Chapter 3
Trigonometric Ratio
and Identities
RELATION BETWEEN SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT OF
ANGLES
D G 2C
= =
90 100 π
180
1 Radian = degree ≈ 57° 17′ 15″ (approximately)
π
π
1 degree = radian ≈ 0.0175 radian
180
BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
(a) sin2 q + cos2 q = 1 or sin2 q = 1 – cos2 q or cos2 q = 1 – sin2 q
(b) sec2 q – tan2 q = 1 or sec2 q = 1 + tan2 q or tan2 q = sec2 q – 1
1 1
(c) If sec q + tan q = k ⇒ sec q – tan q = ⇒ 2 sec q = k +
k k
(d) cosec2 q – cot2 q = 1 or cosec2 q = 1 + cot2 q or cot2 q = cosec2 q – 1
1 1
(e) If cosec q + cot q = k ⇒ cosec q – cot q = ⇒ 2 cosec q = k +
k k
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED ANGLES
(a) sin (2np + q) = sin q, cos (2np + q) = cos q, where n ∈ I.
(b) sin (– q) = – sin q cos (– q) = cos q
sin (90° – q) = cos q cos (90° – q) = sin q
sin (90° + q) = cos q cos (90° + q) = –sin q
sin (180° – q) = sin q cos (180° – q) = –cos q
sin (180° + q) = –sin q cos (180° + q) = –cos q
sin (270° – q) = –cos q cos (270° – q) = – sin q
sin (270° + q) = –cos q cos (270° + q) = sin q
Note:
(i) sin np = 0 ; cos np = (–1)n; tan np = 0 where n ∈ I.
π π
(ii) sin (2n + 1) = (–1)n; cos (2n + 1) = 0 where n ∈ I.
2 2
IMPORTANT TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULA
(i) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B.
(ii) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B.
(iii) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B.
(iv) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B.
tan A + tan B
(v) tan (A + B) =
1 − tan A tan B
tan A − tan B
(vi) tan (A + B) =
1 + tan A tan B
cot B cot A − 1
(vii) cot (A + B) =
cot B + cot A
cot B cot A + 1
(viii) cot (A – B) =
cot B − cot A
(ix) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B).
(x) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B).
(xi) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B).
(xii) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B).
C + D C − D
(xiii) sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos
2 2
11 Trigonometric Ratio and Identities
C + D C − D
(xiv) sin C – sin D = 2 cos sin
2 2
C + D C − D
(xv) cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos
2 2
C + D D−C
(xvi) cos C – cos D = 2 sin sin
2 2
2 tan θ
(xvii) sin 2q = 2 sin q cos q =
1 + tan 2 θ
1 − tan 2 θ
(xviii) cos 2q = cos2 q – sin2 q = 2 cos2 q – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2 q =
1 + tan 2 θ
1 + cos 2θ
(xix) 1 + cos 2q = 2 cos2 q or cos q = ±
2
1 − cos 2θ
(xx) 1 – cos 2q = 2 sin2 q or sin q = ±
2
1 − cos 2θ sin 2θ 1 − cos 2θ
(xxi) tan q = = = ±
sin 2θ 1 + cos 2θ 1 + cos 2θ
2 tan θ
(xxii) tan 2q =
1 − tan 2 θ
(xxiii) sin 3q = 3 sin q – 4 sin3 q.
(xxiv) cos 3q = 4 cos3 q – 3 cos q.
3 tan θ − tan 3 θ
(xxv) tan 3q =
1 − 3 tan 2 θ
(xxvi) sin2 A – sin2 B = sin (A + B) · sin (A – B) = cos2 B – cos2 A.
(xxvii) cos2 A – sin2 B = cos (A + B) · cos (A – B).
(xxviii) sin (A + B + C)
= sin A cos B cos C + sin B cos A cos C + sin C cos A cos B
– sin A sin B sin C
= S sin A cos B cos C – P sin A
= cos A cos B cos C [tan A + tan B + tan C – tan A tan B tan C]
Hand Book 12
(xxix) cos (A + B + C)
= cos A cos B cos C – sin A sin B cos C – sin A cos B sin C
– cos A sin B sin C
= P cos A – S sin A sin B cos C
= cos A cos B cos C [1 – tan A tan B – tan B tan C – tan C tan A]
(xxx) tan (A + B + C)
tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan B tan C S − S3
= = 1
1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C − tan C tan A 1 − S 2
(xxxi) sin a + sin (a + b) + sin (a + 2b) + ... sin (α + n − 1β)
n − 1 nβ
sin α + β sin
2 2
=
β
sin
2
(xxxii) cos a + cos (a + b) + cos (a + 2b) + ... + cos (α + n − 1β)
n − 1 nβ
cos α + β sin
2 2
=
β
sin
2
VALUES OF SOME T-RATIOS FOR ANGLES 18°, 36°, 15°,
22.5°, 67.5° ETC.
5 −1 π
(a) sin 18° = = cos=
72° sin
4 10
5 +1 π
(b) cos 36° = = sin=
54° cos
4 5
3 −1 π
(c) sin 15° = = cos=
75° sin
2 2 12
3 +1 π
(d) cos 15° = = sin=
75° cos
2 2 12
π 3 −1 5π
(e) tan =2 − 3 = =cot
12 3 +1 12
13 Trigonometric Ratio and Identities
Chapter 4
Trigonometric
Equations
GENERAL SOLUTIONS OF SOME TRIGONOMETRIC
EQUATIONS (TO BE REMEMBERED)
(a) If sin q = 0, then q = np, n ∈ I (set of integers).
π
(b) If cos q = 0, then q = (2n + 1) n∈I .
2
(c) If tan q = 0, then q = np, n ∈ I.
−π π
(d) If sin q = sin a, then q = np + (–1)n a where a ∈ , , n ∈ I.
2 2
(e) If cos q = cos a, then q = 2np ± a, n ∈ I, a ∈ [0, p].
−π π
(f) If tan q = tan a, then q = np + a, n ∈ I, a ∈ , .
2 2
π π
(g) If sin q = 1, then q = 2np + = (4n + 1) , n ∈ I.
2 2
(h) If cos q = 1 then q = 2np, n ∈ I.
(i) If sin2 q = sin2 a or cos2 q = cos2 a or tan2 q = tan2 a, then q = np ± a,
n ∈ I.
(j) For n ∈ I, sin np = 0 and cos np = (–1)n, n ∈ I
sin (np + q) = (–1)n sin q
cos (np + q) = (–1)n cos q
(k) cos np = (–1)n, n ∈ I.
n −1
nπ nπ
(l) If n is an odd integer then sin = (−1) 2 , cos = 0.
2 2
n −1 n +1
nπ nπ
(m) sin + θ = (−1) 2
cos θ, cos + θ = (−1) 2
sin θ (n is odd)
2 2
GENERAL SOLUTION OF EQUATION a cos q + b sin q = c
Consider, a sin q + b cos q = c ...(i)
a b c
\ sin θ + cos θ =
2 2 2 2
a +b a +b a + b2
2
equation (i) has the solution only if |c| ≤ a 2 + b2 let
a b b
= cos φ, φ tan −1
= sin φ and = by introducing this
a +b22 2
a +b 2 a
c
auxiliary argument f, equation (i) reduces to sin (q + f) = .
a + b2
2
GENERAL SOLUTION OF EQUATION OF FORM
a0 sinn x + a1 sinn–1 x cos x + a2 sinn–2 × cos2 x + ... + an cosn x = 0 a0, a1, ... an
are real numbers.
Such an equation is solved by dividing equation by cosn x.
IMPORTANTS TIPS
(a) For equations of the type sin q = k or cos q = k, one must check that
| k | ≤ 1.
(b) Avoid squaring the equations, if possible, because it may lead to
extraneous solutions.
(c) Do not cancel the common variable factor from the two sides of the
equations which are in a product because we may loose some solutions.
(d) The answer should not contain such values of q, which make any of
terms undefined or infinite.
(e) Check that denominator is not zero at any stage while solving equations.
(f) (i) If tan q or sec q is involved in the equations, q should not be odd
π
multiple of .
2
(ii) If cot q or cosec q is involved in the equation, q should not be
integral multiple of p or 0.
17 Trigonometric
(g) If two different trigonometric ratios such as tan q and sec q are involved
then after solving we cannot apply the usual formulae for general
solution because periodicity of the functions are not same.
(h) If L.H.S. of the given trigonometric equation is always less than or
equal to k and RHS is always greater than k, then no solution exists. If
both the sides are equal to k for same value of q, then solution exists and
if they are equal for different value of q, then solution does not exist.
qqq
Hand Book 18