RATIONAL
FUNCTION
PART 2
ZEROES, INTERCEPTS
AND ASYMPTOTES
OBJECTIVES
[Link] the following: (a) intercepts (b) zeroes;
(c) asymptotes of rational function
2. relate the characteristics of asymptotes in real life
situation through oral recitation
3. write solutions of the problems involving rational
functions on the answer sheet legibly
DEFINITION
• Intercepts are the points at which a graph
crosses either the x or y-axis.
• ‘Zeros’ of a Rational Function it is the value
that will equate the function to zero.
• Asymptote is a line that a graph
approaches, but does not intersect
DEFINITION
• Intercepts are the points
at which a graph crosses
either the x or y-axis.
• ‘Zeros’ of a Rational
Function it is the value
that will equate the
function to zero.
• Asymptote is a line that a
graph approaches, but
does not intersect
DEFINITION
• Intercepts are the points at
which a graph crosses
either the x or y-axis.
• ‘Zeros’ of a Rational
Function it is the value that
will equate the function to
zero.
• Asymptote is a line that a
graph approaches, but
does not intersect
[Link] to find the x- intercept or zeros of the function
◦ Step 1: Equate numerator to 0.
◦ Step 2: Find the value of x
(𝑥+1)(𝑥−3)(𝑥+2)
ex. 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥−1)(𝑥+3) Note: The x- intercept
and zeros on the
𝑥+1 𝑥−3 𝑥+2 =0 function are the same.
𝑥+1=0 𝑥−3=0 𝑥+2=0
𝑥 = −1 𝑥=3 𝑥 = −2
Therefore, the x-intercepts are
at 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 3, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −2
or at the coordinates (-1,0),
(3,0) and (-2,0)
[Link] to find the x- intercept or zeros of the function
◦ Step 1: Equate numerator to 0.
◦ Step 2: Find the value of x
𝑥 2 +3𝑥−4
ex. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 −16
Note: The x- intercept
and zeros on the
(𝑥+4)(𝑥−1) function are the same.
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+4 (𝑥−4)
0=𝑥−1
Therefore, the x-intercept is at
1=𝑥
𝑥 = 1 or at the coordinates
𝑥=1
(1,0).
[Link] to find the x- intercept or zeros of the function
◦ Step 1: Equate numerator to 0.
◦ Step 2: Find the value of x
𝑥−5
ex. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+3 Note: The x- intercept
and zeros on the
0=𝑥−5 function are the same.
5=𝑥
Therefore, the x-intercept
is at 𝑥 = 5 or at the
coordinates (5,0).
[Link] to find the x- intercept or zeros of the function
◦ Step 1: Substitute 𝒇 𝒙 to zero
◦ Step 2: Find the value of x
𝑥 2 −10𝑥+21
ex. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 +3𝑥−40
0 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 7)
𝑥 − 3 = 0; 𝑥 − 7 = 0
𝑥 = 3; 𝑥=7
Therefore, the x-intercept
is at the coordinates
(3,0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (7,0).
B. How to find the y- intercept
◦ Step 1: Substitute 𝒙 to zero
◦ Step 2: Find the value of 𝒇 𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝒚
(𝑥+1)(𝑥−3)(𝑥+2)
ex. 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥−1)(𝑥+3)
(0+1)(0−3)(0+2)
𝑓 0 =
(0−1)(0+3)
(1)(−3)(2)
𝑓 0 =
(−1)(3)
Therefore, the y-intercept is at
=2 𝑦 = 2 or at the coordinates
(0,2).
B. How to find the y- intercept
◦ Step 1: Substitute 𝒙 to zero
◦ Step 2: Find the value of 𝒇 𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝒚
𝑥 2 +3𝑥−4
ex. 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 2 −16
02 +3(0)−4
𝑓 0 =
02 −16
−4 Therefore, the y-intercept is at
=
−16 1
𝑦 = 4 or at the coordinates
1 1
= (0, ).
4 4
B. How to find the y- intercept
◦ Step 1: Substitute 𝒙 to zero
◦ Step 2: Find the value of 𝒇 𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝒚
𝒙−𝟓
ex. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙+𝟑
𝟎−𝟓
𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟎+𝟑
−𝟓
𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟑
−𝟓
𝒚= 𝟑
5 5
Therefore, the y-intercept is at 𝑦 = − 3 or at the coordinates 0, − 3 .
B. How to find the y- intercept
Step 1: Substitute 𝒙 to zero
◦ Step 2: Find the value of 𝒇 𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝒚
𝑥 2 −10𝑥+21
ex. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 +3𝑥−40
(0)2 −10(0)+21
𝒇(𝟎) = (0)2 +3(0)−40
𝟐𝟏
𝒇(𝟎) = −𝟒𝟎
𝟐𝟏
𝒚 = − 𝟒𝟎
21 𝟐𝟏
Therefore, the y-intercept is at 𝑦 = − 40 or at the coordinates 0, − 𝟒𝟎 .
• Asymptote is
a line that a
graph
approaches,
but does not
intersect
C. How to find the Vertical Asymptote
◦ Step 1: Take only the denominator and equate it to zero
◦ Step 2: Find the value of x
ex. 𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒙−𝟓
𝒙+𝟑
𝒙+𝟑=𝟎
𝒙+𝟑−𝟑 =𝟎−𝟑
𝒙 = −𝟑
Therefore, the Vertical asymptote is the line 𝑥 = −3.
C. How to find the Vertical Asymptote
◦ Step 1: Take only the denominator and equate it to zero
◦ Step 2: Find the value of x
𝑥 2 −10𝑥+21
ex. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 +3𝑥−40
(𝑥−3)(𝑥−7)
𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥+8)(𝑥−5)
(𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 − 5) = 𝟎
𝒙 + 𝟖 = 𝟎; 𝒙−𝟓=𝟎
𝒙 = −𝟖; 𝒙=𝟓
Therefore, the Vertical asymptote is the line 𝑥 = −8, 𝑥 = 5.
D. How to find the Horizontal Asymptote
◦ If 𝒏 < 𝒅, then the line 𝒚 = 𝟎 is the horizontal asymptote.
𝒂𝒏
◦ If 𝒏 = 𝒅, then line 𝒚 = , the ratio of leading coefficients, is the
𝒃𝒅
horizontal asymptote.
◦ If 𝒏 > 𝒅, then the graph of the function has no horizontal asymptote
EX. 𝑯𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑨𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒆
3𝑥−2
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 4 𝑦=0
2𝑥 +10
−4
2−4𝑥
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦=
1
𝑜𝑟 − 4
𝑥−8
𝑥 2 −9𝑥+14 𝑁𝑜 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒
3. 𝑓 𝑥 =
4𝑥
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥+1 𝑥−3
𝑓 𝑥 = 2 =
𝑥 −4 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
Find the following:
3
X-intercept: −1,0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (3,0) Y-intercept: 0,
4
0= 𝑥+1 𝑥−3 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥2 − 4
(0)2 −2(0) − 3
𝑥 + 1 = 0; 𝑥 − 3 = 0 𝑓 0 =
(0)2 −4
𝑥 = −1; 𝑥=3 −3
𝑓 0 =
−4
3
𝑓 0 =
4
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥+1 𝑥−3
𝑓 𝑥 = 2 =
𝑥 −4 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)
Find the following:
Vertical Asymptote: 𝑥 = 2; 𝑥 = −2 Horizontal Asymptote: 𝑦 = 1
𝑥+1 𝑥−3 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) 𝑥2 − 4
𝑛 = 2; 𝑘 = 2
0= 𝑥−2 𝑥+2 𝑎𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑘, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 =
𝑏𝑘
𝑥 − 2 = 0; 𝑥+2=0
𝑥 = 2; 𝑥 = −2 1
𝑦= =1
1
Activity
Determine the x and y intercepts, as well as vertical
and horizontal asymptotes. Show your complete
solution.
𝑥 2 −3𝑥−10
1. 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 2 −9
−4𝑥+7
2. 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 2 −9𝑥+18
What is the characteristic of
asymptote that you can
relate?
(Give example/s)
We are like asymptotes, we come
closer and closer but never be meet
each other.
“For I know the plans I have for you,
plans to prosper you and not to harm
you, plans to give you hope and a
future” Jeremiah 29:11
SAD LOVE STORIES IN MATH
Which one can you relate? How are you going to help someone struggling with
this kind of relationship?
Don’t you know that God has an Asymptotic relationships with some of you?
Just like the Blue line in the graph, He came down from heaven to meet you.
But it is you (the Red line) who has no intention of reaching out to God.
SUMMARY