FACULTY OF ENGINEERING · KAFR EL-SHEIKH UNIVERSITY

Personalized Engineering
Study Guide
Branch-by-Branch Curriculum, Resources & Self-Study Roadmap

PILOT VOLUME

Electrical Engineering
Restructured from the Faculty's Credit-Hour Academic Bylaw into a level-by-level, phase-by-phase self-study roadmap.
Course content and references are drawn from the official curriculum; the study phases, tips, and phase gates are original
guidance built around that content. Shared foundation courses (Levels 0–2) appear once and are not repeated across
sub-branches.
 Table of Contents
This guide is organized as: Part (a branch or sub-branch) → Chapter (Resources, Study Plan, Graduation Project, or
Elective Catalogue) → Level (the individual Level 0–4 sections inside the Study Plan). Numbering below follows that
structure — e.g. 1.2.2 is Part 1's Study Plan chapter, and the dashed lines under it are its individual Levels.

Part 1 — Electrical Engineering 3

1.1 Shared Foundation (Levels 0–2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.1.1 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.1.2 Study Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

– Level 0 — Preparatory Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

– Level 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

– Level 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

1.2 Sub-branch: Electrical Power & Machines Engineering (EPM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

1.2.1 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

1.2.2 Study Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

– Level 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

– Level 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

1.2.3 Graduation Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

1.2.4 Elective Catalogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

1.3 Sub-branch: Electronics & Electrical Communications Engineering (ECE) . . . . . . . . 51

1.3.1 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

1.3.2 Study Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

– Level 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

– Level 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

1.3.3 Graduation Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

1.3.4 Elective Catalogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

1.4 Sub-branch: Computers & Automatic Control Engineering (CCE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

1.4.1 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

1.4.2 Study Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

– Level 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

– Level 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

1.4.3 Graduation Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

1.4.4 Elective Catalogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 2

 Part 1 — Electrical Engineering

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Sub-branches

Electrical Power & Machines Engineering

(EPM — Machines, power transmission & distribution, protection, power electronics, renewable energy)

Electronics & Electrical Communications Engineering

(ECE — Analog/digital electronics, communication systems, electromagnetics, antennas)

Computers & Automatic Control Engineering

(CCE — Microprocessors, software & databases, control systems, AI/machine learning)

All three sub-branches share an identical Level 0 (preparatory year), Level 1 and Level 2 curriculum under the
Electrical Engineering department. That shared foundation is built once, just below, as its own Resources + Study
Plan. Each sub-branch then continues on its own from Level 3 through Level 4.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 3

 Shared Foundation
Levels 0–2 · common to EPM, ECE, and CCE
1.1 Shared Foundation (Levels 0–2)

Every Electrical Engineering student, regardless of eventual specialization, takes the same courses through Level 0,
Level 1 and Level 2. Build this foundation once, in full, before branching into Electrical Power & Machines,
Electronics & Communications, or Computers & Automatic Control.
1.1.1 Resources

Resources
All references cited across Level 0, 1 and 2 courses, grouped by level.

Level 0 — Preparatory Year

Engineering Mathematics (1) [PHM011]
●
George B. Thomas, Thomas' Calculus, 14th Edition, Pearson, 2018.
●
Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 10th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
Engineering Physics (1) [PHM021]
●
David Halliday, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker, Fundamentals of Physics, 10th Edition, Wiley.
●
Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 9th Edition, Cengage.
Engineering Mechanics (1) — Statics [MPE041]
●
Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics, 11th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
●
R.C. Hibbeler, Engineering Mechanics: Statics, 14th Edition, Pearson.
Engineering Drawing & Projection (1) [MDP041]
●
Colin H Simmons and Dennis E Maguire, Manual of Engineering Drawing, 2nd Edition, Elsevier Newnes, 2004.
●
Giesecke, F., Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15th Edition, Pearson.
Engineering Chemistry [PHM031]
●
Raymond Chang, Chemistry, 12th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
●
David W. Oxtoby, Principles of Modern Chemistry, Cengage.
Societal Issues [HUM021]
●
Standard department coursepack on societal issues.
Computer Technology & Programming [HUM031]
●
Byron S. Gottfried, Programming with C, 2nd Edition, Schaum's Outlines, Tata McGraw-Hill.
●
Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie, The C Programming Language, 2nd Edition, Pearson.
Engineering Mathematics (2) [PHM012]
●
Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 10th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
●
George B. Thomas, Thomas' Calculus, 14th Edition, Pearson, 2018.
Engineering Physics (2) [PHM022]
●
David Halliday, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker, Fundamentals of Physics, 10th Edition, Wiley.
●
Eugene Hecht, Optics, 5th Edition, Pearson.
Engineering Mechanics (2) — Dynamics [MPE042]
●
Ferdinand Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics, 11th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
●
J.L. Meriam and L.G. Kraige, Engineering Mechanics: Dynamics, Wiley.
Engineering Drawing & Projection (2) [MDP042]
●
Colin H Simmons, and Dennis E Maguire, "Manual of Engineering Drawing", Second edition, Elsevier Newnes, Burlington
MA 01803, 2004.
●
Giesecke, F., Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 15th Edition, Pearson.
Principles of Manufacturing Engineering [MDP061]
●
Serope Kalpakjian and Steven Schmid, Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, Pearson, 2020.
●
Mikell P. Groover, Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing, Wiley.
Technical Foreign Language [HUM011]

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 4

●
English for Engineers and Technologists (standard department coursepack).
History of Engineering & Technology [HUM041]
●
James Kip Finch, The Story of Engineering, Anchor Books.
●
Donald Cardwell, Wheels, Clocks, and Rockets: A History of Technology, Norton.

Level 1
Electric Circuits (1) [EPM111]
●
James W. Nilsson and Susan Riedel, Electric Circuits, 11th Edition, Pearson.
●
Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O. Sadiku, Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Fundamentals of Electronic Engineering [ECE111]
●
Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 8th Edition, Oxford University Press.
●
Donald A. Neamen, Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Logic Circuit Design (1) [CCE131]
●
M. Morris Mano and Michael D. Ciletti, Digital Design, 6th Edition, Pearson.
●
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss, Digital Systems: Principles and Applications, 12th Edition, Pearson.
Differential Equations [PHM113]
●
Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 10th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
●
Dennis G. Zill, A First Course in Differential Equations with Modeling Applications, 11th Edition, Cengage.
Technical Report Writing [TRNX11]
●
Kenneth W. Houp et al., Reporting Technical Information, Oxford University Press.
●
Herbert Michaelson, How to Write and Publish Engineering Papers and Reports, Oryx Press.
Professional Ethics [HUM122]
●
Charles E. Harris, Michael S. Pritchard, Michael J. Rabins, Engineering Ethics: Concepts and Cases, Cengage.
●
Charles B. Fleddermann, Engineering Ethics, Pearson.
Electric Circuits (2) [EPM112]
●
James W. Nilsson and Susan Riedel, Electric Circuits, 11th Edition, Pearson.
●
William H. Hayt, Jack E. Kemmerly, Steven M. Durbin, Engineering Circuit Analysis, McGraw-Hill.
Electrical Measurements & Instruments [EPM113]
●
A.K. Sawhney, A Course in Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation, Dhanpat Rai & Co.
●
David A. Bell, Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press.
Electronic Circuits (1) [ECE112]
●
Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 8th Edition, Oxford University Press.
●
Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 11th Edition, Pearson.
Logic Circuit Design (2) [CCE132]
●
M. Morris Mano and Michael D. Ciletti, Digital Design, 6th Edition, Pearson.
●
Charles H. Roth Jr. and Larry L. Kinney, Fundamentals of Logic Design, 7th Edition, Cengage.
Mathematical Transforms [PHM114]
●
Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 10th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
●
Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Willsky, S. Hamid Nawab, Signals and Systems, 2nd Edition, Pearson.

Level 2
Electromagnetic Fields [EPM214]
●
Matthew N.O. Sadiku, Elements of Electromagnetics, 7th Edition, Oxford University Press.
●
William H. Hayt and John A. Buck, Engineering Electromagnetics, 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Automatic Control (1) [CCE210]
●
Katsuhiko Ogata, Modern Control Engineering, 5th Edition, Pearson.
●
Richard C. Dorf and Robert H. Bishop, Modern Control Systems, 13th Edition, Pearson.
Signal Analysis [ECE221]
●
Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Willsky, S. Hamid Nawab, Signals and Systems, 2nd Edition, Pearson.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 5

●
Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen, Signals and Systems, 2nd Edition, Wiley.
Electronic Circuits (2) [ECE213]
●
Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 8th Edition, Oxford University Press.
●
Sergio Franco, Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Microprocessors & Applications (1) [CCE231]
●
Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D. McKinlay, The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, 2nd
Edition, Pearson.
●
Barry B. Brey, The Intel Microprocessors, 8th Edition, Pearson.
Numerical Analysis [PHM215]
●
Steven C. Chapra and Raymond P. Canale, Numerical Methods for Engineers, 7th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
●
Richard L. Burden and J. Douglas Faires, Numerical Analysis, 9th Edition, Cengage.
Introduction to Electrical Machines [EPM221]
●
Stephen J. Chapman, Electric Machinery Fundamentals, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
●
A.E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley Jr., Stephen D. Umans, Electric Machinery, 7th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
System Dynamics & Modeling [CCE211]
●
Katsuhiko Ogata, System Dynamics, 4th Edition, Pearson.
●
William Palm, System Dynamics, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Microprocessors & Applications (2) [CCE232]
●
Muhammad Ali Mazidi et al., The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, 2nd Edition, Pearson.
●
John Iovine, PIC Microcontroller Project Book, McGraw-Hill.
Artificial Intelligence & Applications [CCE243]
●
Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th Edition, Pearson.
●
Ethem Alpaydin, Introduction to Machine Learning, 4th Edition, MIT Press.
Engineering Economy [BUSX21]
●
William G. Sullivan, Elin M. Wicks, C. Patrick Koelling, Engineering Economy, 17th Edition, Pearson.
●
Leland Blank and Anthony Tarquin, Engineering Economy, 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Communication & Presentation Skills [HUM232]
●
Dale Carnegie, The Quick and Easy Way to Effective Speaking, Pocket Books.
●
Nancy Duarte, Slide:ology, O'Reilly Media.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 6

 1.1.2 Study Plan

Study Plan
Complete every phase in a level, in order, before moving to the next level.

Level 0 — Preparatory Year

– Level 0 — Preparatory Year

Phase 1 · Engineering Mathematics (1) & (2)

PHM011 + PHM012 8 credit hrs total Prerequisite: PHM011

This phase groups courses that build on each other directly — study them as one connected unit.
Engineering Mathematics (1) [PHM011]
Differential and integral calculus of a single variable: limits, continuity and differentiation techniques, applications of
differentiation (extrema, rates of change), indefinite and definite integrals, integration techniques, applications of
integration (area, volume), infinite sequences and series, and an introduction to first-order ordinary differential
equations.
Engineering Mathematics (2) [PHM012]
Vector algebra and vector calculus: gradient, divergence, curl. Multiple integrals (double and triple integrals) and their
applications to area, volume, mass and centroid. Line integrals, surface integrals, Green's theorem, Stokes' theorem
and the divergence theorem. Introduction to complex numbers and complex functions.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. [PHM011] Differential and integral calculus of a single variable: limits, continuity and differentiation
techniques, applications of differentiation (extrema, rates of change), indefinite and definite integrals, integration
techniques, applications of integration (area, volume), infinite sequences and series, and an introduction to
first-order ordinary differential equations. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in George B. Thomas first,
cross-checking anything shaky against Erwin Kreyszig. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. [PHM012] Vector algebra and vector calculus: gradient, divergence, curl. Work the corresponding
chapter(s) in Erwin Kreyszig first, cross-checking anything shaky against George B. Thomas. Work every solved
example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 3. [PHM012] Multiple integrals (double and triple integrals) and their applications to area, volume, mass and
centroid. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Erwin Kreyszig first, cross-checking anything shaky against George
B. Thomas. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
■
Build one shared example (a single machine, engine, or system) and carry it across both courses in this phase —
applying each course's tools to the same running example cements how they connect.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
[PHM011] Explain and apply: Differential and integral calculus of a single variable: limits, continuity and
differentiation techniques, applications of differentiation (extrema, rates of change), indefinite and definite integrals,
integration techniques, applications of integration (area, volume), infinite sequences and series, and an
introduction to first-order ordinary differential equations, without referring to notes.
■
[PHM012] Explain and apply: Vector algebra and vector calculus: gradient, divergence, curl, without referring to
notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 2 · Engineering Physics (1) & (2)

PHM021 + PHM022 8 credit hrs total Prerequisite: PHM021

This phase groups courses that build on each other directly — study them as one connected unit.
Engineering Physics (1) [PHM021]

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 7

 Mechanics: vectors, kinematics and dynamics of particles, work and energy, momentum and collisions. Waves and
oscillations: simple harmonic motion, mechanical waves, sound. Electricity and magnetism fundamentals: electric
charge, electric field, and an introduction to circuits.
Engineering Physics (2) [PHM022]
Electromagnetism: electric and magnetic fields, magnetic force, the Biot–Savart law, Ampère's law, electromagnetic
induction and its engineering applications. Heat and thermodynamics: heat transfer mechanisms, kinetic theory of
gases, and the three laws of thermodynamics. Geometrical optics: refraction, prisms, reflection, lenses and lens
aberrations, with engineering applications throughout.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. [PHM021] Mechanics: vectors, kinematics and dynamics of particles, work and energy, momentum and
collisions. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in David Halliday first, cross-checking anything shaky against
Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter
problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. [PHM021] Waves and oscillations: simple harmonic motion, mechanical waves, sound. Work the
corresponding chapter(s) in David Halliday first, cross-checking anything shaky against Raymond A. Serway and
John W. Jewett. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing
difficulty.
●
Step 3. [PHM022] Electromagnetism: electric and magnetic fields, magnetic force, the Biot–Savart law, Ampère's
law, electromagnetic induction and its engineering applications. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in David
Halliday first, cross-checking anything shaky against Eugene Hecht. Work every solved example before attempting
4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 4. [PHM022] Heat and thermodynamics: heat transfer mechanisms, kinetic theory of gases, and the three
laws of thermodynamics. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in David Halliday first, cross-checking anything shaky
against Eugene Hecht. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing
difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
■
Build one shared example (a single machine, engine, or system) and carry it across both courses in this phase —
applying each course's tools to the same running example cements how they connect.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
[PHM021] Explain and apply: Mechanics: vectors, kinematics and dynamics of particles, work and energy,
momentum and collisions, without referring to notes.
■
[PHM022] Explain and apply: Electromagnetism: electric and magnetic fields, magnetic force, the Biot–Savart law,
Ampère's law, electromagnetic induction and its engineering applications, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 3 · Engineering Mechanics: Statics & Dynamics

MPE041 + MPE042 8 credit hrs total Prerequisite: MPE041

This phase groups courses that build on each other directly — study them as one connected unit.
Engineering Mechanics (1) — Statics [MPE041]
Fundamentals of statics: force systems and resultants, equilibrium of particles and rigid bodies in two and three
dimensions, analysis of trusses, frames and machines, distributed forces, centroids and centers of gravity, and an
introduction to friction.
Engineering Mechanics (2) — Dynamics [MPE042]
Kinematics of particles (rectilinear and curvilinear motion), kinetics of particles (Newton's second law, work-energy
and impulse-momentum methods), kinematics and kinetics of rigid bodies in plane motion, and an introduction to
mechanical vibration of simple systems.
How to move through this phase

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 8

 ●
Step 1. [MPE041] Fundamentals of statics: force systems and resultants, equilibrium of particles and rigid bodies
in two and three dimensions, analysis of trusses, frames and machines, distributed forces, centroids and centers of
gravity, and an introduction to friction. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Ferdinand P. Beer first,
cross-checking anything shaky against R.C. Hibbeler. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. [MPE042] Kinematics of particles (rectilinear and curvilinear motion), kinetics of particles (Newton's
second law, work-energy and impulse-momentum methods), kinematics and kinetics of rigid bodies in plane
motion, and an introduction to mechanical vibration of simple systems. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in
Ferdinand Beer first, cross-checking anything shaky against J.L. Meriam and L.G. Kraige. Work every solved
example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
If a concept doesn't click from the primary reference, try the secondary one — it often explains the same idea with
a different intuition or a clearer worked example.
■
Work problems by hand before reaching for a calculator or software shortcut — the goal here is intuition, not just a
numeric answer.
■
Build one shared example (a single machine, engine, or system) and carry it across both courses in this phase —
applying each course's tools to the same running example cements how they connect.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
[MPE041] Explain and apply: Fundamentals of statics: force systems and resultants, equilibrium of particles and
rigid bodies in two and three dimensions, analysis of trusses, frames and machines, distributed forces, centroids
and centers of gravity, and an introduction to friction, without referring to notes.
■
[MPE042] Explain and apply: Kinematics of particles (rectilinear and curvilinear motion), kinetics of particles
(Newton's second law, work-energy and impulse-momentum methods), kinematics and kinetics of rigid bodies in
plane motion, and an introduction to mechanical vibration of simple systems, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 4 · Engineering Drawing & Projection (1) & (2)

MDP041 + MDP042 8 credit hrs total Prerequisite: MDP041

This phase groups courses that build on each other directly — study them as one connected unit.
Engineering Drawing & Projection (1) [MDP041]
Introduction to engineering drawing standards and conventions, geometric construction, orthographic (multiview)
projection — deriving views of engineering parts, dimensioning practice, sectional views, and the fundamentals of
pictorial (isometric) representation of solids.
Engineering Drawing & Projection (2) [MDP042]
Isometric and orthographic projection of solids, sectioning of solids, development of surfaces, intersection of
surfaces, introduction to computer-aided drafting (CAD) tools for two-dimensional and three-dimensional part
representation, dimensioning standards and drawing conventions continued from Drawing (1).
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. [MDP041] Introduction to engineering drawing standards and conventions, geometric construction,
orthographic (multiview) projection — deriving views of engineering parts, dimensioning practice, sectional views,
and the fundamentals of pictorial (isometric) representation of solids. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Colin H
Simmons and Dennis E Maguire first, cross-checking anything shaky against Giesecke. Work every solved
example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. [MDP042] Isometric and orthographic projection of solids, sectioning of solids, development of surfaces,
intersection of surfaces, introduction to computer-aided drafting (CAD) tools for two-dimensional and
three-dimensional part representation, dimensioning standards and drawing conventions continued from Drawing
(1). Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Colin H Simmons first, cross-checking anything shaky against Giesecke.
Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 9

 ■
Treat this as a design phase, not a memorization one: for every rule or equation, ask 'what failure mode is this
protecting against?' before applying it.
■
Build one shared example (a single machine, engine, or system) and carry it across both courses in this phase —
applying each course's tools to the same running example cements how they connect.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
[MDP041] Explain and apply: Introduction to engineering drawing standards and conventions, geometric
construction, orthographic (multiview) projection — deriving views of engineering parts, dimensioning practice,
sectional views, and the fundamentals of pictorial (isometric) representation of solids, without referring to notes.
■
[MDP042] Explain and apply: Isometric and orthographic projection of solids, sectioning of solids, development of
surfaces, intersection of surfaces, introduction to computer-aided drafting (CAD) tools for two-dimensional and
three-dimensional part representation, dimensioning standards and drawing conventions continued from Drawing
(1), without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 5 · Engineering Chemistry

PHM031 4 credit hrs total Prerequisite: none

General chemistry for engineers: atomic structure and periodicity, chemical bonding, states of matter, solutions and
their properties, chemical thermodynamics and equilibrium, electrochemistry, and an introduction to corrosion and
materials chemistry relevant to engineering practice.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. General chemistry for engineers: atomic structure and periodicity, chemical bonding, states of matter,
solutions and their properties, chemical thermodynamics and equilibrium, electrochemistry, and an introduction to
corrosion and materials chemistry relevant to engineering practice. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in
Raymond Chang first, cross-checking anything shaky against David W. Oxtoby. Work every solved example
before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: General chemistry for engineers: atomic structure and periodicity, chemical bonding, states of
matter, solutions and their properties, chemical thermodynamics and equilibrium, electrochemistry, and an
introduction to corrosion and materials chemistry relevant to engineering practice, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 6 · Principles of Manufacturing Engineering

MDP061 5 credit hrs total Prerequisite: none

Introduction to manufacturing engineering: overview of manufacturing processes (casting, forming, machining,

joining), workshop practice and safety, hand tools and basic machine tools, and an introduction to production
planning concepts.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Introduction to manufacturing engineering: overview of manufacturing processes (casting, forming,
machining, joining), workshop practice and safety, hand tools and basic machine tools, and an introduction to
production planning concepts. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Serope Kalpakjian and Steven Schmid first,
cross-checking anything shaky against Mikell P. Groover. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Work problems by hand before reaching for a calculator or software shortcut — the goal here is intuition, not just a
numeric answer.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 10

 ■
If a concept doesn't click from the primary reference, try the secondary one — it often explains the same idea with
a different intuition or a clearer worked example.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Introduction to manufacturing engineering: overview of manufacturing processes (casting,
forming, machining, joining), workshop practice and safety, hand tools and basic machine tools, and an
introduction to production planning concepts, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 7 · Computer Technology & Programming

HUM031 4 credit hrs total Prerequisite: none

Computer architecture and organization, operating systems fundamentals, algorithmic problem solving and
flowcharts, and an introduction to structured programming (typically in C) with hands-on programming exercises
relevant to engineering computation.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Computer architecture and organization, operating systems fundamentals, algorithmic problem solving and
flowcharts, and an introduction to structured programming (typically in C) with hands-on programming exercises
relevant to engineering computation. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Byron S. Gottfried first, cross-checking
anything shaky against Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie. Work every solved example before attempting
4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Computer architecture and organization, operating systems fundamentals, algorithmic problem
solving and flowcharts, and an introduction to structured programming (typically in C) with hands-on programming
exercises relevant to engineering computation, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 8 · General Knowledge & Communication Skills

HUM021 + HUM041 + HUM011 6 credit hrs total Prerequisite: none

This phase groups courses that build on each other directly — study them as one connected unit.
Societal Issues [HUM021]
Contemporary societal issues relevant to engineers: population and development, human rights fundamentals,
citizenship and civic responsibility, and the role of the engineer in addressing societal challenges in Egypt and the
region.
History of Engineering & Technology [HUM041]
History of engineering and technology: the evolution of engineering practice from antiquity to the modern era,
landmark inventions and engineers, and the relationship between technological change and society.
Technical Foreign Language [HUM011]
Technical foreign language skills for engineers: reading and comprehension of technical texts, technical vocabulary
building, and short written/oral exercises based on engineering topics.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. [HUM021] Contemporary societal issues relevant to engineers: population and development, human rights
fundamentals, citizenship and civic responsibility, and the role of the engineer in addressing societal challenges in
Egypt and the region. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Standard department coursepack on societal issues.
first. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 11

 ●
Step 2. [HUM041] History of engineering and technology: the evolution of engineering practice from antiquity to
the modern era, landmark inventions and engineers, and the relationship between technological change and
society. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in James Kip Finch first, cross-checking anything shaky against
Donald Cardwell. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing
difficulty.
●
Step 3. [HUM011] Technical foreign language skills for engineers: reading and comprehension of technical texts,
technical vocabulary building, and short written/oral exercises based on engineering topics. Work the
corresponding chapter(s) in English for Engineers and Technologists (standard department coursepack). first.
Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
■
Build one shared example (a single machine, engine, or system) and carry it across both courses in this phase —
applying each course's tools to the same running example cements how they connect.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
[HUM021] Explain and apply: Contemporary societal issues relevant to engineers: population and development,
human rights fundamentals, citizenship and civic responsibility, and the role of the engineer in addressing societal
challenges in Egypt and the region, without referring to notes.
■
[HUM041] Explain and apply: History of engineering and technology: the evolution of engineering practice from
antiquity to the modern era, landmark inventions and engineers, and the relationship between technological
change and society, without referring to notes.
■
[HUM011] Explain and apply: Technical foreign language skills for engineers: reading and comprehension of
technical texts, technical vocabulary building, and short written/oral exercises based on engineering topics, without
referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 12

 Level 1
– Level 1

Phase 1 · Electric Circuits (1) & (2)

EPM111 + EPM112 6 credit hrs total Prerequisite: PHM012; EPM111

This phase groups courses that build on each other directly — study them as one connected unit.
Electric Circuits (1) [EPM111]
Circuit variables and elements, Ohm's and Kirchhoff's laws, series-parallel resistive circuits, nodal and mesh analysis,
Thevenin/Norton equivalents, superposition, source transformation, and the natural and step response of first-order
RL/RC circuits.
Electric Circuits (2) [EPM112]
AC circuit analysis using phasors, impedance and admittance, power in AC circuits (real, reactive, apparent, power
factor), series and parallel resonance, three-phase circuits (balanced/unbalanced, star/delta), and mutual inductance
basics.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. [EPM111] Circuit variables and elements; Ohm's and Kirchhoff's laws, series-parallel resistive circuits,
nodal and mesh analysis. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in James W. Nilsson and Susan Riedel first,
cross-checking anything shaky against Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O. Sadiku. Work every solved
example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. [EPM111] Thevenin/Norton equivalents, superposition, source transformation, and the natural and step
response of first-order RL/RC circuits. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in James W. Nilsson and Susan Riedel
first, cross-checking anything shaky against Charles K. Alexander and Matthew N.O. Sadiku. Work every solved
example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 3. [EPM112] AC circuit analysis using phasors, impedance and admittance, power in AC circuits (real,
reactive, apparent, power factor), series and parallel resonance, three-phase circuits (balanced/unbalanced,
star/delta), and mutual inductance basics. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in James W. Nilsson and Susan
Riedel first, cross-checking anything shaky against William H. Hayt. Work every solved example before attempting
4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
■
Build one shared example (a single machine, engine, or system) and carry it across both courses in this phase —
applying each course's tools to the same running example cements how they connect.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
[EPM111] Explain and apply: Circuit variables and elements, without referring to notes.
■
[EPM112] Explain and apply: AC circuit analysis using phasors, impedance and admittance, power in AC circuits
(real, reactive, apparent, power factor), series and parallel resonance, three-phase circuits (balanced/unbalanced,
star/delta), and mutual inductance basics, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 2 · Fundamentals of Electronics & Electronic Circuits (1)

ECE111 + ECE112 6 credit hrs total Prerequisite: PHM012; ECE111

This phase groups courses that build on each other directly — study them as one connected unit.
Fundamentals of Electronic Engineering [ECE111]
Introduction to semiconductor materials and PN-junction diodes, diode circuit applications (rectifiers, clippers,
clampers), the bipolar junction transistor (BJT) as a device, and an introduction to the field-effect transistor (FET)
family.
Electronic Circuits (1) [ECE112]

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 13

 BJT biasing and small-signal (AC) analysis, BJT amplifier configurations (common-emitter, common-base,
common-collector), FET biasing and small-signal analysis, and frequency response fundamentals of single-stage
amplifiers.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. [ECE111] Introduction to semiconductor materials and PN-junction diodes, diode circuit applications
(rectifiers, clippers, clampers), the bipolar junction transistor (BJT) as a device, and an introduction to the
field-effect transistor (FET) family. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith first,
cross-checking anything shaky against Donald A. Neamen. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. [ECE112] BJT biasing and small-signal (AC) analysis; BJT amplifier configurations (common-emitter,
common-base, common-collector). Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith
first, cross-checking anything shaky against Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky. Work every solved example
before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 3. [ECE112] FET biasing and small-signal analysis, and frequency response fundamentals of single-stage
amplifiers. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith first, cross-checking
anything shaky against Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky. Work every solved example before attempting
4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
■
Build one shared example (a single machine, engine, or system) and carry it across both courses in this phase —
applying each course's tools to the same running example cements how they connect.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
[ECE111] Explain and apply: Introduction to semiconductor materials and PN-junction diodes, diode circuit
applications (rectifiers, clippers, clampers), the bipolar junction transistor (BJT) as a device, and an introduction to
the field-effect transistor (FET) family, without referring to notes.
■
[ECE112] Explain and apply: BJT biasing and small-signal (AC) analysis, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 3 · Logic Circuit Design (1) & (2)

CCE131 + CCE132 4 credit hrs total Prerequisite: HUM031; CCE131

This phase groups courses that build on each other directly — study them as one connected unit.
Logic Circuit Design (1) [CCE131]
Number systems and codes, Boolean algebra and logic gates, Karnaugh-map simplification, combinational logic
design (adders, multiplexers, decoders), and an introduction to programmable logic devices.
Logic Circuit Design (2) [CCE132]
Sequential logic fundamentals: latches and flip-flops, registers and counters, finite state machine analysis and
design, timing diagrams, and an introduction to designing sequential circuits using hardware description languages.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. [CCE131] Number systems and codes; Boolean algebra and logic gates. Work the corresponding
chapter(s) in M. Morris Mano and Michael D. Ciletti first, cross-checking anything shaky against Ronald J. Tocci.
Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. [CCE131] Karnaugh-map simplification, combinational logic design (adders, multiplexers, decoders), and
an introduction to programmable logic devices. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in M. Morris Mano and Michael
D. Ciletti first, cross-checking anything shaky against Ronald J. Tocci. Work every solved example before
attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 3. [CCE132] Sequential logic fundamentals: latches and flip-flops, registers and counters, finite state
machine analysis and design, timing diagrams, and an introduction to designing sequential circuits using hardware
description languages. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in M. Morris Mano and Michael D. Ciletti first,
cross-checking anything shaky against Charles H. Roth Jr. and Larry L. Kinney. Work every solved example
before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 14

 Tips & tricks
■
If a concept doesn't click from the primary reference, try the secondary one — it often explains the same idea with
a different intuition or a clearer worked example.
■
Work problems by hand before reaching for a calculator or software shortcut — the goal here is intuition, not just a
numeric answer.
■
Treat this as a design phase, not a memorization one: for every rule or equation, ask 'what failure mode is this
protecting against?' before applying it.
■
Build one shared example (a single machine, engine, or system) and carry it across both courses in this phase —
applying each course's tools to the same running example cements how they connect.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
[CCE131] Explain and apply: Number systems and codes, without referring to notes.
■
[CCE132] Explain and apply: Sequential logic fundamentals: latches and flip-flops, registers and counters, finite
state machine analysis and design, timing diagrams, and an introduction to designing sequential circuits using
hardware description languages, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 4 · Differential Equations & Mathematical Transforms

PHM113 + PHM114 4 credit hrs total Prerequisite: PHM012; PHM113

This phase groups courses that build on each other directly — study them as one connected unit.
Differential Equations [PHM113]
First-order and higher-order ordinary differential equations and their solution methods, linear differential equations
with constant coefficients, series solutions, and an introduction to Laplace transforms and their application to solving
circuit and system equations.
Mathematical Transforms [PHM114]
Fourier series and Fourier transforms, further applications of the Laplace transform, an introduction to the
Z-transform, and applications of these transform techniques to circuit, signal and system analysis.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. [PHM113] First-order and higher-order ordinary differential equations and their solution methods, linear
differential equations with constant coefficients, series solutions, and an introduction to Laplace transforms and
their application to solving circuit and system equations. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Erwin Kreyszig first,
cross-checking anything shaky against Dennis G. Zill. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. [PHM114] Fourier series and Fourier transforms, further applications of the Laplace transform, an
introduction to the Z-transform, and applications of these transform techniques to circuit, signal and system
analysis. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Erwin Kreyszig first, cross-checking anything shaky against Alan V.
Oppenheim. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.
■
Build one shared example (a single machine, engine, or system) and carry it across both courses in this phase —
applying each course's tools to the same running example cements how they connect.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
[PHM113] Explain and apply: First-order and higher-order ordinary differential equations and their solution
methods, linear differential equations with constant coefficients, series solutions, and an introduction to Laplace
transforms and their application to solving circuit and system equations, without referring to notes.
■
[PHM114] Explain and apply: Fourier series and Fourier transforms, further applications of the Laplace transform,
an introduction to the Z-transform, and applications of these transform techniques to circuit, signal and system
analysis, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 15

 Phase 5 · Electrical Measurements & Instruments
EPM113 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: EPM111

Principles of electrical measurement, analog and digital meters (ammeters, voltmeters, wattmeters), measurement of
resistance/inductance/capacitance via bridge circuits, the oscilloscope, measurement errors and uncertainty, and
transducers for non-electrical quantities.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Principles of electrical measurement, analog and digital meters (ammeters, voltmeters, wattmeters),
measurement of resistance/inductance/capacitance via bridge circuits, the oscilloscope, measurement errors and
uncertainty, and transducers for non-electrical quantities. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in A.K. Sawhney first,
cross-checking anything shaky against David A. Bell. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Principles of electrical measurement, analog and digital meters (ammeters, voltmeters,
wattmeters), measurement of resistance/inductance/capacitance via bridge circuits, the oscilloscope,
measurement errors and uncertainty, and transducers for non-electrical quantities, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 6 · Professional Foundations

TRNX11 + HUM122 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: none

This phase groups courses that build on each other directly — study them as one connected unit.
Technical Report Writing [TRNX11]
Elements and structure of technical reports, precision and clarity in technical writing, editing and revision, use of
figures, tables and numerals in technical sentences, and practical exercises in writing engineering reports and
presentations.
Professional Ethics [HUM122]
Professional and engineering ethics: codes of ethics, professional responsibility, ethical decision-making frameworks,
case studies of engineering failures with an ethical dimension, and the social responsibilities of the engineering
profession.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. [TRNX11] Elements and structure of technical reports, precision and clarity in technical writing, editing and
revision, use of figures, tables and numerals in technical sentences, and practical exercises in writing engineering
reports and presentations. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Kenneth W. Houp et al. first, cross-checking
anything shaky against Herbert Michaelson. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter
problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. [HUM122] Professional and engineering ethics: codes of ethics, professional responsibility, ethical
decision-making frameworks, case studies of engineering failures with an ethical dimension, and the social
responsibilities of the engineering profession. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Charles E. Harris first,
cross-checking anything shaky against Charles B. Fleddermann. Work every solved example before attempting
4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Work problems by hand before reaching for a calculator or software shortcut — the goal here is intuition, not just a
numeric answer.
■
If a concept doesn't click from the primary reference, try the secondary one — it often explains the same idea with
a different intuition or a clearer worked example.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 16

 ■
Build one shared example (a single machine, engine, or system) and carry it across both courses in this phase —
applying each course's tools to the same running example cements how they connect.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
[TRNX11] Explain and apply: Elements and structure of technical reports, precision and clarity in technical writing,
editing and revision, use of figures, tables and numerals in technical sentences, and practical exercises in writing
engineering reports and presentations, without referring to notes.
■
[HUM122] Explain and apply: Professional and engineering ethics: codes of ethics, professional responsibility,
ethical decision-making frameworks, case studies of engineering failures with an ethical dimension, and the social
responsibilities of the engineering profession, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 17

 Level 2
– Level 2

Phase 1 · Electromagnetic Fields

EPM214 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: PHM012

Vector calculus review, electrostatics (Coulomb's law, Gauss's law, electric potential), capacitance and dielectrics,
steady electric currents, magnetostatics (Biot-Savart law, Ampère's law), and an introduction to time-varying fields
and Maxwell's equations.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Vector calculus review, electrostatics (Coulomb's law. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Matthew N.O.
Sadiku first, cross-checking anything shaky against William H. Hayt and John A. Buck. Work every solved example
before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. Gauss's law, electric potential), capacitance and dielectrics, steady electric currents, magnetostatics
(Biot-Savart law. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Matthew N.O. Sadiku first, cross-checking anything shaky
against William H. Hayt and John A. Buck. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter
problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 3. Ampère's law), and an introduction to time-varying fields and Maxwell's equations. Work the corresponding
chapter(s) in Matthew N.O. Sadiku first, cross-checking anything shaky against William H. Hayt and John A. Buck.
Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Vector calculus review, electrostatics (Coulomb's law, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 2 · Automatic Control (1) & System Dynamics

CCE210 + CCE211 5 credit hrs total Prerequisite: HUM031; CCE210

This phase groups courses that build on each other directly — study them as one connected unit.
Automatic Control (1) [CCE210]
Introduction to feedback control systems, mathematical modeling of physical systems via differential equations and
transfer functions, block-diagram reduction and signal-flow graphs, and the time-domain response of first- and
second-order control systems.
System Dynamics & Modeling [CCE211]
Mathematical modeling of dynamic systems (mechanical, electrical, electromechanical analogies), state-space
representation, an introduction to system identification, and simulation of dynamic system models.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. [CCE210] Introduction to feedback control systems, mathematical modeling of physical systems via
differential equations and transfer functions, block-diagram reduction and signal-flow graphs, and the time-domain
response of first- and second-order control systems. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Katsuhiko Ogata first,
cross-checking anything shaky against Richard C. Dorf and Robert H. Bishop. Work every solved example before
attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. [CCE211] Mathematical modeling of dynamic systems (mechanical, electrical, electromechanical
analogies), state-space representation, an introduction to system identification, and simulation of dynamic system
models. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Katsuhiko Ogata first, cross-checking anything shaky against
William Palm. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 18

 ■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
■
Build one shared example (a single machine, engine, or system) and carry it across both courses in this phase —
applying each course's tools to the same running example cements how they connect.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
[CCE210] Explain and apply: Introduction to feedback control systems, mathematical modeling of physical
systems via differential equations and transfer functions, block-diagram reduction and signal-flow graphs, and the
time-domain response of first- and second-order control systems, without referring to notes.
■
[CCE211] Explain and apply: Mathematical modeling of dynamic systems (mechanical, electrical,
electromechanical analogies), state-space representation, an introduction to system identification, and simulation
of dynamic system models, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 3 · Signal Analysis & Electronic Circuits (2)

ECE221 + ECE213 6 credit hrs total Prerequisite: ECE112

This phase groups courses that build on each other directly — study them as one connected unit.
Signal Analysis [ECE221]
Classification of signals and systems, continuous- and discrete-time signal representation, linear time-invariant (LTI)
system properties, convolution, Fourier series and the Fourier transform applied to signal analysis, and an
introduction to sampling.
Electronic Circuits (2) [ECE213]
Multistage and differential amplifiers, operational amplifier fundamentals and applications (inverting/non-inverting,
summing, integrator/differentiator), amplifier frequency response, and an introduction to feedback in amplifier circuits.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. [ECE221] Classification of signals and systems, continuous- and discrete-time signal representation, linear
time-invariant (LTI) system properties, convolution. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Alan V. Oppenheim first,
cross-checking anything shaky against Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen. Work every solved example before
attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. [ECE221] Fourier series and the Fourier transform applied to signal analysis, and an introduction to
sampling. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Alan V. Oppenheim first, cross-checking anything shaky against
Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of
increasing difficulty.
●
Step 3. [ECE213] Multistage and differential amplifiers, operational amplifier fundamentals and applications
(inverting/non-inverting, summing, integrator/differentiator), amplifier frequency response, and an introduction to
feedback in amplifier circuits. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith first,
cross-checking anything shaky against Sergio Franco. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
If a concept doesn't click from the primary reference, try the secondary one — it often explains the same idea with
a different intuition or a clearer worked example.
■
Work problems by hand before reaching for a calculator or software shortcut — the goal here is intuition, not just a
numeric answer.
■
Build one shared example (a single machine, engine, or system) and carry it across both courses in this phase —
applying each course's tools to the same running example cements how they connect.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
[ECE221] Explain and apply: Classification of signals and systems, continuous- and discrete-time signal
representation, linear time-invariant (LTI) system properties, convolution, without referring to notes.
■
[ECE213] Explain and apply: Multistage and differential amplifiers, operational amplifier fundamentals and
applications (inverting/non-inverting, summing, integrator/differentiator), amplifier frequency response, and an
introduction to feedback in amplifier circuits, without referring to notes.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 19

 ■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 4 · Microprocessors & Applications (1) & (2)

CCE231 + CCE232 6 credit hrs total Prerequisite: CCE132; CCE231

This phase groups courses that build on each other directly — study them as one connected unit.
Microprocessors & Applications (1) [CCE231]
Microprocessor architecture and organization, instruction sets and addressing modes, assembly-language
programming, memory interfacing, and an introduction to input/output interfacing techniques.
Microprocessors & Applications (2) [CCE232]
Advanced microprocessor/microcontroller programming, interrupt handling, timers and counters, serial
communication interfacing (UART, SPI, I2C), and applied embedded programming projects using a microcontroller
platform.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. [CCE231] Microprocessor architecture and organization, instruction sets and addressing modes,
assembly-language programming, memory interfacing, and an introduction to input/output interfacing techniques.
Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Muhammad Ali Mazidi first, cross-checking anything shaky against Barry B.
Brey. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. [CCE232] Advanced microprocessor/microcontroller programming, interrupt handling, timers and counters,
serial communication interfacing (UART. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Muhammad Ali Mazidi et al. first,
cross-checking anything shaky against John Iovine. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 3. [CCE232] I2C), and applied embedded programming projects using a microcontroller platform. Work the
corresponding chapter(s) in Muhammad Ali Mazidi et al. first, cross-checking anything shaky against John Iovine.
Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.
■
Build one shared example (a single machine, engine, or system) and carry it across both courses in this phase —
applying each course's tools to the same running example cements how they connect.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
[CCE231] Explain and apply: Microprocessor architecture and organization, instruction sets and addressing
modes, assembly-language programming, memory interfacing, and an introduction to input/output interfacing
techniques, without referring to notes.
■
[CCE232] Explain and apply: Advanced microprocessor/microcontroller programming, interrupt handling, timers
and counters, serial communication interfacing (UART, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 5 · Introduction to Electrical Machines

EPM221 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: EPM214

Electromechanical energy conversion principles, magnetic circuits, the transformer as an introduction to rotating
machines, fundamentals of DC and AC machine operation, and an overview of machine types and their typical
applications.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Electromechanical energy conversion principles, magnetic circuits, the transformer as an introduction to
rotating machines, fundamentals of DC and AC machine operation, and an overview of machine types and their
typical applications. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Stephen J. Chapman first, cross-checking anything
shaky against A.E. Fitzgerald. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of
increasing difficulty.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 20

 Tips & tricks
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Electromechanical energy conversion principles, magnetic circuits, the transformer as an
introduction to rotating machines, fundamentals of DC and AC machine operation, and an overview of machine
types and their typical applications, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 6 · Artificial Intelligence & Applications

CCE243 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: CCE132

Introduction to artificial intelligence: search algorithms and problem solving, knowledge representation, an
introduction to expert systems, and an introduction to machine learning concepts and their engineering applications.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Introduction to artificial intelligence: search algorithms and problem solving, knowledge representation, an
introduction to expert systems, and an introduction to machine learning concepts and their engineering
applications. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig first, cross-checking anything
shaky against Ethem Alpaydin. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of
increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Work problems by hand before reaching for a calculator or software shortcut — the goal here is intuition, not just a
numeric answer.
■
If a concept doesn't click from the primary reference, try the secondary one — it often explains the same idea with
a different intuition or a clearer worked example.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Introduction to artificial intelligence: search algorithms and problem solving, knowledge
representation, an introduction to expert systems, and an introduction to machine learning concepts and their
engineering applications, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 7 · Numerical Analysis

PHM215 2 credit hrs total Prerequisite: PHM012

Numerical solution of nonlinear equations, systems of linear equations (direct and iterative methods), numerical
interpolation and curve fitting, numerical differentiation and integration, and numerical solution of ordinary differential
equations.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Numerical solution of nonlinear equations, systems of linear equations (direct and iterative methods),
numerical interpolation and curve fitting, numerical differentiation and integration, and numerical solution of
ordinary differential equations. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Steven C. Chapra and Raymond P. Canale
first, cross-checking anything shaky against Richard L. Burden and J. Douglas Faires. Work every solved example
before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
Phase gate — move on once you can

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 21

 ■
Explain and apply: Numerical solution of nonlinear equations, systems of linear equations (direct and iterative
methods), numerical interpolation and curve fitting, numerical differentiation and integration, and numerical
solution of ordinary differential equations, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 8 · Engineering Economy & Communication Skills

BUSX21 + HUM232 4 credit hrs total Prerequisite: none

This phase groups courses that build on each other directly — study them as one connected unit.
Engineering Economy [BUSX21]
Engineering economy: time value of money, present/future worth analysis, rate-of-return analysis, comparison of
alternatives, depreciation, and break-even analysis applied to engineering decision-making.
Communication & Presentation Skills [HUM232]
Communication and presentation skills: oral and non-verbal communication, structuring a technical presentation,
effective use of visual aids, and practice presentations with peer feedback.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. [BUSX21] Engineering economy: time value of money, present/future worth analysis, rate-of-return
analysis, comparison of alternatives, depreciation, and break-even analysis applied to engineering
decision-making. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in William G. Sullivan first, cross-checking anything shaky
against Leland Blank and Anthony Tarquin. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter
problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. [HUM232] Communication and presentation skills: oral and non-verbal communication, structuring a
technical presentation, effective use of visual aids, and practice presentations with peer feedback. Work the
corresponding chapter(s) in Dale Carnegie first, cross-checking anything shaky against Nancy Duarte. Work every
solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
■
Build one shared example (a single machine, engine, or system) and carry it across both courses in this phase —
applying each course's tools to the same running example cements how they connect.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
[BUSX21] Explain and apply: Engineering economy: time value of money, present/future worth analysis,
rate-of-return analysis, comparison of alternatives, depreciation, and break-even analysis applied to engineering
decision-making, without referring to notes.
■
[HUM232] Explain and apply: Communication and presentation skills: oral and non-verbal communication,
structuring a technical presentation, effective use of visual aids, and practice presentations with peer feedback,
without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 22

 Sub-branch: Electrical Power & Machines Engineering
(EPM)
Levels 3–4 · continues directly from the Shared Foundation above
1.2 Sub-branch: Electrical Power & Machines Engineering (EPM)

This track continues straight on from the Shared Foundation (Level 0–2) covered earlier in this guide — it is not
repeated here. What follows is specific to Electrical Power & Machines Engineering (EPM): Level 3 and Level 4
Resources, then their Study Plan, then the specialty elective catalogue.
1.2.1 Resources

Resources
References cited across this sub-branch's Level 3 and Level 4 courses.

Level 3
DC Machines & Transformers [EPM322]
●
Stephen J. Chapman, Electric Machinery Fundamentals, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
●
A.E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley Jr., Stephen D. Umans, Electric Machinery, 7th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
New & Renewable Energy Generation [EPM331]
●
Gilbert M. Masters, Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems, 2nd Edition, Wiley.
●
Godfrey Boyle (Editor), Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future, Oxford University Press.
Electric Power Transmission & Distribution [EPM332]
●
John J. Grainger and William D. Stevenson, Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill.
●
Hadi Saadat, Power System Analysis, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Power Electronics (1) [EPM341]
●
Muhammad H. Rashid, Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices, and Applications, 4th Edition, Pearson.
●
Ned Mohan, Tore M. Undeland, William P. Robbins, Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design, Wiley.
Laws & Legislations [BUSX31]
●
J. Ellis Bell, Legal Aspects of Engineering, Kendall Hunt.
●
Standard department coursepack on engineering law.
High Voltage Engineering [EPM333]
●
M.S. Naidu and V. Kamaraju, High Voltage Engineering, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
●
E. Kuffel, W.S. Zaengl, J. Kuffel, High Voltage Engineering: Fundamentals, 2nd Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann.
Electrical Installations Engineering [EPM334]
●
Brian Scaddan, Electrical Installation Work, Routledge.
●
IEE Wiring Regulations (BS 7671), standard reference.
Induction Machines [EPM323]
●
Stephen J. Chapman, Electric Machinery Fundamentals, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
●
P.C. Sen, Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics, 3rd Edition, Wiley.
Power Systems Analysis (1) [EPM335]
●
John J. Grainger and William D. Stevenson, Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill.
●
Hadi Saadat, Power System Analysis, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Power System Protection [EPM351]
●
J. Lewis Blackburn and Thomas J. Domin, Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications, 4th Edition, CRC Press.
●
Y.G. Paithankar and S.R. Bhide, Fundamentals of Power System Protection, PHI Learning.
Feasibility Studies [BUS361]
●
Prasanna Chandra, Projects: Planning, Analysis, Selection, Financing, Implementation and Review, McGraw-Hill.
●
Standard department coursepack on feasibility studies.

Level 4
Synchronous Machines [EPM424]

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 23

●
Stephen J. Chapman, Electric Machinery Fundamentals, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
●
A.E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley Jr., Stephen D. Umans, Electric Machinery, 7th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Power Electronics (2) [EPM442]
●
Muhammad H. Rashid, Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices, and Applications, 4th Edition, Pearson.
●
Ned Mohan, Tore M. Undeland, William P. Robbins, Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design, Wiley.
Power Systems Analysis (2) [EPM436]
●
John J. Grainger and William D. Stevenson, Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill.
●
P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, McGraw-Hill.
Project Management [BUSX21B]
●
Project Management Institute, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide).
●
Harold Kerzner, Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling, Wiley.
Power Protection System Applications [EPM452]
●
J. Lewis Blackburn and Thomas J. Domin, Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications, 4th Edition, CRC Press.
●
Y.G. Paithankar and S.R. Bhide, Fundamentals of Power System Protection, PHI Learning.
Electrical Power Quality [EPM437]
●
Roger C. Dugan, Mark F. McGranaghan, Surya Santoso, H. Wayne Beaty, Electrical Power Systems Quality, 3rd Edition,
McGraw-Hill.
●
Math H.J. Bollen, Understanding Power Quality Problems, IEEE Press.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 24

 1.2.2 Study Plan

Study Plan
Complete every phase in a level, in order, before moving to the next level.

Level 3
– Level 3

Phase 1 · DC Machines, Transformers & Induction Machines

EPM322 + EPM323 6 credit hrs total Prerequisite: EPM221; EPM322

This phase groups courses that build on each other directly — study them as one connected unit.
DC Machines & Transformers [EPM322]
Construction and operating principles of DC machines (generators and motors), DC motor speed-torque
characteristics and starting methods, transformer theory (equivalent circuit, voltage regulation, efficiency), and
three-phase transformer connections.
Induction Machines [EPM323]
Construction and operating principles of three-phase induction motors, equivalent circuit and performance
characteristics, starting and speed-control methods, and an introduction to single-phase induction motors.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. [EPM322] Construction and operating principles of DC machines (generators and motors). Work the
corresponding chapter(s) in Stephen J. Chapman first, cross-checking anything shaky against A.E. Fitzgerald.
Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. [EPM322] DC motor speed-torque characteristics and starting methods, transformer theory (equivalent
circuit, voltage regulation, efficiency), and three-phase transformer connections. Work the corresponding
chapter(s) in Stephen J. Chapman first, cross-checking anything shaky against A.E. Fitzgerald. Work every solved
example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 3. [EPM323] Construction and operating principles of three-phase induction motors, equivalent circuit and
performance characteristics, starting and speed-control methods, and an introduction to single-phase induction
motors. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Stephen J. Chapman first, cross-checking anything shaky against
P.C. Sen. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
■
Build one shared example (a single machine, engine, or system) and carry it across both courses in this phase —
applying each course's tools to the same running example cements how they connect.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
[EPM322] Explain and apply: Construction and operating principles of DC machines (generators and motors),
without referring to notes.
■
[EPM323] Explain and apply: Construction and operating principles of three-phase induction motors, equivalent
circuit and performance characteristics, starting and speed-control methods, and an introduction to single-phase
induction motors, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 2 · New & Renewable Energy Generation

EPM331 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: none

Overview of renewable energy resources: solar photovoltaic systems, wind energy conversion systems, and an
introduction to other renewable sources, with emphasis on grid integration and the electrical engineering aspects of
each technology.
How to move through this phase

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 25

 ●
Step 1. Overview of renewable energy resources: solar photovoltaic systems, wind energy conversion systems,
and an introduction to other renewable sources, with emphasis on grid integration and the electrical engineering
aspects of each technology. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Gilbert M. Masters first, cross-checking
anything shaky against Godfrey Boyle (Editor). Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter
problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Overview of renewable energy resources: solar photovoltaic systems, wind energy conversion
systems, and an introduction to other renewable sources, with emphasis on grid integration and the electrical
engineering aspects of each technology, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 3 · Electric Power Transmission & Distribution

EPM332 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: EPM214

Structure of electric power systems, overhead line and underground cable parameters, per-unit system, transmission
line models (short, medium, long), load flow fundamentals, and an introduction to distribution system design.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Structure of electric power systems, overhead line and underground cable parameters, per-unit system,
transmission line models (short, medium, long), load flow fundamentals, and an introduction to distribution system
design. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in John J. Grainger and William D. Stevenson first, cross-checking
anything shaky against Hadi Saadat. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems
of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
If a concept doesn't click from the primary reference, try the secondary one — it often explains the same idea with
a different intuition or a clearer worked example.
■
Work problems by hand before reaching for a calculator or software shortcut — the goal here is intuition, not just a
numeric answer.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Structure of electric power systems, overhead line and underground cable parameters, per-unit
system, transmission line models (short, medium, long), load flow fundamentals, and an introduction to distribution
system design, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 4 · High Voltage Engineering

EPM333 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: EPM331

Generation and measurement of high AC, DC and impulse voltages, breakdown mechanisms in gases/liquids/solids,
insulation coordination fundamentals, and an introduction to high-voltage testing of equipment.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Generation and measurement of high AC. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in M.S. Naidu and V.
Kamaraju first, cross-checking anything shaky against E. Kuffel. Work every solved example before attempting
4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. DC and impulse voltages, breakdown mechanisms in gases/liquids/solids, insulation coordination
fundamentals, and an introduction to high-voltage testing of equipment. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in M.S.
Naidu and V. Kamaraju first, cross-checking anything shaky against E. Kuffel. Work every solved example before
attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 26

 ■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Generation and measurement of high AC, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 5 · Electrical Installations Engineering

EPM334 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: EPM332

Design of electrical installations for buildings and industrial facilities: load estimation, cable sizing and protection
coordination, earthing systems, lighting design fundamentals, and relevant electrical installation codes and standards.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Design of electrical installations for buildings and industrial facilities: load estimation, cable sizing and
protection coordination, earthing systems, lighting design fundamentals, and relevant electrical installation codes
and standards. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Brian Scaddan first, cross-checking anything shaky against
IEE Wiring Regulations (BS 7671). Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of
increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Design of electrical installations for buildings and industrial facilities: load estimation, cable
sizing and protection coordination, earthing systems, lighting design fundamentals, and relevant electrical
installation codes and standards, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 6 · Power Systems Analysis (1)

EPM335 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: EPM332

Formation of the bus admittance and impedance matrices, load-flow analysis methods (Gauss-Seidel,
Newton-Raphson), and an introduction to economic dispatch of generation.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Formation of the bus admittance and impedance matrices, load-flow analysis methods (Gauss-Seidel.
Work the corresponding chapter(s) in John J. Grainger and William D. Stevenson first, cross-checking anything
shaky against Hadi Saadat. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of
increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. Newton-Raphson), and an introduction to economic dispatch of generation. Work the corresponding
chapter(s) in John J. Grainger and William D. Stevenson first, cross-checking anything shaky against Hadi Saadat.
Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Work problems by hand before reaching for a calculator or software shortcut — the goal here is intuition, not just a
numeric answer.
■
If a concept doesn't click from the primary reference, try the secondary one — it often explains the same idea with
a different intuition or a clearer worked example.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Formation of the bus admittance and impedance matrices, load-flow analysis methods
(Gauss-Seidel, without referring to notes.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 27

 ■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 7 · Power Electronics (1)

EPM341 2 credit hrs total Prerequisite: ECE111

Power semiconductor devices (diodes, thyristors, power transistors), single-phase and three-phase rectifier circuits,
and an introduction to DC-DC converter (chopper) topologies.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Power semiconductor devices (diodes, thyristors, power transistors), single-phase and three-phase
rectifier circuits, and an introduction to DC-DC converter (chopper) topologies. Work the corresponding chapter(s)
in Muhammad H. Rashid first, cross-checking anything shaky against Ned Mohan. Work every solved example
before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Power semiconductor devices (diodes, thyristors, power transistors), single-phase and
three-phase rectifier circuits, and an introduction to DC-DC converter (chopper) topologies, without referring to
notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 8 · Power System Protection

EPM351 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: EPM332

Principles of power system protection, protective relay types and characteristics, current and voltage transformers for
protection, overcurrent and differential protection schemes, and an introduction to protection coordination.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Principles of power system protection, protective relay types and characteristics, current and voltage
transformers for protection, overcurrent and differential protection schemes, and an introduction to protection
coordination. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in J. Lewis Blackburn and Thomas J. Domin first, cross-checking
anything shaky against Y.G. Paithankar and S.R. Bhide. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Principles of power system protection, protective relay types and characteristics, current and
voltage transformers for protection, overcurrent and differential protection schemes, and an introduction to
protection coordination, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 9 · Professional, Legal & Economic Practice

BUSX31 + BUS361 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: none

This phase groups courses that build on each other directly — study them as one connected unit.
Laws & Legislations [BUSX31]

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 28

 Engineering law and legislation: contracts, liability, intellectual property basics, labor law fundamentals relevant to
engineering practice, and an overview of professional licensing and regulation.
Feasibility Studies [BUS361]
Principles of feasibility studies: market study, technical study, financial study and evaluation criteria (NPV, IRR,
payback period) for engineering projects, culminating in a practical feasibility study exercise.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. [BUSX31] Engineering law and legislation: contracts, liability, intellectual property basics, labor law
fundamentals relevant to engineering practice, and an overview of professional licensing and regulation. Work the
corresponding chapter(s) in J. Ellis Bell first, cross-checking anything shaky against Standard department
coursepack on engineering law.. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of
increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. [BUS361] Principles of feasibility studies: market study, technical study, financial study and evaluation
criteria (NPV. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Prasanna Chandra first, cross-checking anything shaky
against Standard department coursepack on feasibility studies.. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 3. [BUS361] IRR, payback period) for engineering projects, culminating in a practical feasibility study
exercise. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Prasanna Chandra first, cross-checking anything shaky against
Standard department coursepack on feasibility studies.. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
If a concept doesn't click from the primary reference, try the secondary one — it often explains the same idea with
a different intuition or a clearer worked example.
■
Work problems by hand before reaching for a calculator or software shortcut — the goal here is intuition, not just a
numeric answer.
■
Build one shared example (a single machine, engine, or system) and carry it across both courses in this phase —
applying each course's tools to the same running example cements how they connect.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
[BUSX31] Explain and apply: Engineering law and legislation: contracts, liability, intellectual property basics, labor
law fundamentals relevant to engineering practice, and an overview of professional licensing and regulation,
without referring to notes.
■
[BUS361] Explain and apply: Principles of feasibility studies: market study, technical study, financial study and
evaluation criteria (NPV, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 29

 Level 4
– Level 4

Phase 1 · Synchronous Machines

EPM424 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: EPM323

Construction and operating principles of synchronous machines (generators and motors), the synchronous generator
equivalent circuit and voltage regulation, parallel operation of generators, and V-curves of synchronous motors.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Construction and operating principles of synchronous machines (generators and motors), the synchronous
generator equivalent circuit and voltage regulation, parallel operation of generators, and V-curves of synchronous
motors. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Stephen J. Chapman first, cross-checking anything shaky against
A.E. Fitzgerald. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Construction and operating principles of synchronous machines (generators and motors), the
synchronous generator equivalent circuit and voltage regulation, parallel operation of generators, and V-curves of
synchronous motors, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 2 · Power Electronics (2)

EPM442 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: EPM341

DC-AC inverter topologies (single-phase and three-phase), pulse-width modulation techniques, AC-AC converters,
and applications of power electronic converters in motor drives and renewable energy interfacing.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. DC-AC inverter topologies (single-phase and three-phase), pulse-width modulation techniques. Work the
corresponding chapter(s) in Muhammad H. Rashid first, cross-checking anything shaky against Ned Mohan. Work
every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. AC-AC converters, and applications of power electronic converters in motor drives and renewable energy
interfacing. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Muhammad H. Rashid first, cross-checking anything shaky
against Ned Mohan. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing
difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: DC-AC inverter topologies (single-phase and three-phase), pulse-width modulation techniques,
without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 3 · Power Systems Analysis (2)

EPM436 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: EPM335

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 30

 Fault analysis (symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults using symmetrical components), power system stability
fundamentals, and an introduction to optimal power flow and system planning considerations.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Fault analysis (symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults using symmetrical components), power system
stability fundamentals, and an introduction to optimal power flow and system planning considerations. Work the
corresponding chapter(s) in John J. Grainger and William D. Stevenson first, cross-checking anything shaky
against P. Kundur. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing
difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
If a concept doesn't click from the primary reference, try the secondary one — it often explains the same idea with
a different intuition or a clearer worked example.
■
Work problems by hand before reaching for a calculator or software shortcut — the goal here is intuition, not just a
numeric answer.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Fault analysis (symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults using symmetrical components), power
system stability fundamentals, and an introduction to optimal power flow and system planning considerations,
without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 4 · Power System Protection Applications

EPM452 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: EPM351

Applied protection system design: protection of transmission lines, transformers, generators and busbars, distance
protection principles, and case studies in coordinating a complete power system protection scheme.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Applied protection system design: protection of transmission lines, transformers, generators and busbars,
distance protection principles, and case studies in coordinating a complete power system protection scheme. Work
the corresponding chapter(s) in J. Lewis Blackburn and Thomas J. Domin first, cross-checking anything shaky
against Y.G. Paithankar and S.R. Bhide. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter
problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Applied protection system design: protection of transmission lines, transformers, generators
and busbars, distance protection principles, and case studies in coordinating a complete power system protection
scheme, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 5 · Electrical Power Quality

EPM437 2 credit hrs total Prerequisite: EPM332

Power quality disturbances (harmonics, voltage sags/swells, flicker), sources and effects of poor power quality,
harmonic analysis and mitigation techniques, and relevant power quality standards.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Power quality disturbances (harmonics, voltage sags/swells, flicker), sources and effects of poor power
quality, harmonic analysis and mitigation techniques, and relevant power quality standards. Work the
corresponding chapter(s) in Roger C. Dugan first, cross-checking anything shaky against Math H.J. Bollen. Work
every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 31

 ■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Power quality disturbances (harmonics, voltage sags/swells, flicker), sources and effects of
poor power quality, harmonic analysis and mitigation techniques, and relevant power quality standards, without
referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 6 · Project & Professional Practice

BUSX21B 2 credit hrs total Prerequisite: none

Project management fundamentals: project life cycle, scope/time/cost management, scheduling techniques (Gantt,
CPM/PERT), resource allocation, risk management, and an introduction to project management software tools.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Project management fundamentals: project life cycle, scope/time/cost management, scheduling
techniques (Gantt. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Project Management Institute first, cross-checking
anything shaky against Harold Kerzner. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter
problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. CPM/PERT), resource allocation, risk management, and an introduction to project management software
tools. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Project Management Institute first, cross-checking anything shaky
against Harold Kerzner. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing
difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Work problems by hand before reaching for a calculator or software shortcut — the goal here is intuition, not just a
numeric answer.
■
If a concept doesn't click from the primary reference, try the secondary one — it often explains the same idea with
a different intuition or a clearer worked example.
■
Treat this as a design phase, not a memorization one: for every rule or equation, ask 'what failure mode is this
protecting against?' before applying it.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Project management fundamentals: project life cycle, scope/time/cost management, scheduling
techniques (Gantt, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 32

 1.2.3 Graduation Project

Graduation Project

This chapter is the applied capstone for Electrical Power & Machines Engineering (EPM): a set of projects sized
and chosen so that, taken together, they exercise both the theoretical and the practical core of the sub-branch. It has
two parts — a list of project names, then a full solving guide for each.

A. Project Names
4 projects, together covering the sub-branch's theoretical and practical scope end to end:

Project 1 Load-Flow Study & Voltage-Profile Analysis of a Small Distribution Feeder

Electric Power Transmission & Distribution, and Power Systems Analysis (1)&(2) — the network-analysis half of the
sub-branch.

Project 2 Performance Testing & Characterization of a Three-Phase Induction Motor

Introduction to Electrical Machines, DC Machines & Transformers, and Induction Machines — the practical,
machine-testing half of the sub-branch.

Project 3 Design & Coordination of a Power System Protection Scheme

Power System Protection, and Power System Protection Applications — the safety-critical analysis half of the
sub-branch.

Project 4 Design & Performance Evaluation of a Solar PV Power System

New & Renewable Energy Generation, and Power Electronics (1)&(2) — an applied energy-systems project
spanning generation and power-conversion theory.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 33

 B. Project Solving
Each project below has a step-by-step build guide, then a verification section (a written description with pass/fail
conditions, plus visual references for every major and intermediate output).

Project 1 · Load-Flow Study & Voltage-Profile Analysis of a Small Distribution Feeder

B.1.1 Step-by-Step Guide

●
Step 1. Define the feeder: source voltage, number of buses, line lengths/impedances, and the load at each bus (real and
reactive power).
●
Step 2. Draw the single-line diagram and assign a bus number to every connection point.
●
Step 3. Build the bus admittance matrix (Y-bus) from the line and transformer impedance data.
●
Step 4. Choose a load-flow method (Gauss-Seidel or Newton-Raphson) and set up the iterative solution, or use
standard software if available.
●
Step 5. Run the load-flow to convergence and extract bus voltages (magnitude and angle) and branch power flows.
●
Step 6. Plot the voltage profile along the feeder and check every bus against the acceptable voltage band (typically
±5%).
●
Step 7. Increase the loading level in steps (e.g. 40% to 140% of base load) and recompute losses at each step.
●
Step 8. Propose one concrete improvement (capacitor placement, reconductoring, or load balancing) and re-run the
study to show its effect.
Common mistakes to avoid:
■
Mixing per-unit and actual (ohms/volts) values in the same calculation without converting consistently.
■
Forgetting the shunt charging capacitance of longer lines, which matters for voltage profile accuracy.
■
Assuming the load-flow converged just because it stopped iterating — always check the final mismatch is below your
tolerance.
■
Reporting bus voltages without stating whether they are line-to-line or line-to-neutral values.
Helpful tip: Sanity-check your Y-bus by hand for just the first two buses before trusting the full matrix — an error in how
mutual admittances are entered is the most common source of a load-flow that silently gives wrong (but plausible-looking)
answers.

B.1.2 Verification
What the output should look like:
A correctly completed project shows a load-flow that converges within a small number of iterations, a voltage profile that
declines smoothly from source to the far end of the feeder without any bus violating the acceptable voltage band under
base loading, and a loss-vs-loading trend that grows roughly with the square of the loading factor.
Conditions — all of the following must hold for a fully correct result:
■
The load-flow solution converges (mismatch below tolerance) within a reasonable number of iterations.
■
Every bus voltage under base loading falls within the acceptable band (typically 0.95–1.05 pu).
■
The voltage profile declines monotonically from the source toward the far end of a radial feeder.
■
Power losses scale up roughly with the square of the loading factor across the sensitivity study.
■
The proposed improvement is shown, with a re-run study, to measurably improve at least one of voltage profile or losses.
Visual reference — expected outputs (including intermediate steps):

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 34

 Single-line diagram of the distribution feeder.

Voltage profile along the feeder from the load-flow results.

System losses vs. loading level — sensitivity study.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 35

 Bus admittance (Y-bus) matrix structure.

Load-flow convergence history.

Reactive power profile along the feeder.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 36

 Voltage profile improvement from capacitor placement.

Maximum loadability / voltage stability margin.

Project 2 · Performance Testing & Characterization of a Three-Phase Induction Motor

B.2.1 Step-by-Step Guide

●
Step 1. Record the motor's nameplate data: rated voltage, current, power, speed, and connection type (star/delta).
●
Step 2. Assemble the test rig: motor coupled to a dynamometer or load brake, with wattmeters, a tachometer and a
torque transducer instrumented.
●
Step 3. Perform a no-load test: run the motor unloaded and record voltage, current and input power to estimate core and
friction/windage losses.
●
Step 4. Perform a locked-rotor (blocked-rotor) test at reduced voltage to estimate the motor's equivalent-circuit
parameters.
●
Step 5. Run the loaded test: apply load in steps from no-load to rated load, recording input power, speed, torque and
current at each step.
●
Step 6. Calculate output power, efficiency and power factor at each load step from the recorded data.
●
Step 7. Plot the torque-speed characteristic curve and the efficiency/power-factor-vs-load curves.
●
Step 8. Compare your measured full-load efficiency and power factor against the nameplate values and discuss any
discrepancy.
Common mistakes to avoid:

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 37

■
Running the locked-rotor test at full rated voltage, which draws dangerously high current — always reduce voltage for
this test.
■
Forgetting to record ambient temperature, which affects winding resistance and therefore loss calculations.
■
Reading the wattmeter with the wrong current/potential coil connection, silently flipping the sign of reactive power
readings.
■
Taking load steps too close together near no-load and too sparse near rated load, missing the region where the curves
change fastest.
Helpful tip: Before taking any loaded readings, run the motor at no load for a few minutes and confirm the current and
speed are stable and match the expected no-load pattern — a rig problem is far easier to fix before you've invested time in
a full loaded test sequence.

B.2.2 Verification
What the output should look like:
A correctly completed project produces a torque-speed curve with a clear breakdown-torque peak below synchronous
speed, efficiency and power factor curves that both rise smoothly with load from a low starting point, and a full-load
efficiency/power-factor pair that falls within a few percentage points of the motor's nameplate rating.
Conditions — all of the following must hold for a fully correct result:
■
The torque-speed curve shows a clear breakdown-torque peak occurring below synchronous speed.
■
Both efficiency and power factor increase with load rather than falling or staying flat.
■
Measured full-load efficiency and power factor are within roughly 5 percentage points of nameplate values, or the gap is
explained.
■
No-load and locked-rotor test results are used explicitly to derive the equivalent-circuit parameters, not just reported as
raw numbers.
■
All four raw readings (voltage, current, power, speed) are recorded at every load step, not just the calculated results.
Visual reference — expected outputs (including intermediate steps):

Induction motor test rig wiring diagram.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 38

 Torque–speed characteristic curve.

Efficiency and power factor vs. load.

Derived equivalent-circuit parameters.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 39

 Current vs. speed (slip) curve.

Starting method comparison.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 40

 Loss breakdown at rated load.

Efficiency vs. slip.

Project 3 · Design & Coordination of a Power System Protection Scheme

B.3.1 Step-by-Step Guide

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 41

●
Step 1. Define the network section to be protected: source, buses, feeders, and their impedances, plus the maximum
and minimum fault currents expected at each point.
●
Step 2. Divide the network into protection zones, assigning a primary relay to each zone and identifying its backup relay.
●
Step 3. Select relay types (overcurrent, differential, or distance as appropriate) for each protected element.
●
Step 4. Calculate relay pickup settings for each relay based on maximum load current and minimum fault current at its
zone.
●
Step 5. Select time-dial settings so that each backup relay coordinates with (waits for) its primary relay, with an adequate
time margin (commonly ≥0.3 s).
●
Step 6. Plot the time-current coordination curves for at least one primary/backup relay pair and verify the margin holds
across the expected fault-current range.
●
Step 7. Calculate fault current as a function of distance along the protected feeder and confirm your relay settings
remain effective (sensitive enough) at the far end.
●
Step 8. Document the complete protection philosophy: what each relay protects, its settings, and its backup relationship.
Common mistakes to avoid:
■
Setting the primary relay's pickup too close to maximum load current, causing nuisance trips during normal load swings.
■
Forgetting that the coordination margin must hold across the whole fault-current range, not just at one test point.
■
Confusing minimum fault current (used for sensitivity/pickup) with maximum fault current (used for equipment/relay
rating).
■
Assigning overlapping primary zones to two relays, which causes both to trip for the same fault instead of a clean
primary/backup relationship.
Helpful tip: Draw the coordination curves for every adjacent relay pair on the same log-log plot before finalizing settings —
problems that are easy to miss reading a settings table jump out immediately once the curves are stacked visually.

B.3.2 Verification
What the output should look like:
A correctly completed project shows protection zones that cover every network element exactly once at the primary level
with a defined backup for each, time-current coordination curves in which every backup relay sits above its primary with
adequate margin across the full fault-current range, and relay pickup settings that are sensitive enough to detect the
minimum expected fault current while staying above maximum normal load current.
Conditions — all of the following must hold for a fully correct result:
■
Every element of the protected network falls inside exactly one primary protection zone, with a defined backup relay.
■
Coordination time margin between every adjacent primary/backup relay pair is at least the design target (commonly 0.3
s) across the full fault-current range shown on the TCC plot.
■
Every relay's pickup setting is below the minimum fault current in its zone and above the maximum normal load current.
■
Fault current vs. distance is calculated explicitly and used to justify relay sensitivity at the far end of the feeder, not just at
the near end.
■
The complete protection philosophy document ties every relay setting back to a stated calculation, not an assumed
default.
Visual reference — expected outputs (including intermediate steps):

Protection zone and relay coordination layout.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 42

 Time–current coordination curves for a primary/backup relay pair.

Fault current vs. distance along the feeder.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 43

 Fault current phasor diagram.

Relay pickup settings vs. load/fault bounds.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 44

 CT ratio and burden selection chart.

Differential protection operating characteristic.

Complete protection philosophy summary.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 45

 Project 4 · Design & Performance Evaluation of a Solar PV Power System

B.4.1 Step-by-Step Guide

●
Step 1. Define the design brief: daily energy demand (grid-tied offset target, or off-grid load profile) and the site's
average daily solar irradiance.
●
Step 2. Select the PV module and calculate the array size (series/parallel configuration) needed to meet the design
target.
●
Step 3. Select the power-conversion chain: charge controller/MPPT for off-grid designs, or a grid-tied inverter for
grid-connected designs.
●
Step 4. If pursuing an off-grid design, size the battery bank for the required autonomy (days without adequate sun).
●
Step 5. Plot the I-V and P-V characteristic curves of your chosen module and identify the maximum power point (MPP)
at standard test conditions.
●
Step 6. Model or measure system performance across a representative day, logging generated power against time.
●
Step 7. Calculate total daily energy generated and compare it against the original design target.
●
Step 8. Discuss at least one loss mechanism (temperature derating, wiring losses, inverter efficiency, or MPPT tracking
error) and quantify its impact.
Common mistakes to avoid:
■
Sizing the array using the module's peak (STC) rating without derating for real operating temperature, which overstates
expected output.
■
Neglecting inverter/charge-controller efficiency when converting DC array output to usable AC or battery-stored energy.
■
For off-grid designs, sizing the battery for average daily use without checking a multi-day low-sun scenario.
■
Reporting system efficiency without stating which stage (module, MPPT, or inverter) each loss belongs to.
Helpful tip: Build the I-V/P-V characterization (Fig. 2) before attempting the full daily-generation profile — if your maximum
power point doesn't land in a sensible spot for the module's datasheet ratings, fix that first rather than debugging the
full-day model on top of a shaky component model.

B.4.2 Verification
What the output should look like:
A correctly completed project shows I-V and P-V curves whose maximum power point matches the module datasheet's
rated power within a small margin, a daily generation profile that traces a smooth bell shape peaking near solar noon, and a
calculated daily energy output that is within a reasonable margin of the original design target once realistic derating and
conversion losses are included.
Conditions — all of the following must hold for a fully correct result:
■
The I-V/P-V maximum power point falls within roughly 5% of the module's datasheet-rated power at standard test
conditions.
■
The daily generation profile is a smooth, single-peaked curve centered near solar noon, not a jagged or multi-peaked
trace.
■
Calculated daily energy output is within roughly ±15–20% of the design target once temperature derating and conversion
losses are applied.
■
At least one specific loss mechanism is quantified (not just mentioned) and attributed to a specific stage of the system.
■
For off-grid variants, the battery sizing is checked against a stated multi-day low-sun scenario, not just an average day.
Visual reference — expected outputs (including intermediate steps):

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 46

 Solar PV system schematic.

I–V and P–V characteristic curves of the PV module.

Daily energy generation profile.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 47

 Temperature derating effect on module output.

Partial shading effect on I–V curve.

Battery state-of-charge profile (off-grid variant).

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 48

 System efficiency loss breakdown.

Simple payback / economic analysis.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 49

 1.2.4 Elective Catalogue

Specialty Elective Catalogue

Multiple elective slots occur across Levels 3–4, all drawn from this same catalogue. Pick whichever best fits your
intended specialization or graduation-project direction; study each chosen elective with the same phase discipline as
the compulsory courses above.

●
Electric Drives [EPM425] — prerequisite: EPM424: Fundamentals of electric drive systems: DC motor drives,
induction motor variable-frequency drives, drive selection criteria, and dynamic performance of motor-drive-load
systems.
●
Special Electrical Machines [EPM426] — prerequisite: EPM424: Construction, operating principles and
applications of special electrical machines: stepper motors, brushless DC motors, switched reluctance motors, and
linear motors.
●
Advanced Electrical Machine Theory [EPM427] — prerequisite: EPM424: Advanced topics in electrical machine
theory: generalized machine theory, dq-axis transformation, and dynamic modeling of AC machines for use in
advanced drive and control system design.
●
Electric Vehicles [EPM471] — prerequisite: EPM425: Electric vehicle powertrain architectures (BEV, HEV,
PHEV), traction motor and battery technology fundamentals, charging infrastructure basics, and the electrical
engineering considerations specific to vehicle electrification.
●
Electrical Energy Utilization [EPM472] — prerequisite: EPM437: Efficient utilization of electrical energy in
industrial, commercial and residential applications: electric heating, illumination engineering fundamentals, and
electric traction system basics.
●
Energy Economics [EPM473] — prerequisite: EPM437: Economic principles applied to energy projects: cost of
generation, tariff structures, economic dispatch, and investment appraisal methods applied specifically to
power-sector projects.
●
Power Network Security & Safety [EPM474] — prerequisite: EPM436: Cybersecurity considerations for power
network SCADA/control systems, physical and cyber threat vectors for critical infrastructure, and an introduction to
safety practices for personnel working on electrical power networks.
●
Smart Grids [EPM475] — prerequisite: EPM436: Smart grid architecture and components, advanced metering
infrastructure, demand response, distributed energy resource integration, and communication technologies used in
modern smart-grid systems.
●
Power System Operation & Management [EPM476] — prerequisite: EPM436: Operational planning and
management of power systems: unit commitment, economic dispatch in operation, reliability considerations, and
an introduction to energy management systems used by grid operators.
●
Advanced Control in Power Systems [EPM477] — prerequisite: EPM436: Advanced control strategies applied
to power systems: automatic generation control, FACTS device fundamentals, and an introduction to wide-area
monitoring and control concepts.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 50

 Sub-branch: Electronics & Electrical Communications
Engineering (ECE)
Levels 3–4 · continues directly from the Shared Foundation above
1.3 Sub-branch: Electronics & Electrical Communications Engineering (ECE)

This track continues straight on from the Shared Foundation (Level 0–2) covered earlier in this guide — it is not
repeated here. What follows is specific to Electronics & Electrical Communications Engineering (ECE): Level 3
and Level 4 Resources, then their Study Plan, then the specialty elective catalogue.
1.3.1 Resources

Resources
References cited across this sub-branch's Level 3 and Level 4 courses.

Level 3
Analog Communication Systems [ECE331]
●
Simon Haykin and Michael Moher, Communication Systems, 5th Edition, Wiley.
●
B.P. Lathi and Zhi Ding, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 4th Edition, Oxford University Press.
Electronic Measurements & Testing (1) [ECE314]
●
David A. Bell, Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press.
●
Albert D. Helfrick and William D. Cooper, Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques, Pearson.
Electronic Circuits (3) [ECE315]
●
Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 8th Edition, Oxford University Press.
●
Donald A. Neamen, Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Electromagnetic Waves [ECE341]
●
Matthew N.O. Sadiku, Elements of Electromagnetics, 7th Edition, Oxford University Press.
●
David K. Cheng, Field and Wave Electromagnetics, 2nd Edition, Pearson.
●
William H. Hayt and John A. Buck, Engineering Electromagnetics, 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Laws & Legislations [BUSX31]
●
J. Ellis Bell, Legal Aspects of Engineering, Kendall Hunt.
●
Standard department coursepack on engineering law.
Digital Communication Systems (1) [ECE332]
●
Simon Haykin, Digital Communications, Wiley.
●
John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi, Digital Communications, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Electronic Instruments [ECE316]
●
David A. Bell, Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press.
●
Albert D. Helfrick and William D. Cooper, Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques, Pearson.
Digital Signal Processing [ECE322]
●
Alan V. Oppenheim and Ronald W. Schafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 3rd Edition, Pearson.
●
John G. Proakis and Dimitris K. Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing, 4th Edition, Pearson.
Feasibility Studies [BUS361]
●
Prasanna Chandra, Projects: Planning, Analysis, Selection, Financing, Implementation and Review, McGraw-Hill.
●
Standard department coursepack on feasibility studies.

Level 4
Antennas [ECE442]
●
Constantine A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 4th Edition, Wiley.
●
John D. Kraus and Ronald J. Marhefka, Antennas for All Applications, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Integrated Circuits [ECE418]
●
Behzad Razavi, Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill.
●
Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, 8th Edition, Oxford University Press.
Digital Communication Systems (2) [ECE434]

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 51

●
John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi, Digital Communications, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
●
Theodore S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition, Pearson.
Testing & Measurements (2) [ECE436]
●
David A. Bell, Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press.
●
Albert D. Helfrick and William D. Cooper, Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques, Pearson.
Communication Networks [ECE437]
●
James F. Kurose and Keith W. Ross, Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach, 8th Edition, Pearson.
●
William Stallings, Data and Computer Communications, 10th Edition, Pearson.
Microwave Electronics Engineering [ECE419]
●
David M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 4th Edition, Wiley.
●
Robert E. Collin, Foundations for Microwave Engineering, 2nd Edition, Wiley-IEEE Press.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 52

 1.3.2 Study Plan

Study Plan
Complete every phase in a level, in order, before moving to the next level.

Level 3
– Level 3

Phase 1 · Analog Communication Systems

ECE331 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: ECE221

Amplitude modulation (AM, DSB, SSB) and demodulation techniques, angle modulation (FM/PM) and demodulation,
noise performance of analog communication systems, and an introduction to superheterodyne receiver architecture.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Amplitude modulation (AM. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Simon Haykin and Michael Moher first,
cross-checking anything shaky against B.P. Lathi and Zhi Ding. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. SSB) and demodulation techniques, angle modulation (FM/PM) and demodulation, noise performance of
analog communication systems, and an introduction to superheterodyne receiver architecture. Work the
corresponding chapter(s) in Simon Haykin and Michael Moher first, cross-checking anything shaky against B.P.
Lathi and Zhi Ding. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing
difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Amplitude modulation (AM, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 2 · Electronic Circuits (3)

ECE315 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: ECE213

Frequency response of multistage amplifiers, feedback amplifier topologies and stability, oscillator circuits (RC and
LC types), and an introduction to power amplifier classes (A, B, AB, C).
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Frequency response of multistage amplifiers, feedback amplifier topologies and stability, oscillator circuits
(RC and LC types), and an introduction to power amplifier classes (A. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Adel
S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith first, cross-checking anything shaky against Donald A. Neamen. Work every
solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Frequency response of multistage amplifiers, feedback amplifier topologies and stability,
oscillator circuits (RC and LC types), and an introduction to power amplifier classes (A, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 3 · Electronic Measurements & Testing (1)

ECE314 2 credit hrs total Prerequisite: ECE213

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 53

 Electronic test and measurement instruments: signal generators, spectrum analyzers, network analyzers, and
measurement techniques for characterizing amplifiers and electronic circuits, with an emphasis on measurement
accuracy.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Electronic test and measurement instruments: signal generators, spectrum analyzers, network analyzers,
and measurement techniques for characterizing amplifiers and electronic circuits, with an emphasis on
measurement accuracy. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in David A. Bell first, cross-checking anything shaky
against Albert D. Helfrick and William D. Cooper. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
If a concept doesn't click from the primary reference, try the secondary one — it often explains the same idea with
a different intuition or a clearer worked example.
■
Work problems by hand before reaching for a calculator or software shortcut — the goal here is intuition, not just a
numeric answer.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Electronic test and measurement instruments: signal generators, spectrum analyzers, network
analyzers, and measurement techniques for characterizing amplifiers and electronic circuits, with an emphasis on
measurement accuracy, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 4 · Electromagnetic Waves

ECE341 4 credit hrs total Prerequisite: EPM214

Maxwell's equations in differential and integral form, plane wave propagation in lossless and lossy media, reflection
and transmission at boundaries, transmission line theory and the Smith chart, and an introduction to waveguides.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Maxwell's equations in differential and integral form, plane wave propagation in lossless and lossy media,
reflection and transmission at boundaries, transmission line theory and the Smith chart, and an introduction to
waveguides. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Matthew N.O. Sadiku first, cross-checking anything shaky
against David K. Cheng. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing
difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Maxwell's equations in differential and integral form, plane wave propagation in lossless and
lossy media, reflection and transmission at boundaries, transmission line theory and the Smith chart, and an
introduction to waveguides, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 5 · Digital Communication Systems (1)

ECE332 4 credit hrs total Prerequisite: ECE331

Sampling and quantization, pulse code modulation (PCM), baseband digital transmission and line coding, digital
bandpass modulation techniques (ASK, FSK, PSK), and an introduction to error probability in digital communication.
How to move through this phase

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 54

 ●
Step 1. Sampling and quantization, pulse code modulation (PCM), baseband digital transmission and line coding,
digital bandpass modulation techniques (ASK. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Simon Haykin first,
cross-checking anything shaky against John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi. Work every solved example before
attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. PSK), and an introduction to error probability in digital communication. Work the corresponding chapter(s)
in Simon Haykin first, cross-checking anything shaky against John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi. Work every
solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Sampling and quantization, pulse code modulation (PCM), baseband digital transmission and
line coding, digital bandpass modulation techniques (ASK, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 6 · Electronic Instruments

ECE316 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: ECE213

Operating principles and applications of key electronic instruments used in communication and electronics
laboratories: signal sources, analyzers, and automated test/measurement setups, including calibration
considerations.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Operating principles and applications of key electronic instruments used in communication and electronics
laboratories: signal sources, analyzers, and automated test/measurement setups, including calibration
considerations. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in David A. Bell first, cross-checking anything shaky against
Albert D. Helfrick and William D. Cooper. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter
problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Work problems by hand before reaching for a calculator or software shortcut — the goal here is intuition, not just a
numeric answer.
■
If a concept doesn't click from the primary reference, try the secondary one — it often explains the same idea with
a different intuition or a clearer worked example.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Operating principles and applications of key electronic instruments used in communication and
electronics laboratories: signal sources, analyzers, and automated test/measurement setups, including calibration
considerations, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 7 · Digital Signal Processing

ECE322 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: ECE221

Discrete-time signals and systems, the Z-transform and its application to system analysis, the discrete Fourier
transform (DFT) and fast Fourier transform (FFT), and an introduction to digital filter design (FIR and IIR).
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Discrete-time signals and systems, the Z-transform and its application to system analysis, the discrete
Fourier transform (DFT) and fast Fourier transform (FFT), and an introduction to digital filter design (FIR and IIR).
Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Alan V. Oppenheim and Ronald W. Schafer first, cross-checking anything
shaky against John G. Proakis and Dimitris K. Manolakis. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 55

 ■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Discrete-time signals and systems, the Z-transform and its application to system analysis, the
discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and fast Fourier transform (FFT), and an introduction to digital filter design (FIR
and IIR), without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 8 · Professional, Legal & Economic Practice

BUSX31 + BUS361 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: none

This phase groups courses that build on each other directly — study them as one connected unit.
Laws & Legislations [BUSX31]
Engineering law and legislation: contracts, liability, intellectual property basics, labor law fundamentals relevant to
engineering practice, and an overview of professional licensing and regulation.
Feasibility Studies [BUS361]
Principles of feasibility studies: market study, technical study, financial study and evaluation criteria (NPV, IRR,
payback period) for engineering projects, culminating in a practical feasibility study exercise.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. [BUSX31] Engineering law and legislation: contracts, liability, intellectual property basics, labor law
fundamentals relevant to engineering practice, and an overview of professional licensing and regulation. Work the
corresponding chapter(s) in J. Ellis Bell first, cross-checking anything shaky against Standard department
coursepack on engineering law.. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of
increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. [BUS361] Principles of feasibility studies: market study, technical study, financial study and evaluation
criteria (NPV. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Prasanna Chandra first, cross-checking anything shaky
against Standard department coursepack on feasibility studies.. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 3. [BUS361] IRR, payback period) for engineering projects, culminating in a practical feasibility study
exercise. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Prasanna Chandra first, cross-checking anything shaky against
Standard department coursepack on feasibility studies.. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
■
Build one shared example (a single machine, engine, or system) and carry it across both courses in this phase —
applying each course's tools to the same running example cements how they connect.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
[BUSX31] Explain and apply: Engineering law and legislation: contracts, liability, intellectual property basics, labor
law fundamentals relevant to engineering practice, and an overview of professional licensing and regulation,
without referring to notes.
■
[BUS361] Explain and apply: Principles of feasibility studies: market study, technical study, financial study and
evaluation criteria (NPV, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 56

 Level 4
– Level 4

Phase 1 · Antennas & Microwave Electronics Engineering

ECE442 + ECE419 6 credit hrs total Prerequisite: ECE341; ECE341

This phase groups courses that build on each other directly — study them as one connected unit.
Antennas [ECE442]
Antenna fundamentals: radiation patterns, gain and directivity, common antenna types (dipole, loop, array antennas),
and an introduction to antenna design and impedance matching for communication systems.
Microwave Electronics Engineering [ECE419]
Microwave circuit theory using S-parameters, microwave transmission structures (microstrip, waveguide), microwave
passive components (couplers, filters), and an introduction to microwave active devices and amplifiers.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. [ECE442] Antenna fundamentals: radiation patterns, gain and directivity, common antenna types (dipole,
loop, array antennas), and an introduction to antenna design and impedance matching for communication
systems. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Constantine A. Balanis first, cross-checking anything shaky against
John D. Kraus and Ronald J. Marhefka. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter
problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. [ECE419] Microwave circuit theory using S-parameters, microwave transmission structures (microstrip,
waveguide), microwave passive components (couplers, filters), and an introduction to microwave active devices
and amplifiers. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in David M. Pozar first, cross-checking anything shaky against
Robert E. Collin. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing
difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
■
Build one shared example (a single machine, engine, or system) and carry it across both courses in this phase —
applying each course's tools to the same running example cements how they connect.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
[ECE442] Explain and apply: Antenna fundamentals: radiation patterns, gain and directivity, common antenna
types (dipole, loop, array antennas), and an introduction to antenna design and impedance matching for
communication systems, without referring to notes.
■
[ECE419] Explain and apply: Microwave circuit theory using S-parameters, microwave transmission structures
(microstrip, waveguide), microwave passive components (couplers, filters), and an introduction to microwave
active devices and amplifiers, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 2 · Integrated Circuits

ECE418 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: ECE315

Integrated circuit fabrication process overview, analog IC building blocks (current mirrors, differential pairs),
operational amplifier internal design, and an introduction to digital IC design considerations.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Integrated circuit fabrication process overview, analog IC building blocks (current mirrors, differential
pairs), operational amplifier internal design, and an introduction to digital IC design considerations. Work the
corresponding chapter(s) in Behzad Razavi first, cross-checking anything shaky against Adel S. Sedra and
Kenneth C. Smith. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing
difficulty.
Tips & tricks

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 57

 ■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Integrated circuit fabrication process overview, analog IC building blocks (current mirrors,
differential pairs), operational amplifier internal design, and an introduction to digital IC design considerations,
without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 3 · Digital Communication Systems (2)

ECE434 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: ECE332

Advanced digital communication techniques: multiplexing (TDM, FDM, CDMA basics), spread-spectrum
communication fundamentals, channel coding for error control, and an introduction to modern wireless
communication standards.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Advanced digital communication techniques: multiplexing (TDM. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in
John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi first, cross-checking anything shaky against Theodore S. Rappaport. Work
every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. CDMA basics), spread-spectrum communication fundamentals, channel coding for error control, and an
introduction to modern wireless communication standards. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in John G. Proakis
and Masoud Salehi first, cross-checking anything shaky against Theodore S. Rappaport. Work every solved
example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
If a concept doesn't click from the primary reference, try the secondary one — it often explains the same idea with
a different intuition or a clearer worked example.
■
Work problems by hand before reaching for a calculator or software shortcut — the goal here is intuition, not just a
numeric answer.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Advanced digital communication techniques: multiplexing (TDM, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 4 · Testing & Measurements (2)

ECE436 2 credit hrs total Prerequisite: ECE332

Advanced measurement and testing of communication systems and circuits: bit-error-rate testing, spectrum and
network analyzer-based characterization, and automated test-bench design for communication equipment.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Advanced measurement and testing of communication systems and circuits: bit-error-rate testing,
spectrum and network analyzer-based characterization, and automated test-bench design for communication
equipment. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in David A. Bell first, cross-checking anything shaky against Albert
D. Helfrick and William D. Cooper. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of
increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.
Phase gate — move on once you can

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 58

 ■
Explain and apply: Advanced measurement and testing of communication systems and circuits: bit-error-rate
testing, spectrum and network analyzer-based characterization, and automated test-bench design for
communication equipment, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 5 · Communication Networks

ECE437 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: ECE442

Communication network architectures and protocol layering (OSI model), circuit- and packet-switched networks, an
introduction to the physical and data-link layers, and network performance metrics (throughput, delay, loss).
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Communication network architectures and protocol layering (OSI model), circuit- and packet-switched
networks, an introduction to the physical and data-link layers, and network performance metrics (throughput,
delay, loss). Work the corresponding chapter(s) in James F. Kurose and Keith W. Ross first, cross-checking
anything shaky against William Stallings. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter
problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Communication network architectures and protocol layering (OSI model), circuit- and
packet-switched networks, an introduction to the physical and data-link layers, and network performance metrics
(throughput, delay, loss), without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 59

 1.3.3 Graduation Project

Graduation Project

This chapter is the applied capstone for Electronics & Electrical Communications Engineering (ECE): a set of
projects sized and chosen so that, taken together, they exercise both the theoretical and the practical core of the
sub-branch. It has two parts — a list of project names, then a full solving guide for each.

A. Project Names
4 projects, together covering the sub-branch's theoretical and practical scope end to end:

Project 1 Design & Simulation of a Digital Communication Link

Digital Communication Systems (1)&(2), and Signal Analysis — the core communication-theory half of the
sub-branch.

Project 2 Design & Characterization of a Multistage Amplifier Circuit

Electronic Circuits (1)-(3), and Integrated Circuits — the analog-electronics design half of the sub-branch.

Project 3 Design, Simulation & Characterization of an Antenna

Electromagnetic Waves, and Antennas / Microwave Electronics Engineering — the electromagnetics half of the
sub-branch.

Project 4 Design & Implementation of a Digital Signal Processing Filter

Digital Signal Processing, and Signal Analysis — the applied DSP half of the sub-branch.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 60

 B. Project Solving
Each project below has a step-by-step build guide, then a verification section (a written description with pass/fail
conditions, plus visual references for every major and intermediate output).

Project 1 · Design & Simulation of a Digital Communication Link

B.1.1 Step-by-Step Guide

●
Step 1. Define the link budget: data rate, target bit-error-rate (BER), and the assumed channel (additive white Gaussian
noise, or a more realistic fading channel if pursuing an advanced variant).
●
Step 2. Choose a digital modulation scheme (e.g. BPSK, QPSK, or higher-order QAM) appropriate to your data-rate and
noise-tolerance requirements.
●
Step 3. Build the transmitter chain: source bits, mapping to symbols, pulse shaping, and up-conversion (in simulation or,
if available, hardware/SDR).
●
Step 4. Model the channel: add noise at a controlled signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
●
Step 5. Build the receiver chain: down-conversion, matched filtering, symbol detection, and bit recovery.
●
Step 6. Plot the received constellation diagram at a chosen SNR and visually assess symbol clustering.
●
Step 7. Sweep SNR over a reasonable range and record the resulting BER at each point.
●
Step 8. Compare your simulated BER-vs-SNR curve against the theoretical curve for your chosen modulation and
explain any gap.
Common mistakes to avoid:
■
Comparing simulated and theoretical BER curves without confirming both use the same SNR definition (Eb/N0 vs. Es/N0
are not interchangeable).
■
Running too few bits at high SNR, where errors are rare — the BER estimate becomes statistically unreliable without
enough trials.
■
Forgetting matched filtering at the receiver, which silently degrades noise performance below what the modulation
scheme is capable of.
■
Mislabeling the constellation diagram's axes or scale, making it impossible to judge symbol spacing correctly.
Helpful tip: Before sweeping SNR for the full BER curve, run one fixed, very high SNR case first and confirm you get (close
to) zero errors — this proves your transmitter/receiver chain is fundamentally correct before you spend time on the full
statistical sweep.

B.1.2 Verification
What the output should look like:
A correctly completed project shows a received constellation diagram with symbol clusters that tighten visibly as SNR
increases, a BER-vs-SNR curve that falls steeply (roughly exponentially for common modulations) as SNR improves, and a
simulated curve that tracks the theoretical curve for the chosen modulation within a small, explainable gap.
Conditions — all of the following must hold for a fully correct result:
■
The constellation diagram at high SNR shows tight, clearly separated clusters around each ideal symbol location.
■
The BER-vs-SNR curve is monotonically decreasing, with no SNR range where BER unexpectedly increases.
■
The simulated BER curve tracks the theoretical curve for the chosen modulation within about a 1–2 dB gap, or the gap is
explained by a stated implementation loss.
■
Enough bits are simulated at each SNR point that at least ~100 errors are recorded (for statistically meaningful BER
estimates), or the limitation is explicitly noted.
■
Every stage of the transmit/receive chain is clearly identified in the report, matching the block diagram.
Visual reference — expected outputs (including intermediate steps):

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 61

 Transmitter–channel–receiver block diagram.

Received constellation diagram.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 62

 Bit-error-rate vs. SNR performance curve.

Eye diagram.

Power spectral density of the modulated signal.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 63

 Link budget breakdown.

Channel impulse response (multipath profile).

Coding gain: coded vs. uncoded BER.

Project 2 · Design & Characterization of a Multistage Amplifier Circuit

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 64

 B.2.1 Step-by-Step Guide
●
Step 1. Define the amplifier specification: required gain, bandwidth, input/output impedance, and maximum acceptable
distortion.
●
Step 2. Choose a topology (discrete transistor stages, or an op-amp-based design) capable of meeting the specification.
●
Step 3. Design the DC biasing for each stage and verify the operating point sits well within the linear region.
●
Step 4. Design the AC (small-signal) portion: calculate expected gain per stage and overall gain from the small-signal
model.
●
Step 5. Simulate or build the circuit and measure the actual closed-loop gain at mid-band frequency.
●
Step 6. Sweep input frequency and record output amplitude to build the frequency response, identifying the −3 dB
bandwidth.
●
Step 7. Sweep input amplitude at a fixed mid-band frequency and measure total harmonic distortion (THD) to find the
usable linear input range.
●
Step 8. Compare measured gain, bandwidth and THD against your original design targets and explain any gaps.
Common mistakes to avoid:
■
Biasing a stage too close to a supply rail, silently limiting the maximum undistorted output swing.
■
Measuring bandwidth by eye from a scope trace instead of a proper swept frequency-response measurement, which is
imprecise near the −3 dB point.
■
Confusing open-loop gain (of an op-amp) with the closed-loop gain your feedback network actually sets.
■
Reporting THD without stating the input amplitude and frequency it was measured at, making the number impossible to
compare against a spec.
Helpful tip: Verify your DC operating point with a multimeter (or its simulated equivalent) before applying any AC signal —
chasing an AC performance problem is nearly impossible if the bias point is wrong to begin with.

B.2.2 Verification
What the output should look like:
A correctly completed project shows a measured mid-band gain close to the small-signal hand-calculation, a frequency
response that is flat across the passband before rolling off at a clearly identifiable −3 dB point, and a
THD-vs-input-amplitude curve that stays low until the amplifier approaches clipping, at which point it rises sharply.
Conditions — all of the following must hold for a fully correct result:
■
Measured mid-band gain is within roughly 10% of the hand-calculated small-signal gain, or the gap is explained.
■
The frequency response is flat (within a few dB) across the intended passband before rolling off.
■
The −3 dB bandwidth point is explicitly identified from the frequency-response data, not estimated by eye.
■
THD stays below the design's acceptable limit across the full intended input range, with a clear rise only near clipping.
■
The DC operating point of every stage is verified and reported before any AC measurement is presented.
Visual reference — expected outputs (including intermediate steps):

Amplifier circuit schematic.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 65

 Frequency response (Bode magnitude plot).

Total harmonic distortion vs. input signal level.

Frequency response (Bode phase plot).

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 66

 Input/output impedance vs. frequency.

Noise figure vs. frequency.

Power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) vs. frequency.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 67

 Large-signal step response (slew rate check).

Project 3 · Design, Simulation & Characterization of an Antenna

B.3.1 Step-by-Step Guide

●
Step 1. Define the design frequency and application (e.g. Wi-Fi, a specific ISM band, or a course-assigned frequency).
●
Step 2. Choose an antenna type appropriate to the application (dipole, monopole, patch, or another type) and calculate
its initial physical dimensions from theory.
●
Step 3. Model the antenna in simulation software (or build a physical prototype if equipment is available).
●
Step 4. Simulate or measure the return loss (S11) across a frequency range centered on your design frequency.
●
Step 5. Adjust physical dimensions iteratively until the S11 dip lands at your design frequency with adequate depth
(typically below −10 dB).
●
Step 6. Simulate or measure the radiation pattern and identify the antenna's gain and beamwidth in the principal planes.
●
Step 7. Calculate the antenna's bandwidth (the frequency range over which S11 stays below −10 dB).
●
Step 8. Summarize final dimensions, S11 at design frequency, bandwidth, and peak gain in a single design summary
table.
Common mistakes to avoid:
■
Using free-space wavelength for a physical dimension calculation when a dielectric substrate (e.g. for a patch antenna)
requires the effective wavelength instead.
■
Simulating with an unrealistically small ground plane or feed structure, producing a radiation pattern that won't match a
real build.
■
Tuning dimensions to fix S11 at one single frequency point rather than checking the whole intended operating band.
■
Reporting gain without specifying whether it's realized gain (including mismatch loss) or the antenna's intrinsic directivity.
Helpful tip: Change only one physical dimension at a time during the S11-tuning iteration (Step 5) — changing several
simultaneously makes it very hard to tell which dimension is actually moving the resonance frequency.

B.3.2 Verification
What the output should look like:
A correctly completed project shows an S11 curve with a clear, sufficiently deep dip (below −10 dB) landing at the intended
design frequency, a radiation pattern with the expected general shape for the chosen antenna type (e.g. a figure-eight for a
simple dipole), and a final design summary in which every reported number (dimensions, S11, bandwidth, gain) is internally
consistent.
Conditions — all of the following must hold for a fully correct result:

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 68

■
The S11 dip reaches below −10 dB at the design frequency (or the closest achieved frequency is clearly reported and
explained).
■
The radiation pattern shape matches what theory predicts for the chosen antenna type.
■
Bandwidth is explicitly calculated as the frequency range where S11 stays below −10 dB, not estimated by eye.
■
Final physical dimensions are stated precisely enough that the antenna could be rebuilt from the report alone.
■
Gain is reported with a clear statement of whether mismatch loss is included.
Visual reference — expected outputs (including intermediate steps):

Antenna geometry (design example).

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 69

 Radiation pattern (E-plane).

Return loss (S11) vs. frequency.

VSWR vs. frequency.

Gain vs. frequency.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 70

 Radiation pattern (H-plane).

Current distribution along the antenna.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 71

 Radiation efficiency vs. frequency.

Project 4 · Design & Implementation of a Digital Signal Processing Filter

B.4.1 Step-by-Step Guide

●
Step 1. Define the filtering task: what needs to be removed or preserved (e.g. remove a specific noise frequency, isolate
a signal band), and the sampling rate available.
●
Step 2. Choose a filter type (FIR or IIR) and a design method (windowing, Parks-McClellan, or a standard IIR design
such as Butterworth/Chebyshev).
●
Step 3. Specify the filter requirements precisely: passband edge, stopband edge, passband ripple and stopband
attenuation.
●
Step 4. Design the filter coefficients using your chosen method (by hand for a simple case, or with standard DSP design
tools).
●
Step 5. Verify the filter's frequency response (magnitude, and phase if relevant to your application) meets the
specification.
●
Step 6. Apply the filter to a representative test signal containing both the content you want to keep and the content you
want to remove.
●
Step 7. Compare the input and filtered output signals in the time domain to confirm the unwanted content is visibly
suppressed.
●
Step 8. If implementing on real hardware/software, verify computational requirements (filter order, processing latency)
are compatible with your target platform.
Common mistakes to avoid:
■
Specifying a stopband attenuation target without checking the resulting filter order is practically implementable on the
target platform.
■
Forgetting that IIR filters can be unstable if coefficients are not implemented carefully — always verify pole locations stay
inside the unit circle.
■
Testing the filter only on a clean synthetic signal and never on a signal with a realistic combination of wanted and
unwanted content.
■
Reporting the frequency response on a linear amplitude scale where a very deep stopband attenuation is impossible to
read accurately — use dB.
Helpful tip: Test your filter first on a signal built from exactly two frequencies — one clearly inside the passband, one
clearly inside the stopband — before testing on a more realistic composite signal. This makes it immediately obvious
whether the filter is behaving correctly.

B.4.2 Verification
What the output should look like:

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 72

 A correctly completed project shows a frequency response with a flat passband, a stopband that meets the specified
attenuation, and a transition band no wider than specified, together with a before/after time-domain comparison in which the
unwanted frequency content is visibly and substantially reduced in the filtered output.
Conditions — all of the following must hold for a fully correct result:
■
Passband ripple and stopband attenuation both meet the stated design specification.
■
The transition band width is no wider than what was specified in the design requirements.
■
For IIR designs, all filter poles are confirmed to lie inside the unit circle (stability check performed and reported).
■
The time-domain before/after comparison uses a realistic composite test signal, not just a single clean tone.
■
Filter order and expected computational cost are stated and checked against the target implementation platform.
Visual reference — expected outputs (including intermediate steps):

DSP system block diagram.

Designed filter frequency response.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 73

 Input vs. filtered output signal (time domain).

Filter phase response.

Group delay vs. frequency.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 74

 Filter pole-zero plot.

Window function comparison (FIR design).

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 75

 Effect of coefficient quantization.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 76

 1.3.4 Elective Catalogue

Specialty Elective Catalogue

Multiple elective slots occur across Levels 3–4, all drawn from this same catalogue. Pick whichever best fits your
intended specialization or graduation-project direction; study each chosen elective with the same phase discipline as
the compulsory courses above.

●
Instrumentation Electronics [ECE351] — prerequisite: ECE111: Sensors and transducers used in
instrumentation, signal conditioning circuits, analog-to-digital conversion fundamentals, and the design of a
complete instrumentation chain from sensor to digital readout.
●
Integrated Circuit Technology [ECE352] — prerequisite: ECE315: CMOS fabrication process flow, layout design
rules, an introduction to VLSI design methodology, and the relationship between fabrication technology and
achievable circuit performance.
●
Satellite Communications [ECE333] — prerequisite: ECE332: Satellite communication system architecture,
orbital mechanics fundamentals for communication satellites, link budget analysis, and an overview of satellite
transponders and ground station equipment.
●
Optical Communication Systems [ECE435] — prerequisite: ECE332: Optical fiber fundamentals (modes,
dispersion, attenuation), optical transmitters and receivers, optical communication link design, and an introduction
to wavelength-division multiplexing.
●
Mobile Communications [ECE455] — prerequisite: ECE435: Cellular network fundamentals (frequency reuse,
handoff, cell design), mobile radio propagation, and an overview of modern mobile communication standards and
their key physical-layer techniques.
●
Selected Topics in Communication Systems [ECE456] — prerequisite: ECE435: Selected advanced topics in
modern communication systems, drawing on current developments in the field and connecting them back to the
fundamental communication theory covered earlier in the program.
●
Analog IC Design [ECE457] — prerequisite: ECE418: Design methodology for analog integrated circuits:
operational amplifier design, comparators, and analog building blocks, with emphasis on the trade-offs between
gain, bandwidth, noise and power consumption.
●
Information Theory [ECE438] — prerequisite: ECE434: Fundamentals of information theory: entropy and
information measures, source coding and data compression, channel capacity, and an introduction to
error-correcting codes.
●
Network Security [ECE439] — prerequisite: ECE434: Network security fundamentals for communication
systems: cryptographic principles, secure communication protocols, and common attack vectors and
countermeasures relevant to modern communication networks.
●
Selected Topics in Electronics [ECE458] — prerequisite: ECE418: Selected advanced topics in electronic circuit
design, drawing on current developments in the field and building directly on the integrated-circuit and
amplifier-design foundations covered earlier in the program.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 77

 Sub-branch: Computers & Automatic Control
Engineering (CCE)
Levels 3–4 · continues directly from the Shared Foundation above
1.4 Sub-branch: Computers & Automatic Control Engineering (CCE)

This track continues straight on from the Shared Foundation (Level 0–2) covered earlier in this guide — it is not
repeated here. What follows is specific to Computers & Automatic Control Engineering (CCE): Level 3 and Level
4 Resources, then their Study Plan, then the specialty elective catalogue.
1.4.1 Resources

Resources
References cited across this sub-branch's Level 3 and Level 4 courses.

Level 3
Automatic Control (2) [CCE313]
●
Katsuhiko Ogata, Modern Control Engineering, 5th Edition, Pearson.
●
Richard C. Dorf and Robert H. Bishop, Modern Control Systems, 13th Edition, Pearson.
Computer Architecture [CCE320]
●
David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy, Computer Organization and Design, 5th Edition, Morgan Kaufmann.
●
William Stallings, Computer Organization and Architecture, 10th Edition, Pearson.
Data Structures & Algorithm Design [CCE351]
●
Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, Clifford Stein, Introduction to Algorithms, 3rd Edition, MIT
Press.
●
Mark Allen Weiss, Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in C++, 4th Edition, Pearson.
Software Engineering [CCE324]
●
Ian Sommerville, Software Engineering, 10th Edition, Pearson.
●
Roger S. Pressman and Bruce R. Maxim, Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach, 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Laws & Legislations [BUSX31]
●
J. Ellis Bell, Legal Aspects of Engineering, Kendall Hunt.
●
Standard department coursepack on engineering law.
Microcomputers [CCE322]
●
Muhammad Ali Mazidi et al., The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, 2nd Edition, Pearson.
●
Douglas V. Hall, Microprocessors and Interfacing, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Database Management Systems [CCE354]
●
Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, 7th Edition, Pearson.
●
Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan, Database System Concepts, 7th Edition, McGraw-Hill.
Neural Networks [CCE340]
●
Simon Haykin, Neural Networks and Learning Machines, 3rd Edition, Pearson.
●
Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio, Aaron Courville, Deep Learning, MIT Press.
Operating Systems [CCE325]
●
Abraham Silberschatz, Peter B. Galvin, Greg Gagne, Operating System Concepts, 10th Edition, Wiley.
●
Andrew S. Tanenbaum and Herbert Bos, Modern Operating Systems, 4th Edition, Pearson.
Feasibility Studies [BUS361]
●
Prasanna Chandra, Projects: Planning, Analysis, Selection, Financing, Implementation and Review, McGraw-Hill.
●
Standard department coursepack on feasibility studies.

Level 4
Digital Control [CCE312]
●
Katsuhiko Ogata, Discrete-Time Control Systems, 2nd Edition, Pearson.
●
Gene F. Franklin, J. David Powell, Michael Workman, Digital Control of Dynamic Systems, 3rd Edition, Ellis-Kagle Press.
Computer Security & Data Encryption [CCE353]

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 78

●
William Stallings, Cryptography and Network Security, 7th Edition, Pearson.
●
Charlie Kaufman, Radia Perlman, Mike Speciner, Network Security: Private Communication in a Public World, 2nd Edition,
Prentice Hall.
Pattern Recognition & Image Processing [CCE361]
●
Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, 4th Edition, Pearson.
●
Richard O. Duda, Peter E. Hart, David G. Stork, Pattern Classification, 2nd Edition, Wiley.
Network Security [CCE420]
●
William Stallings, Network Security Essentials, 6th Edition, Pearson.
●
Michael E. Whitman and Herbert J. Mattord, Principles of Information Security, 6th Edition, Cengage.
Intelligent Control Systems [CCE412]
●
Katsuhiko Ogata, Modern Control Engineering, 5th Edition, Pearson.
●
Chi-Tsong Chen, Linear System Theory and Design, 4th Edition, Oxford University Press.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 79

 1.4.2 Study Plan

Study Plan
Complete every phase in a level, in order, before moving to the next level.

Level 3
– Level 3

Phase 1 · Automatic Control (2)

CCE313 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: CCE210

Frequency-domain analysis of control systems (Bode plots, Nyquist criterion), stability analysis and margins,
root-locus design methods, and an introduction to compensator (lead/lag) design.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Frequency-domain analysis of control systems (Bode plots. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in
Katsuhiko Ogata first, cross-checking anything shaky against Richard C. Dorf and Robert H. Bishop. Work every
solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. Nyquist criterion), stability analysis and margins, root-locus design methods, and an introduction to
compensator (lead/lag) design. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Katsuhiko Ogata first, cross-checking
anything shaky against Richard C. Dorf and Robert H. Bishop. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Frequency-domain analysis of control systems (Bode plots, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 2 · Computer Architecture

CCE320 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: CCE232

Computer organization fundamentals: instruction set architecture, the datapath and control unit, pipelining basics,
memory hierarchy (cache, virtual memory), and an introduction to input/output subsystems.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Computer organization fundamentals: instruction set architecture, the datapath and control unit, pipelining
basics, memory hierarchy (cache, virtual memory), and an introduction to input/output subsystems. Work the
corresponding chapter(s) in David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy first, cross-checking anything shaky against
William Stallings. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing
difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Computer organization fundamentals: instruction set architecture, the datapath and control unit,
pipelining basics, memory hierarchy (cache, virtual memory), and an introduction to input/output subsystems,
without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 3 · Data Structures, Algorithms & Software Engineering

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 80

 CCE351 + CCE324 6 credit hrs total Prerequisite: HUM031; CCE351

This phase groups courses that build on each other directly — study them as one connected unit.
Data Structures & Algorithm Design [CCE351]
Abstract data types and data structures (lists, stacks, queues, trees, graphs), algorithm design paradigms
(divide-and-conquer, greedy, dynamic programming), and algorithm complexity analysis (Big-O notation).
Software Engineering [CCE324]
Software development life cycle models, requirements analysis and specification, software design principles
(modularity, UML), software testing strategies, and an introduction to software project management.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. [CCE351] Abstract data types and data structures (lists, stacks, queues, trees, graphs), algorithm design
paradigms (divide-and-conquer, greedy, dynamic programming), and algorithm complexity analysis (Big-O
notation). Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Thomas H. Cormen first, cross-checking anything shaky against
Mark Allen Weiss. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing
difficulty.
●
Step 2. [CCE324] Software development life cycle models, requirements analysis and specification, software
design principles (modularity. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Ian Sommerville first, cross-checking anything
shaky against Roger S. Pressman and Bruce R. Maxim. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 3. [CCE324] UML), software testing strategies, and an introduction to software project management. Work
the corresponding chapter(s) in Ian Sommerville first, cross-checking anything shaky against Roger S. Pressman
and Bruce R. Maxim. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing
difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
If a concept doesn't click from the primary reference, try the secondary one — it often explains the same idea with
a different intuition or a clearer worked example.
■
Work problems by hand before reaching for a calculator or software shortcut — the goal here is intuition, not just a
numeric answer.
■
Build one shared example (a single machine, engine, or system) and carry it across both courses in this phase —
applying each course's tools to the same running example cements how they connect.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
[CCE351] Explain and apply: Abstract data types and data structures (lists, stacks, queues, trees, graphs),
algorithm design paradigms (divide-and-conquer, greedy, dynamic programming), and algorithm complexity
analysis (Big-O notation), without referring to notes.
■
[CCE324] Explain and apply: Software development life cycle models, requirements analysis and specification,
software design principles (modularity, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 4 · Microcomputers
CCE322 2 credit hrs total Prerequisite: CCE232

Microcomputer system architecture, bus structures, memory and peripheral interfacing at the system level, and
hands-on interfacing of a microcomputer/microcontroller to external sensors and actuators.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Microcomputer system architecture, bus structures, memory and peripheral interfacing at the system level,
and hands-on interfacing of a microcomputer/microcontroller to external sensors and actuators. Work the
corresponding chapter(s) in Muhammad Ali Mazidi et al. first, cross-checking anything shaky against Douglas V.
Hall. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 81

 Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Microcomputer system architecture, bus structures, memory and peripheral interfacing at the
system level, and hands-on interfacing of a microcomputer/microcontroller to external sensors and actuators,
without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 5 · Database Management Systems

CCE354 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: HUM031

Relational database concepts, entity-relationship modeling, relational algebra and SQL, normalization theory, and an
introduction to transaction management and database system architecture.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Relational database concepts, entity-relationship modeling, relational algebra and SQL, normalization
theory, and an introduction to transaction management and database system architecture. Work the corresponding
chapter(s) in Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe first, cross-checking anything shaky against Abraham
Silberschatz. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Relational database concepts, entity-relationship modeling, relational algebra and SQL,
normalization theory, and an introduction to transaction management and database system architecture, without
referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 6 · Neural Networks

CCE340 2 credit hrs total Prerequisite: HUM031

Fundamentals of artificial neural networks: perceptrons, multilayer networks and backpropagation, common network
architectures, and applications of neural networks to classification and function approximation problems.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Fundamentals of artificial neural networks: perceptrons, multilayer networks and backpropagation,
common network architectures, and applications of neural networks to classification and function approximation
problems. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Simon Haykin first, cross-checking anything shaky against Ian
Goodfellow. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Work problems by hand before reaching for a calculator or software shortcut — the goal here is intuition, not just a
numeric answer.
■
If a concept doesn't click from the primary reference, try the secondary one — it often explains the same idea with
a different intuition or a clearer worked example.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Fundamentals of artificial neural networks: perceptrons, multilayer networks and
backpropagation, common network architectures, and applications of neural networks to classification and function
approximation problems, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 7 · Operating Systems

CCE325 2 credit hrs total Prerequisite: none

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 82

 Operating system concepts: process management and scheduling, concurrency and synchronization, memory
management (paging, segmentation, virtual memory), and file-system and I/O management fundamentals.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Operating system concepts: process management and scheduling, concurrency and synchronization,
memory management (paging, segmentation, virtual memory), and file-system and I/O management
fundamentals. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Abraham Silberschatz first, cross-checking anything shaky
against Andrew S. Tanenbaum and Herbert Bos. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Operating system concepts: process management and scheduling, concurrency and
synchronization, memory management (paging, segmentation, virtual memory), and file-system and I/O
management fundamentals, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 8 · Professional, Legal & Economic Practice

BUSX31 + BUS361 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: none

This phase groups courses that build on each other directly — study them as one connected unit.
Laws & Legislations [BUSX31]
Engineering law and legislation: contracts, liability, intellectual property basics, labor law fundamentals relevant to
engineering practice, and an overview of professional licensing and regulation.
Feasibility Studies [BUS361]
Principles of feasibility studies: market study, technical study, financial study and evaluation criteria (NPV, IRR,
payback period) for engineering projects, culminating in a practical feasibility study exercise.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. [BUSX31] Engineering law and legislation: contracts, liability, intellectual property basics, labor law
fundamentals relevant to engineering practice, and an overview of professional licensing and regulation. Work the
corresponding chapter(s) in J. Ellis Bell first, cross-checking anything shaky against Standard department
coursepack on engineering law.. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of
increasing difficulty.
●
Step 2. [BUS361] Principles of feasibility studies: market study, technical study, financial study and evaluation
criteria (NPV. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Prasanna Chandra first, cross-checking anything shaky
against Standard department coursepack on feasibility studies.. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
●
Step 3. [BUS361] IRR, payback period) for engineering projects, culminating in a practical feasibility study
exercise. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Prasanna Chandra first, cross-checking anything shaky against
Standard department coursepack on feasibility studies.. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
■
Build one shared example (a single machine, engine, or system) and carry it across both courses in this phase —
applying each course's tools to the same running example cements how they connect.
Phase gate — move on once you can

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 83

 ■
[BUSX31] Explain and apply: Engineering law and legislation: contracts, liability, intellectual property basics, labor
law fundamentals relevant to engineering practice, and an overview of professional licensing and regulation,
without referring to notes.
■
[BUS361] Explain and apply: Principles of feasibility studies: market study, technical study, financial study and
evaluation criteria (NPV, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 84

 Level 4
– Level 4

Phase 1 · Digital Control

CCE312 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: CCE313

Analysis and design of digital (sampled-data) control systems: the Z-transform applied to control, pulse transfer
functions, stability analysis in the Z-domain, and digital controller design/implementation.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Analysis and design of digital (sampled-data) control systems: the Z-transform applied to control, pulse
transfer functions, stability analysis in the Z-domain, and digital controller design/implementation. Work the
corresponding chapter(s) in Katsuhiko Ogata first, cross-checking anything shaky against Gene F. Franklin. Work
every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Analysis and design of digital (sampled-data) control systems: the Z-transform applied to
control, pulse transfer functions, stability analysis in the Z-domain, and digital controller design/implementation,
without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 2 · Computer Security & Data Encryption

CCE353 2 credit hrs total Prerequisite: CCE325

Fundamentals of computer security: symmetric and asymmetric cryptography, hashing and digital signatures,
authentication protocols, and common vulnerabilities and defenses in computer systems.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Fundamentals of computer security: symmetric and asymmetric cryptography, hashing and digital
signatures, authentication protocols, and common vulnerabilities and defenses in computer systems. Work the
corresponding chapter(s) in William Stallings first, cross-checking anything shaky against Charlie Kaufman. Work
every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Fundamentals of computer security: symmetric and asymmetric cryptography, hashing and
digital signatures, authentication protocols, and common vulnerabilities and defenses in computer systems,
without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 3 · Pattern Recognition & Image Processing

CCE361 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: CCE351

Fundamentals of pattern recognition (feature extraction, classification methods) and digital image processing (image
enhancement, filtering, segmentation), with applications to automated inspection and recognition systems.

Electrical Engineering — Personalized Study Guide 85

 How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Fundamentals of pattern recognition (feature extraction, classification methods) and digital image
processing (image enhancement, filtering, segmentation), with applications to automated inspection and
recognition systems. Work the corresponding chapter(s) in Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods first,
cross-checking anything shaky against Richard O. Duda. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6
end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
If a concept doesn't click from the primary reference, try the secondary one — it often explains the same idea with
a different intuition or a clearer worked example.
■
Work problems by hand before reaching for a calculator or software shortcut — the goal here is intuition, not just a
numeric answer.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Fundamentals of pattern recognition (feature extraction, classification methods) and digital
image processing (image enhancement, filtering, segmentation), with applications to automated inspection and
recognition systems, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 4 · Network Security

CCE420 3 credit hrs total Prerequisite: CCE353

Network security architecture, firewalls and intrusion detection/prevention systems, virtual private networks, and
security considerations for networked control and computer systems.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Network security architecture, firewalls and intrusion detection/prevention systems, virtual private
networks, and security considerations for networked control and computer systems. Work the corresponding
chapter(s) in William Stallings first, cross-checking anything shaky against Michael E. Whitman and Herbert J.
Mattord. Work every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Study in short, focused blocks (45–60 minutes) ending with a solved example, rather than long unfocused reading
sessions.
■
After each topic block, close the book and try to reconstruct the key relationships and assumptions from memory;
this does more for retention than re-reading.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Network security architecture, firewalls and intrusion detection/prevention systems, virtual
private networks, and security considerations for networked control and computer systems, without referring to
notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

Phase 5 · Intelligent Control Systems

CCE412 2 credit hrs total Prerequisite: CCE313

Control system design using state-space and modern control methods: controllability and observability, state
feedback and pole placement, observer design, and an introduction to optimal control concepts.
How to move through this phase
●
Step 1. Control system design using state-space and modern control methods: controllability and observability,
state feedback and pole placement, observer design, and an introduction to optimal control concepts. Work the
corresponding chapter(s) in Katsuhiko Ogata first, cross-checking anything shaky against Chi-Tsong Chen. Work
every solved example before attempting 4–6 end-of-chapter problems of increasing difficulty.
Tips & tricks
■
Where two courses are grouped in one phase, don't study them fully in parallel from day one — clear the first
course's core theory, then bring in the second once the foundation is solid.

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 ■
Keep a running formula/assumptions sheet for this phase — you will reuse it when revising for the phase gate and
later for the exam.
Phase gate — move on once you can
■
Explain and apply: Control system design using state-space and modern control methods: controllability and
observability, state feedback and pole placement, observer design, and an introduction to optimal control
concepts, without referring to notes.
■
Solve a mixed, timed problem set covering this phase's topics at roughly exam pace, scoring at least 70% unaided.

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 1.4.3 Graduation Project

Graduation Project

This chapter is the applied capstone for Computers & Automatic Control Engineering (CCE): a set of projects
sized and chosen so that, taken together, they exercise both the theoretical and the practical core of the sub-branch.
It has two parts — a list of project names, then a full solving guide for each.

A. Project Names
4 projects, together covering the sub-branch's theoretical and practical scope end to end:

Project 1 Design & Implementation of a Microcontroller-Based Data Acquisition / Automation System

Microprocessors & Applications (1)&(2), Microcomputers, and Embedded Systems — the embedded-hardware half
of the sub-branch.

Project 2 Design & Tuning of a Digital Control System for a Physical Process
Automatic Control (1)&(2), Digital Control, and Intelligent Control Systems — the control-theory half of the
sub-branch.

Project 3 Development of a Machine Learning Model for a Classification Task

Artificial Intelligence & Applications, Neural Networks, and Machine Learning — the data/AI half of the sub-branch.

Project 4 Design of a Segmented Computer Network with Layered Security

Computer Architecture, Network Security, and Computer Security & Data Encryption — the networking/security half
of the sub-branch.

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 B. Project Solving
Each project below has a step-by-step build guide, then a verification section (a written description with pass/fail
conditions, plus visual references for every major and intermediate output).

Project 1 · Design & Implementation of a Microcontroller-Based Data Acquisition /

Automation System

B.1.1 Step-by-Step Guide

●
Step 1. Define the system's purpose: what physical quantity(ies) to sense, what decision or actuation to make, and the
required response time.
●
Step 2. Select a microcontroller platform and the sensors/actuators needed, and draw the full system block diagram.
●
Step 3. Design the pin-map: assign every sensor, actuator, and communication interface to a specific microcontroller
pin/peripheral.
●
Step 4. Write the firmware architecture as a flowchart before writing code: initialization, main sensing loop, decision
logic, and actuation/logging.
●
Step 5. Implement and test each peripheral driver individually (one sensor, one actuator at a time) before integrating
them.
●
Step 6. Integrate the full firmware and run a bench test, logging sensor readings and system responses over a
representative time period.
●
Step 7. Stress-test at least one edge case (sensor out of range, rapid input changes) and confirm the system handles it
gracefully rather than crashing or hanging.
●
Step 8. Document power consumption and, if relevant to the application, battery life estimate.
Common mistakes to avoid:
■
Writing the complete firmware before testing any single peripheral, making it very hard to isolate which part is failing
when something doesn't work.
■
Using blocking delay calls inside the main sensing loop, which prevents the system from responding promptly to other
events.
■
Forgetting to debounce mechanical inputs (buttons, relays), causing spurious multiple triggers from a single physical
action.
■
Not handling a sensor's out-of-range or disconnected state, causing undefined behavior instead of a controlled fallback.
Helpful tip: Build a simple serial/UART debug output early and leave it in throughout development — being able to print
sensor values and state-machine transitions in real time will save far more debugging time than it costs to add.

B.1.2 Verification
What the output should look like:
A correctly completed project runs its firmware logic exactly as flowcharted with no unhandled states, produces a sensor log
that shows a believable real-world trend with realistic noise (not perfectly smooth synthetic-looking data), and continues
operating without crashing or hanging when tested against at least one deliberately induced edge case.
Conditions — all of the following must hold for a fully correct result:
■
Every decision branch in the firmware flowchart is exercised and confirmed working during testing, not just the
main/expected path.
■
The system correctly detects and handles at least one edge-case/fault condition without crashing or hanging.
■
Logged sensor data shows a plausible real-world trend and noise level appropriate to the sensor type.
■
Every pin/peripheral in the block diagram is traceable to a specific line in the pin-map documentation.
■
Power consumption is measured or estimated and reported, not omitted.
Visual reference — expected outputs (including intermediate steps):

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 Embedded system block diagram.

Firmware logic flowchart.

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 Logged sensor data / system response over time.

Power consumption profile over time.

Interrupt timing diagram.

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 Memory usage breakdown.

UART communication protocol timing.

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 System state machine diagram.

Project 2 · Design & Tuning of a Digital Control System for a Physical Process

B.2.1 Step-by-Step Guide

●
Step 1. Select a physical process to control (e.g. a DC motor speed, temperature loop, or liquid level) and identify or
assume a mathematical model for it.
●
Step 2. Draw the closed-loop block diagram, clearly identifying the controller, plant, sensor, and feedback path.
●
Step 3. Choose a controller structure (P, PI, or PID) and calculate an initial set of gains using a standard tuning method
(e.g. Ziegler-Nichols) as a starting point.
●
Step 4. Simulate (or implement digitally, sampling the continuous plant) the closed-loop system's step response with the
initial gains.
●
Step 5. Evaluate the initial response against performance targets: overshoot, settling time, and steady-state error.
●
Step 6. Iteratively retune the gains to bring the response within your performance targets, keeping a record of each
iteration's response.
●
Step 7. Verify closed-loop stability explicitly, using a root-locus, Bode, or pole-zero analysis appropriate to your course
level.
●
Step 8. Test robustness by perturbing the plant model slightly (e.g. ±20% on a key parameter) and confirming the tuned
controller still performs acceptably.
Common mistakes to avoid:
■
Tuning purely by trial and error without ever plotting a stability analysis, risking a controller that looks fine in one
simulation but is only marginally stable.
■
Chasing zero overshoot at the cost of very slow settling time (or vice versa) without checking both requirements together.
■
Forgetting integrator windup protection in a PI/PID design, which can cause large overshoot after a saturation event.
■
Reporting only the final tuned response without showing the before/after comparison that demonstrates the tuning
actually helped.
Helpful tip: Keep every tuning iteration's step-response plot, even the bad ones — a compact 'before vs. after' comparison
(like Fig. 2) is far more convincing evidence of good engineering than only showing the final result.

B.2.2 Verification
What the output should look like:

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 A correctly completed project shows a closed-loop step response that meets the stated overshoot and settling-time targets
after tuning, an explicit stability analysis confirming all closed-loop poles lie in the stable region, and continued acceptable
performance when the plant model is perturbed within the tested robustness range.
Conditions — all of the following must hold for a fully correct result:
■
The tuned closed-loop step response meets the stated overshoot and settling-time targets.
■
Steady-state error is at or near zero for a step input (or explicitly justified if a non-zero target is intentional).
■
All closed-loop poles are confirmed to lie in the stable region via an explicit stability analysis (root locus, Bode, or
pole-zero map).
■
The tuned controller maintains acceptable performance under the tested plant-parameter perturbation (robustness
check).
■
A clear before/after comparison of the step response is presented, showing the effect of tuning.
Visual reference — expected outputs (including intermediate steps):

Closed-loop control system block diagram.

Step response before/after controller tuning.

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 Closed-loop pole-zero map (stability check).

Open-loop Bode plot (magnitude & phase).

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 Root locus plot.

Disturbance rejection response.

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 Controller output vs. time.

Gain/phase margin across tuning iterations.

Project 3 · Development of a Machine Learning Model for a Classification Task

B.3.1 Step-by-Step Guide

●
Step 1. Define the classification task and gather or select a labeled dataset appropriate to it.
●
Step 2. Explore the dataset: check class balance, missing values, and basic statistics before doing any modeling.
●
Step 3. Preprocess the data: handle missing values, encode categorical features, and normalize/scale numerical
features as needed.
●
Step 4. Split the data into training, validation, and test sets, keeping the test set completely untouched until final
evaluation.
●
Step 5. Select at least two candidate model types (e.g. a simple baseline like logistic regression/decision tree, and a
more complex model like a neural network) to compare.
●
Step 6. Train each model, monitoring training and validation loss/accuracy across training to detect overfitting.
●
Step 7. Tune hyperparameters using the validation set only, never the test set.
●
Step 8. Evaluate the final chosen model once on the test set and report accuracy, a confusion matrix, and at least one
additional metric (precision/recall/F1) appropriate to your class balance.

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 Common mistakes to avoid:
■
Tuning hyperparameters based on test-set performance, which invalidates the test set as an honest measure of
generalization.
■
Reporting only overall accuracy on an imbalanced dataset, which can look good while the model fails badly on the
minority class.
■
Not shuffling the data before splitting, risking a train/test split that doesn't represent the full data distribution.
■
Comparing a heavily-tuned complex model against an untuned baseline, making the baseline look artificially weak.
Helpful tip: Always build and evaluate the simplest reasonable baseline model first — if a simple logistic regression already
gets close to your neural network's accuracy, that tells you something important about the task's real difficulty before you
over-invest in a complex model.

B.3.2 Verification
What the output should look like:
A correctly completed project shows training and validation loss curves that both decrease before validation loss plateaus
or turns upward (indicating training was stopped at a sensible point), a final test-set confusion matrix with a strong diagonal
relative to off-diagonal entries, and a chosen model that measurably outperforms the simple baseline on the held-out test
set.
Conditions — all of the following must hold for a fully correct result:
■
The test set was used exactly once, for final evaluation only — never during training or hyperparameter tuning.
■
Training was stopped at or before the point where validation loss starts increasing while training loss keeps falling.
■
The final model outperforms the simple baseline model on the test set by a stated, non-trivial margin.
■
At least one class-imbalance-aware metric (precision, recall, or F1) is reported alongside overall accuracy.
■
The confusion matrix shows a clearly dominant diagonal, confirming genuine class discrimination rather than a
majority-class-guessing model.
Visual reference — expected outputs (including intermediate steps):

Data pipeline and model architecture overview.

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 Training vs. validation loss curves.

Confusion matrix on the test set.

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 Feature importance ranking.

ROC curve.

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 Precision-recall curve.

Learning curve (accuracy vs. training set size).

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 Hyperparameter tuning grid.

Project 4 · Design of a Segmented Computer Network with Layered Security

B.4.1 Step-by-Step Guide

●
Step 1. Define the network's purpose and requirements: number of hosts, traffic types, and the security zones needed
(e.g. staff, servers, guest access).
●
Step 2. Design the network topology: core/edge devices, VLAN segmentation, and the physical or logical layout
connecting them.
●
Step 3. Design the IP addressing scheme and subnetting plan for each VLAN/segment.
●
Step 4. Place security controls (firewall, IDS/IPS) at the correct choke points so every segment's traffic to/from the WAN
passes through them.
●
Step 5. Define access control rules between segments (e.g. guest VLAN cannot reach the server VLAN directly).
●
Step 6. Model or test network performance under increasing load, recording latency (and throughput/packet loss if
available) at each load level.
●
Step 7. Document the defense-in-depth security architecture across all layers (perimeter, network, host, application,
data).
●
Step 8. Run at least one basic security test (e.g. an unauthorized access attempt between segments) and confirm your
access control rules block it as designed.
Common mistakes to avoid:
■
Placing a security control where it only sees some of the traffic (e.g. after a VLAN has already reached its destination),
leaving a bypass path.
■
Designing an addressing scheme without enough headroom for growth in any one segment.
■
Testing access-control rules only for the traffic that should be allowed, and never for traffic that should be blocked.
■
Reporting network performance without stating whether the tested load was per-segment or aggregate across the whole
network.
Helpful tip: Draw the traffic path for one specific 'attack' scenario (e.g. guest device trying to reach a server) directly on
your topology diagram before testing it — if the drawn path doesn't cross your firewall/IDS, your test will confirm a design
gap, not validate the design.

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 B.4.2 Verification
What the output should look like:
A correctly completed project shows a topology in which every segment's path to the WAN passes through the defined
security controls with no bypass route, a latency-vs-load curve that stays low until a clear saturation knee is reached, and a
live or simulated test confirming that a deliberately attempted unauthorized cross-segment access is actually blocked by the
configured access-control rules.
Conditions — all of the following must hold for a fully correct result:
■
Every VLAN/segment's traffic path to the WAN passes through the firewall/IDS with no drawn or tested bypass route.
■
The IP addressing/subnetting plan has documented headroom for reasonable future growth in every segment.
■
The latency-vs-load curve shows a clear low-latency region followed by a sharp rise near capacity, used to justify
provisioning.
■
At least one unauthorized-access test is performed and confirmed blocked by the access-control rules, not just described
as intended behavior.
■
The defense-in-depth diagram accounts for all five conventional layers (perimeter, network, host, application, data), or
explicitly justifies any omission.
Visual reference — expected outputs (including intermediate steps):

Network topology with security zones.

Latency vs. network load.

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 Defense-in-depth security architecture.

Bandwidth utilization over time.

Packet loss vs. load.

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 Traffic distribution across VLANs.

Firewall rule hit-count chart.

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 Intrusion detection alert timeline.

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 1.4.4 Elective Catalogue

Specialty Elective Catalogue

Multiple elective slots occur across Levels 3–4, all drawn from this same catalogue. Pick whichever best fits your
intended specialization or graduation-project direction; study each chosen elective with the same phase discipline as
the compulsory courses above.

●
Industrial Control Systems [CCE414] — prerequisite: CCE312: Control systems used in industrial automation:
PLC-based control architectures, SCADA systems, industrial communication protocols (Modbus, Profibus), and
case studies of industrial process control loops.
●
Robot Modeling & Control [CCE417] — prerequisite: CCE312: Robot kinematics (forward and inverse), robot
dynamics fundamentals, trajectory planning, and control strategies for robotic manipulators, with applications to
industrial robot programming.
●
Embedded Systems [CCE435] — prerequisite: CCE320: Embedded system design principles: real-time
operating system concepts, hardware/software co-design, low-power design considerations, and a complete
embedded-system design project on a microcontroller platform.
●
Advanced FPGA Applications [CCE436] — prerequisite: CCE320: Advanced FPGA design: hardware
description language design flow, timing analysis and optimization, IP core integration, and applied projects
implementing digital systems on an FPGA platform.
●
Machine Learning [CCE444] — prerequisite: CCE340: Supervised and unsupervised machine learning
algorithms: regression, classification (SVM, decision trees), clustering, model evaluation and validation, and
applications to engineering data.
●
Deep Learning [CCE446] — prerequisite: CCE444: Deep learning fundamentals: convolutional neural networks,
recurrent neural networks, training techniques (backpropagation, regularization, optimization), and applications to
image and sequence data.
●
Biomedical Engineering [CCE426]: Introduction to biomedical engineering: physiological signal acquisition
(ECG, EMG, EEG), medical imaging fundamentals, and the design considerations specific to instrumentation used
in a clinical/biomedical setting.
●
Geographic Information Systems [CCE455] — prerequisite: CCE354: Fundamentals of geographic information
systems: spatial data models, coordinate systems and map projections, spatial analysis techniques, and
engineering applications of GIS (e.g. infrastructure and network planning).
●
Intelligent Transportation Systems [CCE474] — prerequisite: CCE412: Intelligent transportation systems: traffic
sensing and data collection, traffic signal control strategies, vehicle-to-infrastructure communication basics, and an
introduction to autonomous/connected vehicle concepts.
●
Big Data Analytics [CCE457] — prerequisite: CCE354: Fundamentals of big data: distributed storage and
processing frameworks (Hadoop/Spark concepts), data pipelines, and analytics techniques applied to large-scale
engineering and operational datasets.

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