points are connected and actions or consequences will be based
relevant to the main topic, the tone solely on how the message was
and flow of the text is consistent. communicated.

6. CLARITY- When writing or speaking - BE HONEST AND TRUTHFUL

to someone, be clear about your goals - REFRAIN FROM DOING HARM
and message. - BE FAIR TO ALL STAKEHOLDERS
- BE AN ACTIVE LISTENER AND
To be clear, try to minimize the STRIVE TO UNDERSTAND
number of ideas in each sentence. - AVOID A NEGATIVE TONE
Make sure that it’s easy for your - DO NOT INTERRUPT OTHERS
reader to understand your meaning. - REFRAIN FROM SPEAKING
People shouldn’t have to “read JUDGMENTALLY
between lines” and make assumptions - AVOID SPEAKING FOR OTHERS
on their own to understand what - SPEAK FROM YOUR OWN
you’re trying to say. EXPERIENCE
- CONSIDER APPROPRIATE
7. CORRECTNESS- Correctness is error- COMMUNICATION CHANNEL
free communication. Terms/words
used should fit the level of education
or knowledge. In writing there should POTENTIAL
be no grammatical errors. Name and
titles should be spelled correctly. ROADBLOCKS IN
ETHICAL
COMMUNICATION
ETHICS IN
1. LANGUAGE FLUENCY/USE OF
COMMUNICATION JARGONS
Communication is ethical when it is 2. ACCESSIBILITY TO
genuine, upfront, cooperative, and TECHNOLOGY

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3. KNOWLEDGE OF AUDIENCE Ethical communication is fundamental to

4. TIME AND PLACE responsible thinking, decision making,
and the development of relationships and
1. LANGUAGE FLUENCY/USE OF communities within and across contexts,
JARGONS- When speaking to a non- cultures, channels, and media.
specialist, it is ethical to speak with
It enhances human worth and dignity by
simple, easy-to-understand words,
fostering truthfulness, fairness,
while avoiding the use of heavy
responsibility, personal integrity,
jargons.
and respect.
2. ACCESSIBILITY TO TECHNOLOGY-
Some take accessibility to advanced
technology for granted. If a business PART FOUR: Communication Context
wanted to present certain pieces of
information to an audience while COMMUNICATION
expecting the audience to translate it CONTEXT
into their native language via an
application, there may be confusion. 1. PERSONAL CONTEXT
2. SOCIAL CONTEXT
The ability to access certain 3. PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT
technology and the know-how on how 4. CULTURAL CONTEXT
to use certain applications may be a Communication context influences the
roadblock when it comes to ethically expectations from then participants, the
communicating to a particular meaning derived from the exchange of
audience. utterances, and the subsequent actions
in the communication.

3. KNOWLEDGE OF AUDIENCE- Not Context is critical because it tells the

knowing the language, profession, etc. receiver, what importance to place on
of the audience is a potential something, what assumptions to draw (or
roadblock. not) about what is being communicated.
Context refers to background and
Knowing your audience guides you on circumstances that may affect the
how to structure your message, what transmission of message.
kind of language and tone to use,
what sort of information to use, and 1. PERSONAL CONTEXT- refers to the
how to progress into each communicators’ background.
communication experience.
2. SOCIAL CONTEXT- refers to the kind
4. TIME AND PLACE- Failure to choose of relationship that exist between the
the right time and place for the sender and the receiver.
message to be effective is also a
roadblock to ethical communication. 3. PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT-
Timing influences how a target includes the emotional feelings of the
audience reacts to messages. People participants in the communication
can get overwhelmed with information process.
coming from many sources and
channels. 4. CULTURAL CONTEXT- includes the
sets of beliefs, value system,
TAKEAWAY ethnicity, etc.

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LOW CONTEXT
COMMUNICATION IN Low-context cultures are more
HIGH CONTEXT AND straightforward and explicit (obvious) in
communication.
LOW CONTEXT
For low context cultures, the exact
In 1976, Cultural Anthropologist Edward meaning of words is important.
T. Hall, developed a framework for
understanding different communication Some of the cultures that fall into low-
styles – the Cultural context. In his context communication are Western
model, context refers to the stimuli, cultures like the UK, Australia,
environment, or ambiance surrounding Canada, USA, New Zealand,
an event. Germany, Sweden, etc.
Communicators in low-context cultures
depend little on the context of a situation
COMMUNICATION IN to convey their meaning. They assume
that listeners know very little and must
DIFFERENT CULTURE be told practically everything. Low-
context cultures tend to be logical,
FORMS OF analytical, action-oriented, and
COMMUNICATION concerned with the individual.
Communications to revolve around basic
questions, like:
HIGH CONTEXT - What’s happening?
High context cultures have a - Where’s it happening?
communication style based on body - When’s it going to happen?
language, tone, and overall context. - How’s it going to happen?

Communication focuses on underlying

context, meaning, and tone in the HIGH CONTEXT
message, and not just the words
themselves. In a high-context culture, similarity is an
important characteristic. This is because
the majority of the population in high
Countries like Japan, China, France, context cultures typically have the same
Spain, Brazil, Korea, Saudi Arabia, level of education, shared ethnicity,
and more. religion, and history.

In a high context culture, the listener is

expected to understand the meaning that LOW CONTEXT
lies behind the words. The speaker
expects them to understand the context In low-context cultures, they are usually
of what is being spoken. diverse, and focus on the individual,
instead of the group. Communication
They expect the listener to be able to must be basic enough to allow for as
interpret non-verbal cues and intonation many people to understand it as
in order to fully understand their possible.
message.

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HIGH CONTEXT • Are generally less proficient in

reading nonverbal cues.
High-context cultures are more likely to • Value individualism.
be intuitive, contemplative, and • Rely more on logic.
concerned with the collective. • Value equal status.
Communicators in high-context cultures • Say ‘NO’ directly.
pay attention to more than the • Silence is viewed as incompetent
words spoken they also pay attention and uncomfortable.
to interpersonal relationships, nonverbal
expressions, physical settings, and social
settings. TAKE NOTE
The communication cues are transmitted - Know your audience and their cultural
by posture, voice inflection, gestures, standing, and your message will never
and facial expression. Establishing get lost.
relationships is an important part of
communicating and interacting.
INTERCULTURAL AND
LOW CONTEXT MULTICULTURAL
Communicators in low-context cultures CONCEPTS
depend little on the context of a situation
to convey their meaning. They assume INTERCULTURAL CONCEPT
that listeners know very little and must Intercultural describes communities in
be told practically everything. which there is a deep understanding and
Low-context cultures tend to be logical, respect for all cultures.
analytical, action-oriented, and In an intercultural society, no one is left
concerned with the individual. unchanged because everyone learns
from one another and grows together.

HIGH CONTEXT Intercultural communication focuses on

the mutual exchange of ideas and
Collectivist Cultures: Asian, African, cultural norms and the development of
Natives of Canadian and Americans. deep relationships.
• Less focus on verbal interaction. INTERCULTURISM EXAMPLE
• Are generally more proficient in
reading nonverbal cues. A family may communicate with their
• Value group membership. neighbors (of other cultures) by
• Rely more on context and feelings. exposing them to customs, rituals, and
• More reliant on hierarchies. norms of their own culture;
• Talk around point; avoid saying ‘NO’ A businessperson may work with
• Silence/long pauses are valued. international representatives to
complete an organizational task;

LOW CONTEXT A tourist in a foreign may ask locals

for directions or recommendations of
Individualist Cultures: Most Anglo- what activities to experience.
Europeans Americans.
• More focus on verbal interaction.
THE MAIN IDEA OF INTERCULTURISM

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Promoting interaction, having more and more contact with

understanding, respect between people who are culturally different.
people of different cultural and ethnic,
backgrounds.  It is the ideal tool for breaking down
cultural barriers and for developing an
Making sure that cultural differences is awareness of different cultural norms.
acknowledged.

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION MULTICULTURAL

Intercultural communication refers to the CONCEPT
communication between people from Multicultural refers to a society that
two different cultures. (Chen & Starosta, contains several cultural or ethnic
1998:28) groups.
Intercultural communication is a “People live alongside one another, but
symbolic, interpretive, transactional, each cultural group does not necessarily
contextual process, in which people from have engaging interactions with each
different cultures create shared other.”
meanings. (Lustig & Koester, 2007:46)
It is not necessarily a positive element
because it might mean that there is no
INTERCULTURISM EXAMPLE communication or interaction between
these cultures. Rather it can describe
 A Christian converses with a Muslim. segregation and even alienation.
 A woman receives an order from a
man.
 An American and African share their MULTICULTURISM EXAMPLE
views.
 A Chinese politician’s discussion In Canada. It is a country where everyone
with an American leader. feels welcome to study, work and even
settle down and contribute to the growth
of the nation. This has been true even in
Canadian history, where the French and
English felt comfortable in this country
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION for a long period of time. This is possible
Intercultural communication requires only because the policies in this country
both the sender and the receiver to look after every resident and does not
understand and respect the reality of bias against anyone.
differences and a willingness to learn the
best ways to improve communication.
THE MAIN IDEA OF MULTICULTURISM
The main idea of multiculturalism is that
IMPORTANCE OF INTERCULTURAL people from diverse cultures and
COMMUNICATION AT THE backgrounds come together to form a
WORKPLACE society where each feels valued and
 Intercultural communication offers the respected because of their individual
ability to deal across cultures, which is identity.
increasingly important, as the world
gets smaller - getting smaller means

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Individuals are not prejudiced against MULTICULTURAL

because of their cultural or racial
background or nationality. COMMUNICATION
1. UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL
MULTICULTURAL COMMUNICATION DIFFERENCES
2. DEVELOPING CULTURAL
The Multicultural Communication AWARENESS
concentration focuses on the dynamics of 3. BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS
communication across cultures. ACROSS CULTURE
It explores not only what happens when S1: Understanding Cultural
people of two different cultures meet, but Differences
also what happens when people from a
variety of cultures and ethnicities come The ability to understand cultural
together in one organization, community differences is essential for a successful
or country. global business.

It is the ability to understand and A lack of understanding can lead to

appreciate different cultures, as well as costly mistakes, miscommunications, and
to communicate effectively with people a lack of trust between parties.
from different backgrounds. S2: Developing Cultural Awareness
Multicultural communication is not only a It is essential for employees to be able to
key component of successful global understand and appreciate different
leadership, but it can also help foster cultures in order to build successful
understanding between cultures and relationships with clients and colleagues.
create an environment where everyone
feels respected and valued. Some of the strategies for developing
intercultural competence include
improving intercultural
IMPORTANCE OF MULTICULTURAL communication skills in different
COMMUNICATION AT THE cultural contexts, gaining knowledge
WORKPLACE about different cultures, and
increasing self-awareness.
 By understanding cultural differences
and building bridges between them, THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
multicultural communication can help CULTURAL COMPETENCE AND
create a more inclusive and tolerant CULTURAL AWARENESS
world. Cultural awareness is when you notice
other people eat their meals using Hashi
 Effective communication across
箸 (the chopsticks) when you are using a
cultures is essential for successful
different type of Cuttery, but both of you
collaborations between people of
achieve similar results, which is being
different cultures.
able to eat the food without directly
touching it.

3 STRATEGIES FOR
GLOBAL LEADERS TO Cultural competence is like when you
start using Hashi yourself, know why and
ENHANCE THEIR when to use it, and become better at
manipulating and knowing its use in

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terms of norms and etiquette according 1. CHANGE YOUR ATTITUDE- BE A

to those who use it. GOOD LISTENER
2. BE CURIOUS- LEARN ABOUT
This is a very simplistic analogy; you can OTHER CULTURES
expand this concept to all aspects of a 3. ADJUST TO INTERCULTURAL
culture. Before you can gain LANGUAGE COMPETENCY
competence, you must first become
aware.
TAKE NOTE
S3: Building Relationships Across Each individual is unique.
Cultures
No culture is better than the other, and
Building relationships across cultures is no culture is perfect.
one of the most important strategies to
It is only when people understand this
ensure a successful global business. It
that they can learn to adapt and interact
helps to foster understanding and
with one another in a harmonious level.
respect, which leads to better
collaboration and innovation. Intercultural communication is an ever-
evolving process. As cultures continue to
It is important to remember that different
grow, morph, adapt and interact with
cultures have different ways of
each other, how people communicate will
communicating and interacting with each
continue to change over time.
other. This can be done through learning
about each other’s customs, values, Technology will continue to accelerate
beliefs, and language. communication and interaction among
the members of the global community.
Multicultural education and activities are
events that celebrate and educate about Sometimes, misunderstandings can even
the diversity of cultures. These activities create hostile or aggressive
can range from ethnic festivals and communication in multicultural setting.
parades to educational activities such as There are ways to overcome this barrier
multicultural books, stories, cooking, and by employing basic mutual respect.
art projects.
In a nutshell, multicultural
This allows people to learn about communication in global leadership
different cultures and customs and requires:
appreciate each other’s perspective.
• the ability to understand and
For example, a Lunar New Year appreciate cultural differences,
celebration, where not only the Chinese • the courage to challenge
community was present, but people all stereotypes, and,
over town. • the willingness to build bridges
between people of different
Participating in these kinds of events and
backgrounds.
learning more about a new culture is fun.

PART FIVE: Verbal And Non-Verbal

HOW TO BECOME A Communication
MASTER IN
MULTICULTURAL VERBAL COMMUNICATION- Verbal
COMMUNICATION communication is a type of

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communication where we use spoken In formal register it involves the use of

and written words to get the message standard grammar.
and information across to the other
person. Example:
The registers used in research paper,
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION- government documents, business
Nonverbal communication is the letters, and in business presentations.
sending and receiving of wordless
messages using a wide range of human
behaviors people's actions or attributes.
2. CASUAL/INFORMAL REGISTERS-
Casual register describes speech that
is informal or imprecise.
VERBAL
This type of speech uses many
COMMUNICATION nonstandard grammatical forms, such
as slang, incomplete sentences, or
LANGUAGE REGISTERS regional phrasing.
1. FORMAL REGISTERS
Example:
2. CASUAL/INFORMAL REGISTERS
Talking people who are already
3. STATIC/FROZEN REGISTERS
acquainted with one another and
4. CONSULTATIVE REGISTERS
relies on a relaxed social context.
5. INTIMATE REGISTERS
In 1967, Linguist Martin Joos identified 3. STATIC/FROZEN REGISTERS- Static
five registers of language or styles of register refers to historic language
English usage, and these continue to be that is intended to remain unchanged.
recognized today. They exist in every Also called as “frozen” language that
world language. is always the same.
Joos found that using the wrong register Example:
of language can be socially offensive. The registers used in the Philippine
A language register is characterized by Constitution and the Holy Bible.
the way a speaker uses language
differently in different social 4. CONSULTATIVE REGISTERS-
circumstances. Consultative register is used in
conversations when people are
A speaker modifies their language speaking with someone who has
register to signal levels of formality specialized knowledge or is offering
according to their relationship to their advice.
audience and intended purpose of
speech. Tone is often respectful, such as the
use of honorifics or courtesy titles, but
may be more casual if the relationship
1. FORMAL REGISTERS- These between or among the communicators
registers are used in professional, is friendly.
academic, or legal settings where
communication is expected to be Example:
respectful, uninterrupted, and The registers used in local television
restrained to specific rules. broadcast or in a conversation with a
doctor during medical examination.

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5. INTIMATE REGISTERS- Intimate This function makes a spoken

register describes speech that is message more clear to avoid
about personal topics used between misunderstandings.
only two people, and often in a
private setting. Participants in this 2. TO SUBSTITUTE- We can also use
conversation can employ standard or nonverbal communication to replace a
nonstandard grammatical forms. verbal message.
Example:
The jokes between two close friends When we substitute verbal
or “sweet nothings” between special communication with nonverbal
partners. communication, we use nonverbal
behaviors that are easily recognized
by others such as a wave, head-nod,
TAKE NOTE or headshake.

Varieties and registers of language is 3. TO REGULATE- The regulation

about appropriateness and context in function helps us take turns in
speaking, and grammatical correctness speaking, without using any words, so
of words in writing. we don’t interrupt others. It helps us
send signals when we want a
response or when we’re done talking
NON-VERBAL and want someone else to talk.

COMMUNICATION We can use paralanguage, gestures,

The sending and receiving messages in a and eye contact for this function.
variety of ways without the use of verbal
codes (words). 4. TO ACCENTUATE- The accentuation
function means to put emphasis on
It is both intentional and unintentional. something.
Most speakers/listeners are not conscious
of this. While the reinforcement function
supports the meaning of your
NON-VERBAL words, the accentuation function
adds intensity or power to them.
COMMUNICATION
MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS To accentuate it, we say our words
louder, we speak with so much
1. TO REINFORCE excitement, and we smile bigger.
2. TO SUBSTITUTE
3. TO REGULATE 5. TO CONTRADICT- The nonverbal
4. TO ACCENTUATE behaviors can go against verbal
5. TO CONTRADICT response and sends a mixed message
6. TO COMPLEMENT to you.

Research suggests that when verbal

1. TO REINFORCE- This function means and nonverbal messages contradict
that you can use nonverbal one another, receivers often place
communication to duplicate and greater value on the nonverbal
support a verbal message. communication as the more
accurate message (Argyle, Alkema &
Gilmour).

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6. TO COMPLEMENT- A nonverbal
message complements the verbal
message when it conveys the same
meaning.

Example:
When you receive a visitor with the
welcome message, “I’m pleased to
meet you”, and accompany the verbal
message with a warm smile, an
exciting tone of voice and facial
expression.

TAKE NOTE

In order to send accurate nonverbal cues,

you need to be aware of your emotions
and how they influence you.
Learn to recognize the emotions of
others and the true feelings behind the
cues they are sending. This is where
emotional awareness comes in.
The ability to understand the
characteristics of nonverbal
communication enhances your
understanding of other people’s meaning
and helps to eliminate communication
barriers.

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