Name: Period:
Cognition-Memory
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
What strategies do you use to help you remember important things?
Why aren’t our memories recorded by the brain exactly how we experienced them?
Topic Learning Objective Textbook Pages
206-212,
2.3 Introduction to Explain how the types, structures, and processes of
215-216,
Memory memory work.
222, 227, 229, 232
2.4 Encoding Explain how different encoding processes work to get
215-223
Memories information into memory.
Explain how memory storage processes retain
2.5 Storing Memories 226-229
information in memory.
2.6 Retrieving Explain how memory retrieval processes get information 207-208,
Memories out of memory. 232-235
2.7 Forgetting and
Explain possible reasons why memory failure or errors
Other Memory 238-250
may occur.
Challenges
Adapted from Melissa Rogers by KISD Secondary Social Studies, 2025
Introduction to Memory
Memory:
Types of Memories
Explicit memory:
Example:
Semantic memory:
Example:
Implicit memory:
Example:
Procedural memory:
Example:
Prospective memory:
Example:
How do effortful & automatic
processing relate to these types of
memories?
Long- term potentiation (LTP):
Biology of Memory
The Working Memory Model
Central executive component:
Example:
Visuospatial sketchpad:
Example:
Phonological loop:
Example:
Multi-Store Model
Sensory Memory:
Iconic memory:
Example:
Echoic memory:
Example:
Short-term/Working Memory:
Example:
Long-term memory:
What secures long-term memory?
Automatic processing:
Example:
Effortful processing:
Example:
Levels of Processing Model
Shallow processing:
Structural:
Example:
Phonemic:
Example:
Semantic:
Deep processing:
Encoding Memories
Encoding:
Improving Encoding
Mnemonic device:
Example:
Method of Loci:
Example:
Chunking:
Examples:
Categories:
Example:
Hierarchies:
Example:
Improving Encoding
Spacing effect:
Example:
Consolidation:
Massed practice:
Example:
Distributed practice:
Example:
Improving Encoding
Serial Position Effect:
Example:
Primacy effect:
Example:
Recency effect:
Example:
Storing Memories
Storage:
Prolonging Storage
Maintenance rehearsal:
Example:
Elaborative rehearsal:
Example:
Superior Memory Storage
Autobiographical memory:
Example:
Memory Impairments & Limitations
Anterograde amnesia: Retrograde amnesia:
How will you remember the difference between anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia?
Alzheimer’s disease:
Infantile amnesia:
Retrieving Memories
Retrieval:
Methods of Retrieval
Recall:
Example:
Recognition:
Example:
Enhancing Retrieval
Context-dependent memory: State-dependent memory: Mood-congruent memory:
Example: Example: Example:
Retrieval Practice Processes
Testing effect:
Example:
Metacognition:
Example:
Forgetting & Other Memory Challenges
Forgetting curve:
Example:
Sketch out a graph depicting the
forgetting curve:
How can you interrupt the
forgetting process?
Retrieval Difficulties
Encoding failure:
Proactive interference: Retroactive interference:
Example: Example:
Inadequate Retrieval
Inadequate retrieval:
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon:
Example:
Psychodynamic Theory
Repression:
The Accuracy of Memories
Misinformation effect:
Example:
Source amnesia:
Example:
Constructive Memory
Constructive memory:
Memory consolidation: Imagination inflation:
Example:
Explain the Loftus car crash
study and the terms which apply
to its findings.