UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM
COLLEGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGIES
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
COURSE CODE: CS 243
COURSE NAME: NETWORK DESIGN AND ADMINISTRATION
ASSIGNMENT ONE
NAME OF STUDENT REGISTRATION NO PROGRAM
RUTASHOBYA, NERIA I 2020-04-10793 EE
RWIKIMA, CAROLINA L 2020-04- 10835 EE
RWEYEMAMU, BASIL R 2020-04- 10832 EE
1) What are the two types of services that the Internet provides to its applications? What are
some characteristics of each of these services?
Answer
Types of services provided by the internet include;
Connectionless service
Connectionless service does not require establishing any connection and
termination process for transferring the data over network and packets do not
follow the same route, example User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Internet Protocol
(IP) and Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). Following are the
characteristics
- It is service based on the postal system.
- It is used to transfer the data packets between senders to the receiver without
creating any connection.
- It does not require authentication before transferring data packets.
- It does not create any virtual connection or path between the sender and the
receiver.
- Not all data packets are received in the same order as those sent by the sender.
- It requires low bandwidth to transfer the data packets
Connection oriented service
Connection oriented services establishes connection and termination process
for transferring the data over network and packets follow the same route for
example TCP . Following re the characteristic of connection oriented service
- Was designed and developed based on the telephone system.
- It is used to create an end to end connection between the senders to the
receiver before transmitting the data over the same or different network.
- It requires authentication before transmitting the data packets to the receiver.
- All data packets are received in the same order as those sent by the sender.
- It requires a higher bandwidth to transfer the data packets. vii. It is a more
reliable connection service because it guarantees data packets transfer from
one end to the other end with a connection.
2) What advantages does a circuit-switched network have over a packet-switched network?
What advantages does TDM have over FDM in a circuit-switched network?
Answer
Circuit switched network can guarantee a certain amount of end to end bandwidth for
the duration during a call. Circuit switching is adopted at making sure that delay is
minimized during phone call so that the user can enjoy the best end user experience
possible in which packet switching is unable to sustain the same standard of services
to users throughout the call
3) Some technologies that use virtual circuit include ATM and X.25
([Link]
&disposition=inline)
4) One of the on-going projects in W3C is Mini-App Packaging. Mini-apps, also known as
mini-programs, are small apps with limited features that exist in a bigger app. They're
often developed by a brand that partners with the main app's company for example
WeChat. W3C are trying to find standard and suitable specification that define semantics
and conformance requirement for the MiniApp including manifesto file, static page
templates, stylesheets, JavaScript documents, media files and other resources. W3C is
trying to meet the use cases and requirements of MiniApps, make the Web standards
better support the MiniApp, and explore innovation of user agent and enrich the Web.
Main focus of W3C is to set up a group that coordinate the MiniApp related
standardization in W3C as well as to collaborate with other related W3C groups and also
privacy and security for miniapps is high.
5) The IP addresses of the 13 devices must be identical in the first 3 bits of the 32-bit IP
address as it is the part that identifies the Class C network ID
6) The IP addresses of the three interfaces do NOT have to have the same first eight bits, but
the first three (3) bits, 110 which are the Class C network identifiers of. But if all the three
interfaces are all private Class C addresses, then they will all start with 192.168
7) Link A-R1 can support a maximum frame size of 1024 bytes including a 14-byte frame
header, length = 940, Identification = x, DF = 0, MF = 0, Offset = 0.
Link R1-R2 can support a maximum frame size of 512 bytes, including an 8-byte frame
header, a. Length = 500, Identification = x, DF = 0, MF = 1, Offset = 0, b. Length = 460,
Identification = x, DF = 0, MF = 0, Offset = 60.
Link R2-B can support a maximum frame size of 512 bytes, including a 12-byte frame
header, c. Length = 500, Identification = x, DF = 0, MF = 1, Offset = 0, d. Length = 460,
Identification = x, DF = 0, MF = 0, Offset = 60.
8) For IPv6 with 16 bytes, it has 16x8 = 128 bits which gives = 3.402 x 1038 maximum
number of hosts. if it takes 1 picosecond to allocate a block of 1 million addresses
1picosecond= 1x106 addresses
? = 3.402 x 1038 addresses
We close multiply, we get
= 3.402x1020 seconds
= 1x1013years
⸫ So, the IPv6 addresses will last 1x1013years
9) A network on the Internet has a subnet mask of [Link]. What is the maximum
number of hosts it can handle?
Answer:
The maximum number of hosts the subnet mask [Link] can handle is
211=4096-2=4094hosts
10) A large number of consecutive IP addresses are available starting at [Link]. Suppose
that four organizations A, B, C and D, request 4000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 addresses
respectively, and in that order. For each of these, give the first IP address assigned, the
last IP address assigned, and the mask in the w.x.y.z/s notation.
Answer:
The first subnets have to be sorted according to the most hosts requiring one to the
fewer hosts requiring one
1. 8000 hosts for D
2. 4000 hosts for A and C
3. 2000 hosts for B
Then, max number of hosts
For D its 213 8192 hosts (2 unusable) equal to 13 host bits
For A and C its 212 4096 hosts (2 unusable) equal to 12 host bits
For B its 211 2048 hosts (2 unusable) equal to 11 host bits
Starting with D
We know that we need three bits to reach 16 meaning 3 host bits were borrowed
So we add 3 to the network bits to get the subnet mask; 3 + 16 is equal to 19,
Therefore our subnet mask is /19
Calculating the Network ID
The first network ID is [Link] /19
Calculating the broadcast ID
198.16.00000000.0000000 OR with the compliment of the subnet
0.0.00011111.11111111 to get [Link] /19
Then with A
We know that we need three bits to reach 16 meaning 4 host bits were borrowed
So we add 3 to the network bits to get the subnet mask; 4 + 16 is equal to 20,
Therefore our subnet mask is /20
Calculating the Network ID
The first network ID is [Link] /20
Calculating the broadcast ID
198.16.00100000.0000000 OR with the compliment of the subnet
0.0.00001111.11111111 to get [Link] /20
Then with C
We know that we need three bits to reach 16 meaning 4 host bits were borrowed
So we add 3 to the network bits to get the subnet mask; 4 + 16 is equal to 20,
Therefore our subnet mask is /20
Calculating the Network ID
The first network ID is [Link] /20
Calculating the broadcast ID
Since this subnet is similar to the one above so add the same number of hosts to t
He network ID to get [Link] /20
Then with B
We know that we need three bits to reach 16 meaning 5 host bits were borrowed
So we add 3 to the network bits to get the subnet mask; 5 + 16 is equal to 21,
Therefore our subnet mask is /21
Calculating the Network ID
The first network ID is [Link] /21
Calculating the broadcast ID
198.16.00101111.0000000 OR with the compliment of the subnet
0.0.00000111.11111111 to get [Link] /21
11) a) Name the two parts of an IPv4 address
The network ID
The host ID
b) IPv4 addresses are 32 numbers, which are divided into four sections.
c) The representation of IPv4 addresses in the form x.y.w.z is known as CIDR
notation
d) The default subnet mask for the IPv4 address [Link] is [Link]
e). A network ID is used to identify whether a network is local or remote.
f). When planning a subnet mask for a TCP/IP network, what do you need to account
for?
Network ID
Host ID
g). IPv6 is defined in 128-bits addressing system.
h). IPv6 uses IP packet header address for source and destination
12) Your company is assigned the network address [Link]. Eleven subnets are required
on the network. One of the subnets will connect the network to the Internet through a
router. Internet access will be required for all computers on the network. Select an
appropriate subnet mask which will handle the task.
Answer:
Network address [Link]
Required subnet = 11
From 2n = subnets
Next number to 11 providing to 2 is 16
Therefore, 2n = 16
2n = 24
N=4
Where, n = number of bits
[Link]/16 default subnet mask [Link] whereby if you turn 4 bits on you get
[Link] (/20)
Therefore, [Link] is the appropriate subnet mask for eleven subnets nested
13) Your company has been assigned a network ID of [Link]. One router is used to
divide the network into 2 subnets. Each subnet will have a maximum of 45 host Ids.
Which subnet mask should you assign to the subnet?
Answer:
The reason is because the configuration used IP addresses [Link] is not in the
last subnet, therefore is different from the default gateway address [Link]
which is contained in the last subnet
Network contains 6 subnets from;
2n = subnets
2n = 8 because 8 is the closest number from 6 to the power of 2
2n = 23
N = 3, number of bits
Subnet mask is [Link]
Subnets are 0,32,64,96,128,160,192 and 224
Network [Link] is contained in the [Link]/19 subnet but default
gateway [Link] is contained in the last subnet [Link]/19. Therefore,
they are on different networks
14) A company with the network ID [Link] occupies four floors of a building. You
create a subnet for each floor. You want to allow for the largest possible number of host
Ids on each subnet. Which subnet mask should you choose?
Answer:
The network ID [Link]
Number of subnets nested = 4
From 2n = subnets
2n = 4
2n = 22
N=2
Therefore, the subnet mask [Link] (/26)
Subnets are [Link]/26 – 1
[Link]/26 -2
[Link]/26 – 3
[Link]/26 – 4
15) The reason is because configured IP address [Link] is not in the last subnet
therefore is different from the default gateway address [Link] which is contained
in last subnet.
16) a) False
b). True
c). Super netting
d).IP address and subnet mask
e). Network host
f) 127
g). Four packets
17) Strict source routing option gives complete path from source to destination. Datagram is
required to follow the exact route. The IP option field has a format as above and the copy
flag indicates whether the option should be copied or not. If the COPY flag is set it means
option should be copied to all fragments. This should be set in case of strict source
routing since all fragments must follow a specific route, thus all fragments need this
option code copied to their datagram
18) Yes they can be aggregated, from the IP addresses received [Link]/21 =
57.6.01100000.0 [Link]/21 = 57.6.01101000.0 [Link]/21 = 57.6.01110000.0
[Link]/21 = 57.6.01111000.0 From the above received addresses we can see that
57.6.011 part is common in all the IP addresses hence we can do super netting here and
set the superset address as [Link]/19
19) [Link] in binary is 1000 0111 0010 1110 0011 1111 0000 1010 this fits with the
second address/mask, so it goes to the corresponding hop: the packet gets sent to Interface
1.
a) [Link] in binary is 1000 0111 0010 1110 0011 1001 0000 1110 this is going to
fit with the first address/mask, so it goes to the corresponding hop: the packet gets
sent to Interface 0.
b) [Link] in binary is 1000 0111 0010 1110 0011 01 00 0000 00010 this does not
fit any of the addresses in the table if it were ANDed with their masks, so the router
sends this packet to the default, Router 2.
c) [Link] in binary is 1100 0000 0011 100 0 0000 0111 this fits with the 3
rdAddress/mask, so it goes to the corresponding hop: the router sends the packet to
Router 1.
20)