FLAMMABILITY DIAGRAM
LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL) & UPPER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (UFL)
LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL)
LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL)
BELOW THE LOWER LIMIT OF THE FLAMMABILITY RANGE, KNOWN AS
THE LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (LFL), THERE IS INSUFFICIENT FLAMMABLE
MATERIAL IN THE MIXTURE TO SUPPORT COMBUSTION. THE LFL REFERS TO
THE LEANEST MIXTURE THAT CAN SUSTAIN A FLAME.)
UPPER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (UFL)
UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (UEL)
THE UPPER FLAMMABLE LIMIT (UFL) REFERS TO THE POINT ABOVE
WHICH THERE IS INSUFFICIENT AIR TO GENERATE OR SUPPORT COMBUSTION.
THE UFL GIVES THE RICHEST FLAMMABLE MIXTURE.)
EXPLOSIMETER
AN EXPLOSIMETER IS A GAS DETECTOR WHICH IS USED TO MEASURE THE AMOUNT OF
COMBUSTIBLE GASES PRESENT IN A SAMPLE. WHEN A PERCENTAGE OF THE LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT (LEL) OF
AN ATMOSPHERE IS EXCEEDED, AN ALARM SIGNAL ON THE INSTRUMENT IS ACTIVATED.
ONE RESISTANCE (OF A WHEATSTONE BRIDGE WITH CURRENT SUPPLIED FROM A BATTERY) IS A
HOT FILAMENT IN A COMBUSTION CHAMBER. AN ASPIRATOR BULB AND FLEXIBLE TUBE ARE USED TO DRAW A
GAS SAMPLE INTO THE CHAMBER. THE GAS WILL BURN IN THE PRESENCE OF THE RED HOT FILAMENT
CAUSING THE TEMPERATURE OF THE FILAMENT TO RISE. RISE OF TEMPERATURE INCREASES THE RESISTANCE
OF THE FILAMENT AND THIS CHANGE OF FILAMENT UNBALANCES THE BRIDGE. THE CURRENT FLOW
REGISTERS ON THE METER WHICH IS SCALED IN PERCENTAGE OF LFL.
EXPLOSIMETER
CATALYTIC BEAD SENSORS ARE USED TO MEASURE COMBUSTIBLE GASES. ACTIVE AND
REFERENCE BEADS CONTAINING PLATINUM WIRE COILS ARE SITUATED ON OPPOSITE ARMS OF
A WHEATSTONE BRIDGE CIRCUIT AND ELECTRICALLY HEATED, UP TO A FEW HUNDRED DEGREES C. THE
CATALYTIC BEAD SENSORS CONTAINS A CATALYST THAT ALLOWS COMBUSTIBLE COMPOUNDS TO OXIDIZE,
THEREBY HEATING THE BEAD EVEN FURTHER AND CHANGING ITS ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE. THE RESULTING
VOLTAGE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE BEADS IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE
CONCENTRATION OF ALL COMBUSTIBLE GASES AND VAPORS PRESENT. THE SAMPLED GAS ENTERS THE
SENSOR THROUGH A SINTERED METAL FRIT, WHICH PROVIDES A BARRIER TO PREVENT AN EXPLOSION
WHEN THE INSTRUMENT IS CARRIED INTO AN ATMOSPHERE CONTAINING COMBUSTIBLE GASES.
PELLISTORS MEASURE ESSENTIALLY ALL COMBUSTIBLE GASES, BUT THEY ARE MORE SENSITIVE
TO SMALLER MOLECULES THAT DIFFUSE THROUGH THE SINTER MORE QUICKLY. THE MEASUREABLE
CONCENTRATION RANGES ARE TYPICALLY FROM A FEW HUNDRED PPM TO A FEW VOLUME PERCENT. SUCH
SENSORS ARE INEXPENSIVE AND ROBUST, BUT REQUIRE A MINIMUM OF A FEW PERCENT OXYGEN IN THE
ATMOSPHERE TO BE TESTED AND THEY CAN BE POISONED OR INHIBITED BY COMPOUNDS SUCH AS
SILICONES, MINERAL ACIDS, CHLORINATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, AND SULFUR COMPOUNDS.
EXPLOSIMETER
COMPENSATOR ELEMENT
PLATINUM
WIRE COIL
CATALYTIC
BEAD
SENSOR
FLASH BACK ARRESTER
TANK SCOPE - MSA MODEL 62T
COMPENSATOR ELEMENT
MEASURING
CHAMBER
TANKSCOPE
THE SENSING ELEMENT OF INSTRUMENT IS USUALLY A NON-CATALYTIC HOT FILAMENT. THE
COMPOSITION OF THE SURROUNDING GAS DETERMINES THE RATE OF LOSS OF HEAT FROM THE FILAMENT,
AND HENCE ITS TEMPERATURE AND RESISTANCE.
THE SENSOR FILAMENT FORMS ONE ARM OF A WHEATSTONE BRIDGE.. AS IN THE EXPLOSIMETER,
THERE IS A SECOND IDENTICAL FILAMENT IN ANOTHER ARM OF THE BRIDGE WHICH IS KEPT PERMANENTLY
IN CONTACT WITH AIR AND ACTS AS A COMPENSATOR FILAMENT. THE PRESENCE OF HYDROCARBON
CHANGES THE RESISTANCE OF THE SENSOR FILAMENT AND THIS IS SHOWN BY A DEFLECTION ON THE
BRIDGE METER. THE RATE OF HEAT LOSS FROM THE FILAMENT IS A NON-LINEAR FUNCTION OF
HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATION AND THE METER SCALE REFLECTS THIS NONLINEARITY.
THE METER GIVES A DIRECT READING OF % VOLUME HYDROCARBONS. AFTER THE INSTRUMENT
HAS BEEN INITIALLY SET AT ZERO WITH FRESH AIR IN CONTACT WITH THE SENSOR FILAMENT, A SAMPLE IS
DRAWN INTO THE METER BY MEANS OF A RUBBER ASPIRATOR BULB. THE BULB SHOULD BE OPERATED
UNTIL THE METER POINTER COMES TO REST ON THE SCALE (USUALLY WITHIN 15-20 SQUEEZES) THEN
ASPIRATING SHOULD BE STOPPED AND THE FINAL READING TAKEN. IT IS IMPORTANT THAT THE READING
SHOULD BE TAKEN WITH NO FLOW THROUGH THE INSTRUMENT AND WITH THE GAS AT NORMAL
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.
THE NON-CATALYTIC FILAMENT IS NOT AFFECTED BY GAS CONCENTRATIONS IN EXCESS OF ITS WORKING
SCALE. THE INSTRUMENT READING GOES OFF THE SCALE AND REMAINS IN THIS POSITION AS LONG AS THE
FILAMENT IS EXPOSED TO THE RICH GAS MIXTURE.
UTI DETECTOR – HONEYWELL
HERMETIC UTIMETER RTEX
THE SENSING PROBE INCLUDES
➢ A N ULTRASONIC LIQUID LEVEL SENSOR FOR ULLAGE
➢ A TEMPERATURE SENSOR FOR TEMPERATURE AND
➢ CONDUCTIVITY ELECTRODE FOR INTERFACE
HAZARDOUS ZONES ON TANKERS
HAZARDOUS ZONES
ZONE 0
AN AREA IN WHICH AN EXPLOSIVE GAS ATMOSPHERE IS PRESENT
CONTINUOUSLY OR FOR LONG PERIODS.
ZONE 1
AN AREA IN WHICH AN EXPLOSIVE GAS ATMOSPHERE IS LIKELY TO
OCCUR IN NORMAL OPERATION.
ZONE 2
AN AREA IN WHICH AN EXPLOSIVE GAS ATMOSPHERE IS NOT LIKELY
TO OCCUR IN NORMAL OPERATION AND, IF IT OCCURS, WILL ONLY EXIST FOR
A SHORT TIME.
AN AREA NOT CLASSIFIED ZONE 0, 1 OR 2 IS ASSUMED TO BE A NON-
HAZARDOUS OR SAFE AREA.
TYPES OF EXPLOSION PROTECTION
PROTECTION APPLICABILITY ZONE WISE
(EXI) INTRINSICALLY SAFE CIRCUIT
INTRINSIC SAFE PROTECTION MEANS LIMITING THE CIRCUIT CONDITIONS TO LESS THAN 30V
AND 50 MA. THERE ARE TWO GRADES OF INTRINSIC SAFETY NAMELY;
➢ EXia, THE HIGHEST CATEGORY BASED ON A SAFETY FACTOR OF 1.5 WITH TWO FAULTS ON
THE CIRCUIT USED IN ZONE 0 HAZARDOUS AREA ON A TANKER
➢ EXib, BASED ON A SAFETY FACTOR OF 1.5 WITH ONE FAULT ON THE CIRCUIT USED IN
ZONE 1 HAZARDOUS AREA ON A TANKER
THE INTRINSIC SAFETY OF A CIRCUIT IS ACHIEVED BY LIMITING THE CURRENT AND VOLTAGE.
THIS LIMITS THE CIRCUITS WITH A RELATIVELY LOW POWER, SUCH AS THAT USED FOR MEASURING OR
CONTROL. IN AN INTRINSICALLY-SAFE CIRCUIT, NO SPARKS OR THERMAL EFFECTS OCCUR IN
OPERATION, OR EVEN IN THE EVENT OF A FAULT.
TO THIS EFFECT, INTRINSIC SAFE CIRCUITS ARE ALWAYS PROTECTED BY THE USE OF A ZENER
BARRIER TO LIMIT VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS IN THE HAZARDOUS AREA WHEN FAULTS OCCUR ON THE
CIRCUIT. A SEPARATE BARRIER IS REQUIRED FOR EACH EXi CIRCUIT AND THEY MUST BE FITTED
OUTSIDE THE HAZARDOUS AREA.
CABLES FOR INTRINSICALLY SAFE CIRCUITS ON BOARD SHIPS SHOULD BE SEPARATED FROM
POWER CABLES AND THE CROSSING OVER OF SUCH CABLES SHOULD BE AT 900. THIS IS TO MINIMIZE
ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE FROM THE POWER CABLES AFFECTING THE INTRINSICALLY SAFE
CIRCUITS. THE METALLIC CABLE SCREENS OF INTRINSICALLY SAFE CIRCUITS SHOULD BE EARTHED, AT
THE POWER SUPPLY END ONLY, TO PREVENT CIRCULATING CURRENTS WITHIN THE SHEATH. POWER
AND INTRINSICALLY SAFE CABLE RUNS SHOULD BE SEPARATELY IDENTIFIED, I.E.; BY LABELS OR BY
USING CABLES WITH A DISTINCTIVE COLOUR (TYPICALLY LIGHT BLUE FOR EXi.
SAFETY (OR ZENER) BARRIER DTHALL130
CURRENT LIMITING RESISTOR (THICK FILM PRINTED CERAMIC RESISTORS)
SAFETY (OR ZENER) BARRIER
A BARRIER CONSISTS OF:
• RESISTORS TO LIMIT THE CURRENT
• ZENER DIODES TO LIMIT THE VOLTAGE
• FUSES TO PROTECT THE COMPONENTS
• LIMITING THE CIRCUIT CONDITIONS TO LESS THAN 30V AND 50MA
EXIa : - THE HIGHEST CATEGORY BASED ON A SAFETY FACTOR OF 1.5 WITH TWO FAULTS ON
THE CIRCUIT.
EXIb : - BASED ON A SAFETY FACTOR OF 1.5 WITH ONE FAULT ON THE CIRCUIT.
THE METALLIC CABLE SCREENS OF INTRINSICALLY SAFE CIRCUITS SHOULD BE EARTHED, AT THE
POWERS SUPPLY END ONLY, TO PREVENT CIRCULATING CURRENTS WITHIN THE SHEATH.
CABLE COLOR IS TYPICALLY BLUE FOR EXI
EXI CABLE SHOULD BE SEPARATED FROM POWER CABLES AND THE CROSSING OVER OF SUCH
CABLES SHOULD BE AT 90 DEGREES (THIS IS TO MINIMIZE ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE FROM THE
POWER CABLES AFFECTING THE INTRINSICALLY SAFE CIRCUITS.)
EXd FLAME PATHS
THE PRESSURE OF AN INTERNAL EXPLOSION IS RELEASED THROUGH THIS SMALL
GAP BETWEEN MACHINED FACES WHICH COOLS THE GAS SUFFICIENTLY TO PREVENT IT
FROM IGNITING ANY EXTERNAL FLAMMABLE ATMOSPHERE.
THE MAXIMUM PERMITTED GAP DEPENDS UPON THREE FACTORS:
O THE TYPE OF GAS WITH WHICH THE APPARATUS IS SAFE FOR USE. THIS IS INDICATED BY
APPARATUS GROUP.
O THE WIDTH OF THE JOINT (L).
O THE VOLUME OF THE ENCLOSURE (V).
[Link]
EXPLOSION PROOF VS FLAMEPROOF
1. Specification protocols;
Explosion proof follows the NEC Protocol (Article 100 of the National Electrical Code)
Flameproof follows the IEC Protocol (IEC 60079-1 7th edition)
2. Testing parameters;
Flameproof enclosures are factory tested to one and a half times the maximum pressures that are released in an explosion while
explosion proof enclosures are factory tested to four times the maximum pressures that are released in an explosion
3. Flameproof enclosures cannot be drilled out in the field and must be drilled by the manufacturer while explosion proof enclosures
can be drilled out in the field which makes them easier to use by OEMs.
INGRESS PROTECTION
THE IP CODE, INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION MARKING AS PER IEC 60529 HAS
TWO DIGITS. THE FIRST DIGIT IS THE PROTECTION AGAINST SOLID PARTICLES INGRESS
INTO THE MACHINERY. THE SECOND DIGIT IS THE PROTECTION AGAINST LIQUID INGRESS.
(MSB : IP 21/23, GENERATOR : IP23/44, DECK/GALLEY : IP56, SWITCHGEAR : IP32, ROTATING
MACHINERY : IP43, TRANSFORMER : IP23/54)
AN ‘X’ CAN BE USED INSTEAD OF ONE OF THE DIGITS IN CASE IT HAS SINGLE PROTECTION
0 = UNPROTECTED 0 = UNPROTECTED
1 = 50MM 1 = DRIPPING WATER
2 = 12MM 2 = DRIPPING WHEN TILTED 150 EITHER SIDE
3 = 2.5MM 3 = RAINING AT AN ANGEL UP TO 600
4 = 1MM 4 = SPLASHING WATER
5 = DUST PROTECTED 5 = JET SPRAYS
6 = DUST TIGHT 6 = HEAVY SEAS
7 = IMMERSION
8 = IMMERSION AT SPECIFIED PRESSURE
9 = IMMERSION AT POWER FULL HIGH TEMPERATURE
WATER JETS
Apparatus Gas Groups
INSULATION CLASSES
ELECTRICAL INSULATION SYSTEMS ARE RATED BY STANDARD NEMA (NATIONAL ELECTRICAL
MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION) CLASSIFICATIONS ACCORDING TO MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE OPERATING
TEMPERATURE.
105 120 130 155 180 220
MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE ADMITTED IN WINDING ARE BASED UPON A REFERENCE AMBIENT
TEMPERATURE OF 40OC. MAXIMUM OPERATING TEMPERATURE ADMITTED BY THE INSULATING MATERIAL
CAN BE DETERMINED BY REFERENCE TEMPERATURE + ALLOWABLE TEMPERATURE RISE + ALLOWANCE FOR
"HOT SPOT" WINDING.
EXAMPLE : TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE CLASS F:
40 OC + 105 OC + 10 OC = 155 OC
MAXIMUM OPERATING TEMPERATURE ALLOWED
TEMPERATURE CLASSES
EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF THE EX LABEL?
INTRINSICALLY SAFE (EXI) TO THE HIGHEST SAFETY FACTOR (A)
WHICH IS SUITABLE FOR INSTALLATION IN ZONE 0. APPARATUS GROUP (IIC) IS
SUITABLE FOR HYDROGEN. TEMPERATURE CLASS (T4) ALLOWS A MAXIMUM
SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF 135OC. THE CERTIFYING AUTHORITY IS THE UK
TEST HOUSE BASEEFA (BRITISH APPROVALS SERVICE FOR ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT IN FLAMMABLE ATMOSPHERES).
ELECTRICAL TESTS FOR EQUIPMENT IN HAZARDOUS AREA
I) INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST: TO ENSURE THAT THE INSULATION
OF THE EQUIPMENT IS INTACT AND NOT COMPROMISED BY
MOISTURE, DUST, OR OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.
II) DIELECTRIC STRENGTH TEST: TO ENSURE THAT THE INSULATION
BETWEEN LIVE PARTS AND EARTH IS SUFFICIENT TO WITHSTAND
OVERVOLTAGE CONDITIONS WITHOUT BREAKDOWN.
III) EARTH CONTINUITY TEST: TO VERIFY THAT ALL EXPOSED METAL
PARTS OF THE EQUIPMENT ARE PROPERLY GROUNDED, REDUCING
THE RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK AND ARCING.
IV) CONTINUITY TEST: TO ENSURE THAT THE CABLING AND MOTOR
WINDINGS ARE INTACT AND NO OPEN CIRCUIT DAMAGE IS PRESENT.
MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENT IN HAZARDOUS AREA
• INSULATION RESISTANCE TESTS SHOULD NOT TO BE MADE IN SUCH A WAY THAT THE SAFETY
DEVICES USED IN INTRINSICALLY SAFE APPARATUS AND CIRCUITS ARE DAMAGED BY EXCESS
TEST VOLTAGES.
• THE TESTING AND MAINTENANCE OF FLAMEPROOF OR INTRINSICALLY SAFE EQUIPMENT
SHOULD BE ENTRUSTED ONLY TO COMPETENT PERSONS WHO HAVE RECEIVED TRAINING IN THE
SPECIAL TECHNIQUES INVOLVED.
• THE BODY MATERIAL OF TEST INSTRUMENTS AND TOOLS REQUIRED FOR MAINTENANCE
PURPOSES SHOULD BE DESIGNED SO THAT THEY WILL NOT CREATE A SPARK WHEN DROPPED.
• NO APPARATUS SHOULD BE OPENED IN A DANGEROUS AREA UNTIL IT HAS BEEN MADE DEAD
AND EFFECTIVE MEASURES LIKE, RA, PERMIT TO WORK, AND LOCK OUT / TAG OUT (LOTO) HAVE
BEEN TAKEN TO PREVENT IT BEING INADVERTENTLY MADE LIVE AGAIN.
• WHERE, FOR THE PURPOSE OF ELECTRICAL TESTING, IT IS NECESSARY TO RESTORE THE
POWER SUPPLY BEFORE THE APPARATUS IS REASSEMBLED, TESTS SHOULD BE MADE USING A
SUITABLE GAS DETECTOR AND CONTINUED DURING THE OPERATION TO ENSURE THAT
COMBUSTIBLE GASES DO NOT APPROACH THE EXPLOSIVE LIMIT.
• IF THE HAZARDOUS AREA CAN’T BE MADE GAS FREE, THE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE
REMOVED FROM THE HAZARDOUS AREA TO A SAFE AREA FOR TESTING.
• INSULATION RESISTANCE TESTING SHOULD ONLY BE CARRIED OUT, USING A CERTIFIED
INTRINSICALLY SAFE (EXI) IR TESTER SUITABLE FOR HAZARDOUS ZONES.
MEGGER TEST OF PORTABLE CARGO HOSES
MEGGER TEST OF PORTABLE CARGO HOSES
TANKER SAFETIES
• IG PLANT AND ALARMS
• DOUBLE BOTTOM HULL
• EMERGENCY STOP AT MANIFOLD
• LESS OPENINGS ON DECK
• INTRINSIC EQUIPMENTS IN HAZARDS AREA
• INTRINSIC SAFE ZENER BARRIER
• FLAME SCREEN / ARRESTER
• BONDING, EARTHING
• FLOATING NEUTRAL
• MAST RAISER
• PV BREAKER
• Exd RATED EQUIPMENTS
• LSA INCLUDING ENCLOSED LIFE / RESCUE BOAT WITH SPRINKLER
• FSS, INCLUDING CO2 / FOAM, HOT FOAM, FIRE MAIN, SPRINKLER
• EMERGENCY FIRE PUMP, EMERGENCY GENERATOR, EMERGENCY BATTERIES
• HL / OVERFILL ALARM
• PUMP ROOM SAFETIES
• MSB/ ECR / ER SAFETIES
• DRILLS AND CBTS
• FIXED GAS SAMPLING SYSTEM
• ODME / OWS
• GMDSS
MAJOR CONSTITUENTS OF AIR
LEL LEVELS OF HYDRO CARBONS
FLASH POINT VS IGNITION POINT
FLASH POINT IS THE LOWEST TEMPERATURE AT WHICH VAPORS OF A FLAMMABLE LIQUID /
VOLATILE MATERIAL WILL IGNITE, WHEN GIVEN AN IGNITION SOURCE.
IGNITION POINT (KINDLING POINT / AUTO IGNITION TEMPERATURE) IS THE
MINIMUM TEMPERATURE AT WHICH A FLAMMABLE LIQUID / COMBUSTIBLE SUBSTANCE IN AIR WILL IGNITE
AND CONTINUE TO BURN WITHOUT ADDITIONAL APPLICATION OF EXTERNAL HEAT.
WHY DIESEL IS USED IN LB?
PETROL IS A FUEL USED IN A SPARK-IGNITION
ENGINE. THE FUEL IS MIXED WITH AIR WITHIN ITS FLAMMABLE
LIMITS AND HEATED BY COMPRESSION AND SUBJECT Auto
TO BOYLE'S LAW ABOVE ITS FLASH POINT, THEN IGNITED BY
THE SPARK PLUG. TO IGNITE, THE FUEL MUST HAVE A LOW
ignition
Fuel Flash point
FLASH POINT, BUT IN ORDER TO AVOID PRE IGNITION CAUSED temperatur
BY RESIDUAL HEAT IN A HOT COMBUSTION CHAMBER, THE e
FUEL MUST HAVE A HIGH AUTO IGNITION TEMPERATURE.
DIESEL FLASH POINTS VARY BETWEEN 52 AND
96 °C (126 AND 205 °F). DIESEL IS SUITABLE FOR USE IN
Gasoline (petrol −43 °C 280 °C
A COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINE AIR ) (−45 °F) (536 °F)
IS COMPRESSED UNTIL IT HAS BEEN HEATED ABOVE
THE AUTO IGNITION TEMPERATURE OF THE FUEL, WHICH IS
THEN INJECTED AS A HIGH-PRESSURE SPRAY, KEEPING THE >52 °C 256 °C
Diesel (2-D)
FUEL-AIR MIX WITHIN FLAMMABLE LIMITS. IN A DIESEL-FUELED (126 °F) (493 °F)
ENGINE, THERE IS NO IGNITION SOURCE (SUCH AS THE
SPARK PLUGS IN A GASOLINE ENGINE). CONSEQUENTLY, >38 °C 210 °C
DIESEL FUEL MUST HAVE A HIGH FLASH POINT AND A LOW Jet fuel (A/A-1)
AUTO IGNITION TEMPERATURE.
(100 °F) (410 °F)
>38–72 °C
SOLAS 1974 CHAPTER II-1 PART D REGULATION 43, 3.1.1 220 °C
Kerosene (100–
MANDATES A FUEL WITH FLASH POINT (428 °F)
NOT LESS THAN 43OC FOR LB 162 °F)
IG SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES OF INERTING
THE SLIGHT PRESSURE PROVIDED BY THE INTRODUCTION OF INERT GAS INTO THE ULLAGE SPACE
MAKES THE PUMPING OF VOLATILE AND DIFFICULT OILS EASIER DURING CARGO DISCHARGE.
THE REDUCTION OF THE OXYGEN CONTENT IN THE CARGO TANK ATMOSPHERE CAUSES A
REDUCTION IN CORROSION.
CARRYING OUT ALL CARGO OPERATION IN INERTED CONDITION ELIMINATES PYROPHORIC IGNITION
HAZARD.
PYROPHORIC REACTION
WET TYPE DECK WATER SEAL
SEMI DRY TYPE DECK WATER SEAL
DRY TYPE DECK WATER SEAL
-350 MM WG 1400 MM WG
1800 MM WG -700 MM WG
MAST RISER
N2 GENERATOR
N2 MEMBRANE
IG SYSTEM OF A CHEMICAL TANKER
DECK SEAL IS REPLACED BY DOUBLE BLOCK AND BLEED VALVE
METHORDS OF INERTING
DISPLACEMENT:
•ALSO KNOWN AS PISTON PURGE .RELIES ON STRATIFICATION AND DIFFERENCE
IN DENSITIES OF THE ATMOSPHERES
DILUTION:
•OVER-PRESSURISATION
•VACUUM
•CONTINUOUS DILUTION
O2 ANALYSER 18 JUL
Zirconia oxygen analyzers ordinarily operate at a
high temperature close to 800°C
ZIRCONIA OXYGEN ANALYZERS USED IN IG SYSTEM DETERMINE OXYGEN CONCENTRATION USING
THE CONDUCTIVITY OF A ZIRCONIA CERAMIC CELL. ZIRCONIA CERAMIC CELLS ONLY ALLOW OXYGEN IONS
TO PASS THROUGH AT HIGH TEMPERATURES. WITH SAMPLE GAS MOVING FROM ONE SIDE OF OXYGEN
SENSOR TO THE OTHER THE OXYGEN IONS GET ATTRACTED TO THE HOT ZIRCONIA CERAMIC ELECTRODES
ON THE SIDES. THE MOVEMENT OF IONS GENERATES AN EMF (ELECTRO MOTIVE FORCE) WHICH CAN BE
MEASURED TO DETERMINE THE OXYGEN CONTENT.
PARAMAGNETIC OXYGEN ANALYSER
THE MAIN PROPERTY OF OXYGEN WHICH
HELPS IN ITS DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF
ITS PERCENTAGE IN THE CCR FIXED GAS
DETECTION SYSTEM SAMPLE OF AIR IS THAT OF
PARA-MAGNETISM. BASICALLY THIS MEANS THAT
OXYGEN GETS ATTRACTED TOWARDS A MAGNETIC
FIELD.
THERE ARE TWO PLATINUM RESISTANCE
WIRES WHICH ARE EXPOSED TO TWO DIFFERENT
CHAMBERS. IN THE FIRST CHAMBER THERE IS THE
AIR IN WHICH THE OXYGEN CONTENT NEEDS TO
BE MONITORED PLUS THERE IS AN ARTIFICIALLY
CREATED MAGNETIC FIELD, WHILE THE SECOND
CHAMBER THERE IS THE SAME AIR BUT THERE IS
NO MAGNETIC FIELD PRESENT IN THIS CHAMBER.
THE WIRES FORM A PART OF THE WHEATSTONE
BRIDGE CIRCUIT. THE RESISTANCE OF THE
SENSING LEG VARIES DEPENDING ON THE
AMOUNT OF OXYGEN PRESENT IN THE SAMPLE.
ELECTROCHEMICAL GAS DETECTORS
ELECTROCHEMICAL GAS DETECTORS WORK BY ALLOWING GASES TO DIFFUSE THROUGH A
POROUS MEMBRANE TO AN ELECTRODE WHERE IT IS EITHER CHEMICALLY OXIDIZED OR REDUCED. THE
AMOUNT OF CURRENT PRODUCED IS DETERMINED BY HOW MUCH OF THE GAS IS OXIDIZED AT THE
ELECTRODE, INDICATING THE CONCENTRATION OF THE GAS. MANUFACTURES CAN CUSTOMIZE
ELECTROCHEMICAL GAS DETECTORS BY CHANGING THE POROUS BARRIER TO ALLOW FOR THE
DETECTION OF A CERTAIN GAS CONCENTRATION RANGE.
RIKEN KEIKI GX-2009 PERSONAL GAS MONITOR
CHALLENGE (BUMP) TEST
A CHALLENGE TEST SHOULD CONSIST OF EXPOSING THE GAS DETECTOR TO A KNOWN
CONCENTRATION OF GAS TO ENSURE THAT THE GAS DETECTOR WILL RESPOND AND THAT THE AUDIBLE
AND VISUAL ALARMS ACTIVATE. IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT INSPECT THE GAS DETECTOR FOR ANY
ACCIDENTAL OR DELIBERATE DAMAGE BY CHECKING THAT THE HOUSING AND SCREWS ARE INTACT TO
PREVENT ANY LIQUID INGRESS AND THAT THE FILTER IS CLEAN, ALL OF WHICH CAN AFFECT THE
FUNCTIONALITY OF THE GAS DETECTOR. THE BASIC CALIBRATION OR CHALLENGE TEST KIT WILL
CONSIST OF CALIBRATION GAS /REGULATOR/CALIBRATION CAP AND HOSE (GENERALLY SUPPLIED WITH
THE GAS DETECTOR) AND A CASE FOR STORAGE AND TRANSPORT
CCR O2 ANALYZER CALIBRATION
ENCLOSED SPACE
ANY SPACE OF AN ENCLOSED NATURE WHERE THERE IS A RISK OF DEATH OR SERIOUS INJURY
FROM HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES OR DANGEROUS CONDITIONS SUCH AS LACK OF OXYGEN AND PRESENCE
OF HARMFUL GASES DUE TO UNVENTILATED OR POORLY VENTILATED ROOMS, ENCLOSURES WITH LIMITED
OPENINGS SUCH AS BALLAST TANKS.
AN ENCLOSED SPACE HAS ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS:
• LIMITED OPENINGS FOR ENTRY AND EXIT
• LIMITED SPACE
• RESTRICTED NATURAL VENTILATION
• NOT DESIGNED FOR CONTINUOUS PRESENCE OF WORKERS
COMMON MISTAKES:
• FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE AN ENCLOSED SPACE
• FAILURE TO RECOGNIZE THE HAZARDS INVOLVED IN ENCLOSED SPACE ENTRY
• TENDENCY TO TRUST TO PHYSICAL SENSES
• TENDENCY TO UNDERESTIMATE THE DANGER
• COMPLACENT ATTITUDE
• ATTEMPT TO SAVE A CO-WORKER
DANGERS OF ENCLOSED SPACE
• LACK OF OXYGEN (CHANGING AND HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS)
A PERSON CAN SURVIVE 3 WEEKS WITHOUT FOOD, 3 DAYS WITHOUT WATER AND 10-45 MINUTES IN
ICE COLD WATER. BUT A PERSON CAN ONLY SURVIVE FOR 3 MINUTES WITHOUT OXYGEN
• PRESENCE OF TOXIC GASES (HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE)
• TRAPPED INSIDE (ENGULFMENT HAZARD)
• SLIP, TRIP AND FALLS (CONFIGURATION HAZARD)
ENCLOSED SPACE ENTRY PROCEDURE
The safety management system onboard (International Safety Management (ISM) Code is Chapter IX of SOLAS) provide
clear instructions on procedures for entry into enclosed spaces with the following:
• a training schedule which should include training and drills on the dangers of enclosed
space entry, entry procedures, and rescue of personnel from enclosed spaces
• guidance on how to determine whether a space may be hazardous
• procedures to be followed during all stages of entry into an enclosed space
• guidance on standards and duties of personnel involved in enclosed space entry
• guidance on safety equipment to be used in enclosed space entry
• emergency procedures including the evacuation of a casualty in an enclosed space
MITIGATING THE DANGERS OF ENCLOSED
SPACE
i) VENTILATION
ii) MEASURING ATMOSPHERE INSIDE THE SPACE
WHO SHOULD MEASURE ?
THE REPETITIVE CHECKS CAN BE DONE BY A RESPONSIBLE PERSON OUTSIDE THE SPACE.
BUT REVISED IMO GUIDELINES REQUIRE THAT EACH PERSON ENTERING THE SPACE SHOULD CHECK THE
ATMOSPHERE THEMSELVES.
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE : IS THE MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION OF TOXIC VAPORS THAT A PERSON CAN BE
SUBJECT TO EACH DAY WITHOUT ANY ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECT.
TLV-TWA (THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE – TIME WEIGHTED AVERAGE) : IS CONCENTRATION OF TOXIC VAPORS
THAT A PERSON CAN BE SUBJECT TO CONTINUOUSLY FOR 8 HOURS IN A DAY WITHOUT ANY ADVERSE
HEALTH EFFECT TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE NORMAL WORKING SCHEDULE OF 8 HOURS PER DAY AND 40
HOURS PER WEEK.
TLV-STEL (THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE- SHORT TERM EXPOSURE LIMIT) : IS THE MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION
OF TOXIC VAPORS THAT A PERSON CAN BE SUBJECTED TO FOR A SHORT DURATION OF 15 MINUTES
WITHOUT ANY ADVERSE HEALTH HAZARD.
ODOR THRESHOLD VALUE : IS THE MINIMUM CONCENTRATION OF TOXIC VAPORS AT WHICH A NORMAL
HUMAN BEING CAN SENSE THE SMELL (ODOR) OF THE GAS.
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE
BENZENE (C2H6) HAS A LOW THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE (TLV) OF 10 PPM.
SOUR CRUDE OILS CARRY HIGHLY TOXIC HYDROGEN SULPHIDE (H2S) WITH A TLV ALSO OF 10
PPM.
PETROL (GASOLINE) HAS A TLV OF 300 PPM. ENTRY TO THE CARGO TANKS AND PUMP-
ROOMS OF A CRUDE OIL CARRIER EXPOSES PERSONNEL TO THESE RISKS.
THESE ARE ADDITIONAL RISKS INVOLVED IN THE TANK ENTRY, WHERE INERT GAS HAS BEEN
USED. THE INERT GAS ADDS THE RISK OF CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) WHICH HAS A TLV OF 50 PPM;
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) WITH 3 PPM; NITRIC OXIDE (NO) WITH 25 PPM; AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO2)
WITH 2 PPM.
GAS ALARM LEVELS
TESTING THE ATMOSPHERE
ATMOSPHERE TESTING SHALL BE PERFORMED:
• BEFORE EVERY ENTRY WHEN THE SPACE IS VACANT
• AFTER VENTILATION PERIOD
• AT LEAST HOURLY
• MORE FREQUENTLY IF CONDITIONS OR SUSPICIONS WARRANT
ENTRY EQUIPMENT CHECK LIST
THESE EQUIPMENTS SHOULD BE ARRANGED AT SITE PRIOR TO TANK ENTRY BUT NOT BE LIMITED TO;
•SIGNAGE & BARRIERS
• VENTILATION
•ATMOSPHERE TESTING AND MONITORING
• LIGHTING
• STAGING
• PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE )
• DOCUMENTATION
• COMMUNICATIONS
• EMERGENCY ESCAPE BREATHING DEVICE (EEBD)
• SAFETY HARNESS AND LIFELINE
• INTRINSICALLY SAFE TORCH
RESCUE EQUIPMENT CHECK LIST
Rescue equipment check list
• Breathing apparatus
• Stretcher
• Rescue tripod
• Portable oxygen resuscitator
• First aid kit and
• Rescue party – additional equipment
BEFORE ENTRY
ALL PARTIES TO DISCUSS THE JOB TO BE DONE IN THE SPACE
• WHAT ARE THE HAZARDS OF THE SPACE AND HOW CAN THEY BE CONTROLLED?
• WHAT ARE THE HAZARDS OF THE JOB AND HOW CAN THEY BE CONTROLLED?
RISK ASSESSMENT
• DOCUMENT THE HAZARDS AND NECESSARY SAFETY MEASURES AND CONTROLS
SECURE THE SPACE
• EMPTY THE SPACE IF NECESSARY AND TAKE STEPS TO PREVENT THE SPACE FILLING UP:
–– LOCK OUT VALVES AND PUMPS; AND
–– PLACE NOTICES FORBIDDING THEIR OPERATION.
–– IS THE SPACE ADJACENT TO OTHER TANKS, HOLDS, OR PIPELINES WHICH IF NOT SECURE
COULD PRESENT A DANGER?
BEFORE ENTRY CNTD…
VENTILATE
• ALLOW SUFFICIENT TIME FOR THE SPACE TO BE THOROUGHLY VENTILATED NATURALLY OR
MECHANICALLY
• GUARD ANY OPENINGS AGAINST ACCIDENTAL AND UNAUTHORIZED ENTRY
TEST
• TEST THE ATMOSPHERE IN THE SPACE FOR OXYGEN CONTENT AND THE PRESENCE OF FLAMMABLE AND
TOXIC GASES OR VAPORS
PERMIT – COMPLETE AN ENCLOSED SPACE ENTRY PERMIT TO WORK, CONFIRMING THAT:
• THE HAZARDS OF THE JOB AND OF THE SPACE HAVE BEEN DEALT WITH
• THE ATMOSPHERE IN THE SPACE IS SAFE AND VENTILATED
• THE SPACE WILL BE ADEQUATELY ILLUMINATED
• AN ATTENDANT AT THE ENTRANCE HAS BEEN APPOINTED
• COMMUNICATIONS HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED BETWEEN BRIDGE AND ENTRY POINT, AND ENTRY
POINT AND ENTRY PARTY
• EMERGENCY RESCUE EQUIPMENT IS AVAILABLE AT THE ENTRANCE AND THERE ARE SUFFICIENT
PERSONNEL ON BOARD TO FORM A RESCUE PARTY
• ALL PERSONNEL INVOLVED ARE AWARE OF THE TASK AND THE HAZARDS, AND ARE COMPETENT
IN THEIR ROLE
DURING ENTRY
• ENSURE THE SPACE IS SUITABLY ILLUMINATED
• WEAR THE RIGHT PPE
• CONTINUE TO VENTILATE THE SPACE
• TEST THE ATMOSPHERE AT REGULAR INTERVALS
• COMMUNICATE REGULARLY
• BE ALERT, AND LEAVE THE SPACE WHEN REQUESTED OR IF YOU FEEL UNCOMFORTABLE
AFTER ENTRY
• ENSURE ALL EQUIPMENT AND PERSONNEL ARE REMOVED FROM THE SPACE
• CLOSE THE ACCESS OF THE SPACE TO PREVENT UNAUTHORIZED ENTRY
• CLOSE THE ENTRY PERMIT
• REINSTATE ANY SYSTEMS AS APPROPRIATE
SOLAS CHAPTER III LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES AND ARRANGEMENTS
PART B-1 REQUIREMENTS FOR SHIPS AND LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES
REGULATION 19 EMERGENCY TRAINING AND DRILLS
CREW MEMBERS WITH ENCLOSED SPACE ENTRY OR RESCUE RESPONSIBILITIES SHALL
PARTICIPATE IN AN ENCLOSED SPACE ENTRY AND RESCUE DRILL TO BE HELD ON BOARD THE SHIP AT
LEAST ONCE EVERY TWO MONTHS.
SOLAS CHAPTER XI-I Regulation 7
Atmosphere testing instrument for enclosed spaces
RIKEN KEIKI GX-2009 PERSONAL GAS MONITOR
SEWAGE TANK HAZARDS
PUMP ROOM VENTILATION
PUMP ROOM SAFETIES
REGULATION 5.4, CHAPTER II-2
• 20 AIR CHANGES PER HOUR
• SUCTION TYPE
• EExd-IIB-T4 FAN WITH NON SPARKING ALLOY BLADES
• SUCTION 75CM ABOVE TRANSVERSE FLOOR PLATES
• EMERGENCY AIR INTAKE 2.2M ABOVE LOWER GRATINGS
• DAMPER CAPABLE OF BEING OPERATED FROM MAIN DECK & LOCAL WITH INDICATION
• 15 AIR CHANGES BY EMG. INTAKE
• OPEN GRATING FLOOR PLATES
• FIXED GAS WARNING SYSTEM
• MUSHROOM VENT WITH FLAME SCREEN
• MUSHROOM VENT OPERATING ARRANGEMENT WITH INDICATION
• INTERLOCKED WITH LIGHTING
• FIXED FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
• BILGE ALARM
TYPES OF LIQUEFIED GASES
FORMS OF CARGO CARRIED;
LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS WHICH IS MAINLY PROPANE AND BUTANE, AND
LIQUID NATURAL GAS WHICH IS MAINLY METHANE,
PETROLEUM GASES USED FOR ENERGY PURPOSES
•PROPANE
•BUTANE
•LPG MIX (MIXTURE OF PROPANE AND BUTANE)
•METHANE
GASES USED IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
•ETHYLENE
•VINYL CHLORIDE
•PROPYLENE
GASES USED FOR MAKING AGRICULTURAL FERTILIZER
•AMMONIA
INERTING – DISPLACE CARGO VAPOUR WITH I.G. UNTIL CH% < 2% L.E.L
TEMPERATURE OF CARGO IS MAINTAINED AT AROUND -163 DEG
WHY NITROGEN IS USED IN GAS TANKERS FOR FIRE FIGHTING INSTEAD OF CO2?
DCP PROPELLED BY N2 IS USED ON BOARD GAS TANKERS AS FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT.
A WATER CURTAIN BY MANIFOLD SPRAY SYSTEM USING SEA WATER IS ALSO USED ON DECK.
•NITROGEN FREEZING POINT IS FAR LESS THAN CO2
AS GAS CARGOS HAS A CONTENT OF METHANE GAS WHICH HAS A FREEZING POINT
ABOVE NITROGEN
CO2 - - 78.5O C
METHANE - - 182O C
NITROGEN - - 210O C
• CO2 ALSO HAVE A POSSIBILITY OF PRODUCING STATIC CHARGES
HI FOG
WATER DRENCHING SYSTEM