Python

Python is a language of coding used all over the world for different tasks in AI,
Factories where machines are used, web development, Data Science,
Application, Game development etc.

We can use different Python programming app like colab by google, Visual Studio
Code, Pycharm,etc.

Printing
Printing is a function used to display outputs

Example:
Printing Hello World for first time in python:
print(“Hello World!”)

Output:
Hello World!

Printing two different string in one time:

print("Hello"+"Aditya")

Output:
HelloAditya

Comments

Comments are lines of text after Hash (#).The lines that are ignored by the python
running code. They are used to keep explanations or notes without any error.

Example:
print(“Hello World”)​ ​ ​ #This function is used to show to output

#This is a comment
Output:

Data Types
Data that defines the values, operations, and stores information for python to run it is
called Data types.
integer(int): integer is a symbol used for numbers.
float: float is used for decimal number
string: string is used for word
boolean: boolean is used for

Example:
integer1 = int

Variables
Variable is a symbol that refers to a value that is stored.

Example:
name = Aditya
age = 12

Type conversion

Operators

Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform basic mathematical operations like
addition(+), subtraction(-), multiplication(*), division(/)

Example:
First operation:
num1 = 5
num2 = 10
num3 = num1 + num2
print(num3)

Output:
15
Second Operation:
x=69
y=5
z=x-y
print(z)

Output:
20

Simple calculator:
num1 = int(input("Enter a first nunber:"))
num2 = int(input("Enter a second nunber:"))

addition = num1 + num2

subtraction = num1 - num2

multiplication = num1 * num2

division = num1 / num2

print("Addition:", addition)
print("Subtraction:", subtraction)
print("Multiplication:", multiplication)
print("Division:", division)
Output:
Enter a first number:65
Enter a second number:5
Addition: 70
Subtraction: 60
Multiplication: 325
Division: 13.0
Comparison Operators

Operator Meaning Example Result

== Equal to 5 == 5 True

!= Not equal to 5 != 3 True

> Greater than 7>3 True

< Less than 2<8 True

>= Greater or 5 >= 5 True

equal

<= Less or equal 4 <= 6 True

Comparison Operations compare two values and decide their relation

Logical Operations
Logical operations are those operations that combine conditional statements.

Operator Example

and x>7 and x>10

or x>7 or x>10

not not(x>7and x>10)

Python Basics – Strings
A string is a sequence of characters written inside single quotes (' '), double quotes ("
"), or triple quotes (''' ''' or """ """).

Example:

name = "Python"

1. String Indexing
●​ Each character in a string has a position (index).​

●​ Indexing starts from 0.​

●​ We can also use negative indexing (from the end).​

Example:

word = "Python"
print(word[0]) # P (first character)
print(word[3]) # h (4th character)
print(word[-1]) # n (last character)

Slicing “Python” with two methods:

word = "Python"
print (word[0])
print (word[-6])
print (word[1])
print (word[-5])
print (word[2])
print (word[-4])
print (word[3])
print (word[-3])
print (word[4])
print (word[-2])
print (word[5])
print (word[-1])
Output:
P
P
y
y
t
t
h
h
o
o
n
n

2. String Slicing

●​ Slicing means taking a part of the string using [start:end].​

●​ start → index to begin​

●​ end → index before which to stop (not included)​

Example:

Slicing Python and Programming in different lines:

text = "PythonProgramming"

print(text[0:6])
print(text[6:17])

Output:
Python
Programming

Writing a program to print "Python" from the string "Python Programming is the
best language" using slicing.

text = "Python Programming is the Best language"

print (text[0:])

Output:
Python
3. Common String Functions
Python has many built-in string functions. Here are some useful ones:

Function Example Output

.upper() "hello".upper() HELLO

.lower() "HELLO".lower() hello

.title() "python Python

programming".title() Programming

.strip() " hello ".strip() hello (removes

spaces)

.replace() "apple".replace("a","A") Apple

.count() "banana".count("a") 3

.find() "python".find("t") 2

4. Examples
String Functions:
msg = " Hello World "
print([Link]())
Output:
HELLO WORLD

String Functions:
msg = " Hello World "
print([Link]())
Output:
hello world

String Functions:
msg = " Hello World "
print([Link]())
Output:
Hello World

String Functions:
msg = " Hello World "
print([Link]("World", "Aditya"))
Output:
Hello Aditya

String Functions:
msg = " Hello World "
print([Link]('o'))
Output:
2

Quick Tip for Students:

●​ Strings are like a box of letters where you can pick (index), cut (slice), and modify
(functions).​

Practice Questions – Strings

1.​ Take your name as input and print the first character and the last character using
indexing.

Answer:

Input = input("Enter your name: ")

print(Input[0])

print(Input[5])

Output:

Enter your name: Aditya

a​
 2.​ Write a program to print "Python" from the string "I am learning Python
Programming" using slicing.​
Answer:

text = "I am learning Python Programming"

print (text[14:20])

Output:

Python

3.​ Given word = "Programming", print:

word = "Programming"​

○​ First 5 characters

print (word[0:5])

○​ Last 5 characters

print (word[6:11])

○​ Every 2nd character

print (word[::2])

Output:

Progr

mming

Pormig
 4.​ Write a program that takes a string and converts it to:

word = input("Enter a string: ")

○​ Uppercase

print([Link]())

○​ Lowercase

print([Link]())

Output:

Enter a string: ApPlE

APPLE

apple

5.​ Take a sentence and print how many times the letter "a" appears.

sentence = input("Enter a sentence: ")

print([Link]('a'))

Output:

Enter a sentence: dangeration

6.​ Write a program to remove extra spaces from .

input = " Apple ball is expensive and useful "

print([Link]())

Output:​
Apple ball is expensive and usefull
 7.​ Replace the word "dog" with "cat" in the string "I have a dog".

text = "I have a dog"

print([Link]("dog", "cat"))

Output:

I have a cat

8.​ Check if the string contains the word "Python"

text = "Python is a programming language"

TODO: check if "Python" is in text

if "Python" in text:

print("Yes, it contains 'Python'")

else:

print("No, it does not contain 'Python'")

Output:

Yes, it contains 'Python'

text = "I have a dog"

print([Link]("dog", "cat"))

9.​ Write a program to reverse a string using slicing.

word = "naman"

print(word[::-1])

Output:

naman
 10.​Take a word as input and print whether it is a palindrome or not. (Palindrome means
the same forward and backward, like "madam").

word = "naman"

if word == word[::-1]:

print("Yes, it is a palindrome")

else:

print("No, it is not a palindrome")

​
Output:

Yes, it is a palindrome

Lists & Tuples in Python

1. Lists
●​ A list is a collection of items (can be numbers, strings, etc.).​

●​ Lists are mutable → you can change, add, or remove items.​

●​ Defined using square brackets [].​

Example:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

print(fruits) # ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']
Indexing in Lists

●​ Items are accessed using indexes.​

●​ Index starts from 0.​

●​ Negative indexing starts from -1 (last element).​

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

print(numbers[0])
print(numbers[-1])

Output:
10

Slicing in Lists

●​ Extract part of a list.​

●​ Syntax: list[start:end:step]​

Example:
nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
19, 20]
print(nums[1:4]) # [2, 3, 4]
print(nums[:3]) # [1, 2, 3]
print(nums[::2]) # [1, 3, 5]
print(nums[::3])
print(nums[7:14])
print(nums[7:14:2])

Output:
[2, 3, 4]
[1, 2, 3]
[1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19]
[1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19]
[8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
[8, 10, 12, 14]
Common List Methods

●​ append(item) → Add item at the end​

●​ insert(index, item) → Add item at specific position​

●​ remove(item) → Remove first occurrence of item​

●​ pop(index) → Remove item by index (default last)​

●​ sort(reverse=True) → Sort list​

●​ reverse() → Reverse list order

nums = [3, 1, 4, 2]
[Link](5) # [3, 1, 4, 2, 5]
[Link]() # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[Link]() # [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

Output:

Append function:
animal = [ "Tiger", "Lion", "Dog", "Cat", "Snake", "Leopard" ]
[Link]('Cow')
#[Link]("Horse")
print(animal[1])

Output:
['Tiger', 'Lion', 'Dog', 'Cat', 'Snake', 'Leopard', 'Cow']

Reverse function:
nums = [1, 4, 8, 3, 7, 2, 5, 9, 6, 10, 98765, 600, 3065, 3029]
[Link]()
print(nums)

Output:
[98765, 3065, 3029, 600, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

Reverse function:
nums = [3, 1, 4, 2]
[Link]()
print(nums)

Output:
[1, 2, 3, 4]
2. Tuples
●​ A tuple is similar to a list, but it is immutable (cannot be changed).​

●​ Defined using parentheses ().​

Example:

t = (100, 200, 300, 400)

print(t[0])
print(t[1])

Output:
100
200

Immutability of Tuples

●​ You cannot modify a tuple (add/remove/change elements).​

t = (1, 2, 3)
# t[0] = 5 ❌ Error (cannot modify tuple)
●​ But you can convert tuple → list → tuple to make changes.​

t = (1, 2, 3)
temp = list(t) # convert to list
[Link](4)
t = tuple(temp) # convert back to tuple
print(t) # (1, 2, 3, 4)

3. When to use List vs Tuple

●​ List → When you need a collection that can change (dynamic).​

●​ Tuple → When you need a fixed collection (constant data).​

Practice Questions (Lists & Tuples)
1.​ Create a list of 5 numbers and print the second and last element.

t = [1, 2, 3, 45, 12345]

print(t[1])

print(t[-1])

print(t[4])

Output:

12345

12345

2.​ Write a program to slice a list and print elements from index 2 to 5.

nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

print(nums[2:6])

Output:

[3, 4, 5, 6]

3.​ Add "grapes" to the list ["apple", "banana"].

fruits = ["Apple", "Banana"]

[Link]("Grapes")

print(fruits)

Output:​
['Apple', 'Banana', 'Grapes']

4.​ Remove the number 30 from the list [10, 20, 30, 40].
 nums = [10, 20, 30, 40]

[Link](30)

print(nums)

Output:​
[10, 20, 40]

5.​ Sort the list [5, 3, 8, 1] in ascending order.

nums = [5, 3, 8, 1]

[Link]()

print(nums)

Output:

[1, 3, 5, 8]

6.​ Reverse the list [10, 20, 30, 40].

nums = [10, 20, 30, 40]

[Link]()

print(nums)

Output:​
[40, 30, 20, 10]

7.​ Create a tuple with 4 elements and print its first two items.

t = (100, 200, 300, 400)

print(t[0:2])

Output:

(100, 200)​

8.​ Convert tuple (10, 20, 30) into a list, add 40, then convert back to a tuple.
 t = (10, 20, 30)

temp = list(t)

[Link](40)

tup =tuple(temp)

print(tup)

Output:

(10, 20, 30, 40)

9.​ Take two lists and join them into one list.

listno1 = [1, 2, 3]

listno2 = [4, 5, 6]

finallist = listno1 + listno2

print(finallist)

Output:​
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

10.​Write a program to check if an element exists in a tuple.

t = (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)

element = int(input("Enter a number "))

if element in t:

print("Element Found In Tuple")

else:

print('Element Not Found')

Output:

Enter a number 67

Element Not Found

Dictionaries & Sets
1. Dictionaries

A dictionary is a collection of key–value pairs in Python.​

Each key must be unique and immutable (like strings, numbers, or
tuples).​
Values can be of any type and can repeat.

Syntax

dictionary_name = {

"key1": "value1",

"key2": "value2"

Example

my_dict = {

"name": "Aditya",

"age": 12,

"city": "Bhaktapur"

student = {"name": "Ram","age": 17,"grade": "A",”Roll”: 12}

print(student)

Accessing values:
print(my_dict["name"]) # Output: Aditya

print(my_dict.get("age")) # Output:

Adding / Updating values:

my_dict["Class"] =

my_dict["age"] =

Removing items:

my_dict.pop("city") # Removes key 'city'

del my_dict["age"] # Deletes key 'age'

my_dict.clear() # Empties dictionary

Looping:

for key, value in my_dict.items():

print(key, value)

2. Sets

A set is a collection of unique and unordered elements.​

It automatically removes duplicates.

Syntax

my_set = {1, 2, 3, 3, 4}

print(my_set) # Output: {1, 2, 3, 4}

Adding / Removing items:

my_sefsdt.add(5)

my_set.remove(3)

Set Operations:

A = {1, 2, 3, 4}

B = {3, 4, 5, 6}

print(A | B) # Union → {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

print(A & B) # Intersection → {3, 4}

print(A - B) # Difference → {1, 2}

print(A ^ B) # Symmetric Difference → {1, 2, 5, 6}

Conditional Statements in Python

Conditional statements are used to make decisions in a program.

They allow the program to choose what to do depending on some condition (True or False).

Syntax
if condition:
# code runs if condition is True
elif another_condition:
# code runs if first condition is False but this one is True
else:
# code runs if all above conditions are False

Example
age = 12

if age >= 18:

print("You are an adult.")
elif age >= 13:
print("You are a teenager.")
else:
print("You are a child.")

Explanation:

●​ If age is 18 or more → prints “You are an adult.”​

●​ If the age is not 18 but at least 13 → prints “You are a teenager.”​

●​ Otherwise → prints “You are a child.”​

Practice 1. Check if a number is positive or negative

# Program to check if a number is positive or negative
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if num > 0:
print("The number is positive.")
elif num == 0:
print("The number is zero.")
else:
print("The number is negative.")
# Explanation:
# We check three cases using if, elif, and else.

2. Check if a number is even or odd

# Program to check even or odd
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if num % 2 == 0:
print("Even number")
else:
print("Odd number")
# Explanation:
# If the remainder after dividing by 2 is 0 → Even, otherwise Odd.
Output
num = 5
odd number

Loops in Python
What is a Loop?
A loop is used when we want to repeat something again and again.​
For example:

●​ Say “Hello” 5 times​

●​ Print numbers 1 to 10​

●​ Add all numbers in a list​

Instead of writing the same line many times, we use a loop!

Syntax:

for variable in sequence:

# code to repeat

Example

Print your name 5 times

for i in range(5):

print("Hello, I am Aditya!")

While Loop

Repeat while a condition is True

A while loop keeps running as long as a condition is true.

It’s like saying:
“Keep doing this until I tell you to stop!”

Example
[Link] numbers 1 to 5

num = 1
while num <= 5:
print(num)
num += 1

Output

1
2
3
4
5

Nested Loops
Loop inside another loop

A nested loop means → one loop runs inside another loop.

Think of it like:

Outer loop = rows

Inner loop = columns

Example
Loop Control Statements in Python

Loop control statements change how the loop behaves — they can stop, skip, or
do nothing (temporarily) inside a loop.

There are 3 main types:

break

continue

pass

Break - Stop the loop completely

Theory:
The break statement is used to exit (stop) the loop even if the loop condition is
still true.

Example
for i in range(1, 11):
if i == 5:
break # stop the loop when i becomes 5
print(i)

Continue — Skip the current loop and move to next one

Theory:
The continue statement tells Python to skip the rest of the code inside the loop for
that iteration and continue to the next round.
Example
for i in range(1, 6):
if i == 3:
continue
print(i)

Pass - Do nothing

Theory:
The pass statement does nothing — it’s used when a statement is required but
you don’t want any code to run yet.

Example
for i in range(1,6):
if i == 3:
pass
print(i)

Functions (defining, parameters, return values)

Theory:
What is a Function?

A function is a block of code that runs only when it is called.

Why use functions?

To reuse code (write once, use many times)

To make your code organized and easy to read

To divide a big problem into smaller parts

def → keyword to define a function

greet → function name

() → parentheses (can hold inputs, called parameters)

Inside the function: we write the code to run