Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic induction is the process by which a changing magnetic field within a conductor
induces an electric current in that conductor. This means that, The movement of a conductor
within a magnetic field, or a changing magnetic field around a stationary conductor, generates a
voltage (electromotive force, or EMF) across the conductor, leading to an electric current if the
circuit is closed. Discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831, and independently by Joseph Henry
around the same time.

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

The induced EMF in a closed loop is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux
through the loop.

The minus sign indicates that the direction of the induced EMF opposes the change in magnetic
flux (Lenz's Law).
Lenz’s Law
The direction of the induced current will oppose the change in magnetic flux that produced it.
Flux Linkage (Nɸ) When a coil of N turns is used, the total flux linkage is Nɸ, where each turn
links the same flux The induced EMF is then given by:
Induced EMF in a Moving Conductor
The movement of the conductor in the magnetic field induces an EMF because the electrons
within the conductor experience a magnetic force (Lorentz force), creating a potential difference
along the conductor’s length. When a conductor of length L moves with velocity v perpendicular
to a magnetic field B

Types of Electromagnetic Induction

Mutual Induction:
Occurs when a changing current in one coil induces a voltage in a neighboring coil.
Governed by Mutual Inductance (M)

𝑑𝐼1
 Where EMF2is the induced EMF in coil 2, M is the mutual inductance and is the
𝑑𝑡
rate of change of current in coil 1.

Self-Induction:
Occurs when a changing current within a single coil induces a voltage in the same coil.
Governed by Self-Inductance (L):

𝑑𝑙
where L is the self-inductance of the coil, and is the rate of change of current through it.
𝑑𝑡

Example 1
A 200-turn coil is subjected to a magnetic field that changes uniformly from 0.3 T to 0.9T over
an area of 0.04 m2 in 0.5 seconds. Calculate the induced EMF in the coil.
 Example 2
A coil with 150 turns experiences a change in magnetic flux from 0.2 Weber (Wb) to 0.8 Wb in
0.4 seconds. Calculate the induced EMF in the coil.

Example 3
A conductor of length 0.5m moves with a velocity of 3m/s perpendicular to a magnetic field of
strength 0.4 T Calculate the induced EMF across the conductor.

A coil with a self-inductance of 0.02H experiences a change in current from 3A to 0A in 0.01S.

Calculate the induced EMF in the coil.

Example 4

A 150mm long conductor cuts a magnetic field of flux density 0.9T. If an e.m.f of 10V is to be
induced in it, calculate the velocity of the conductor taking that the conductor, the field and the
direction of motion are mutually perpendicular
 Alternating Current (AC)
Alternating current (AC) is an electric current that periodically reverses direction. On the other
hand direct current (DC), flows in one direction only. A complete oscillation of the wave from
zero to positive peak, back to zero, then to negative peak, and finally back to zero again.

The most common form of AC is a sinusoidal waveform, represented mathematically as:

Root Mean Square (RMS) Value: The effective value of an AC voltage or current, often used
as a standard measure for AC:
Basic AC Circuit Components
1. Resistor in AC Circuit:
Ohm’s Law holds for AC circuits with resistors

Voltage and current are in phase in a purely resistive AC circuit, meaning the peaks of
voltage and current occur at the same time.
The power dissipated in a resistor is given by:

2. Inductor in AC Circuit:
When AC is applied to an inductor, the inductor creates a back EMF that opposes the change in
current.
Inductive Reactance (XL) the effective resistance offered by an inductor in an AC circuit, given
by:

where L is the inductance in henries (H).

Voltage leads the current by 90° in a purely inductive circuit (current lags).
The relationship for an inductor in an AC circuit:

3. Capacitor in AC Circuit:
In a capacitive AC circuit, the current leads the voltage by 90° (voltage lags).
Capacitive Reactance (XC) The effective resistance offered by a capacitor, given by

The relationship for a capacitor in an AC circuit

Impedance in AC Circuits
Definition: Impedance (Z) is the total opposition to current flow in an AC circuit, combining
resistance (R) inductive reactance (XL) and capacitive reactance (XC).
Impedance in Series RLC Circuit: For a series circuit containing a resistor, inductor, and
capacitor:

Phase Angle (ϕ) The angle of phase difference between the total voltage and current in an RLC

circuit, given by:

Power in AC Circuits

Resonance in RLC Circuits

Resonance: Occurs in a series RLC circuit when the inductive reactance and capacitive
reactance are equal XC = XL
Resonant Frequency

Example 5
A series RLC circuit has R=10Ω, L=0.2 H, and C=100 μF. If the circuit operates at a frequency
of 50 Hz. calculate the impedance.
 Example 6
(a) A R-L a.c circuit is connected in series to 60Hz, 240V main supply. If the resistance is
120Ω and the inductor is 300mH, determine the Current flowing in the Circuit

Example 7
A series RLC circuit has L=0.5 H and C=50 μF. Calculate the resonant frequency.

Example 8
A resistor (150 Ω) and a capacitor (50 μF) are connected in series to a 100 V, 60 Hz AC source.
Calculate the impedance of the circuit.
 Example 9
A series R-L circuit with R=200 Ω and L=0.3 H is connected to a 120 V, 50 Hz AC supply.
Calculate the current flowing in the circuit.
Exercise
1. Define resistance and capacitance
2. State and explain 3 factors that influence (a) Resistance (b) Capacitance
3. Three resistors of values R1=10 Ω R2=20 Ω and R3=30 Ω are connected in series.
Calculate the total resistance of the circuit. (60Ω.)
4. wo resistors, R1=10Ω and R2=15Ω, are connected in parallel. This combination is
then connected in series with a R3=5Ω resistor. Calculate the total resistance of the
circuit.( 11Ω.)
5. Two capacitors, C1=6 μF and C2=12 μF, are connected in parallel. This combination
is then connected in series with a C3=4 μF capacitor. Calculate the total capacitance
of the circuit. (3.27μF)
6. A capacitor with a capacitance of 100 μF is charged to a voltage of 24 V. Calculate
the energy stored in the capacitor. (0.0288J)
7. A parallel plate capacitor has a plate area of 0.1 m2 and a plate separation of 0.01 m.
Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor if the space between the plates is a vacuum
(ε0=8.85×10−12 F/m). (88.5pF.)
8. parallel plate capacitor has a plate area of 0.2 m2 and a plate separation of 0.01 m.
Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor in a vacuum (17.7 pF)
9. A parallel plate capacitor with area 0.05 m2 and plate separation 0.002 m is filled with
a dielectric material of relative permittivity εr=4. Calculate the capacitance.( 885 pF)