TAMALE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

ELECTRICALS/ELECTRONICS ENGINERING

BTECH LV200

TELECOMUNICATIONS

BTEE250183

SALIFU NURUDEEN
 INTRODUCTION

• Many Signals in Modern Communication Systems are digital . Also, analog signals are
transmitted digitally.

• Reduced distortion and improvement in signal to noise ratios.

• PAM, PWM , PPM , PCM and DM.

• Data transmission, digital transmission, or digital communications is the physical transfer of

data (a digital bit stream or a digitized analogue signal) over a point-to-point or point-tomultipoint
communication channel.

Ex: optical fibers, wireless channels, computer buses....

➢ ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

[Link] diagram of Digital Communication

1. Discrete Information Source: It generates message to be transmitted. Examples are the data from
computers, text data or tele type data.

2. Source Encoder: It assigns codes to the symbols (samples) generated from discrete information source.
The code word having n number of bits. Each distinct sample having distinct(unique) code word. If code word
length is 8 bit(n), we can have 256 distinct symbols(ie.,2^n).

3. Channel Encoder: We know that channel is the major source of notice due to that there are more
chance of getting errors while propagating through channel. To avoid that channel encoding is required. In that
extra bits are added to the binary sequence generated by the source encoder. These extra bits are called as
redundant bits. These bits are defined with proper logic. The redundant will be helpful to detect the errors at
the receiver bit sequence.
 4. Digital Modulator: In digital modulator the message signal is digital data and carrier is analog one, in
most cases we use sinusoidal waves. Some examples are ASK,FSK,[Link] techniques.

5. Channel: It provides the link between transmitter and rceiver. Channel may be wired or wireless
channel.

❖ Problems associated with channel:

1. Addictive Noise: This noise is occur due to internal solid state devices or resistors used in channel.

2. AmpltuSde and Phase Distortion: This noise is occurred due to non-linear characteristics of the
channel.

3. Attenuation: This is due to internal resistance of the channel.

6. Demodulator: This device is used to detect the digital message signal from the modulated signal.

7. Channel Decoder: This is used to detect and correct the errors that occur in the digital message signal.

8. Source Decoder: This produces the sampling signal from the given digital message signal.

9. Destination: The sampled signal is converted into audio signal or video signal or any text signal
depending on the signal.

Fig. Basic block diagram of an A/D converter

Advantages of digital communication systems

1. Easy way of transmission of signals

2. Connection of more calls through one channel i.e., Multiplexing is possible using Digital
Communication.

3. Source Encoding and Channel Encoding can be used to detect errors at the received signal.
4. Using repeaters between source and destination, we can reproduce the original signal with less
distortions.

5. Security is the major advantage of digital communication compared to Analog Communication.

 6. Transmitting analogue signals digitally allows for greater signal processing capability.
7. Digital communication can be done over large distances through internet and other things.
8. The messages can be stored in the device for longer times, without being damaged.
9. Advancement in communication is achieved through Digital Communication.

Disadvantages of digital communication systems

1. Sampling Error

2. Digital communications require greater bandwidth than analogue to transmit the same information.

3. The detection of digital signals requires the communications system to be synchronized, whereas
generally speaking this is not the case with analogue systems.

4. Digital signals are often the approximation of voice signals, ie, we don‟t get the exact analogue signal.

➢ TYPES OF MODULATION – TREE DIAGRAM

In Continuous Wave modulation schemes some parameter of modulated wave varies

continuously with message.

In Analog pulse modulation some parameter of each pulse is modulated by a particular sample value of the message.
Pulse modulation of two types

1. Analog Pulse Modulation

• Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

• Pulse width Modulation (PWM)
• Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
2. Digital Pulse Modulation

• Pulse code Modulation (PCM)

• Delta Modulation (DM)

1. Analog Pulse Modulation

Analog pulse modulation results when some attribute of a pulse varies continuously in one-to-one correspondence
with a sample value. In analog pulse modulation systems, the amplitude, width, or position of a pulse can vary over
a continuous range in accordance with the message amplitude at the sampling instant, as shown in Figure 6.2. These
lead to the following

Three types of pulse modulation:

1. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

2. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

3. Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

PAM: In this scheme high frequency carrier (pulse) is varied in accordance with sampled value of message signal.

PWM: In this width of carrier pulses are varied in accordance with sampled values of message signal. Example:
Speed control of DC Motors.

PPM: In this scheme position of high frequency carrier pulse is changed in accordance with the sampled values of
message signal.
 Fig. Representation of Various Analog Pulse Modulations

2. Digital Pulse Modulation

In systems utilizing digital pulse modulation, the transmitted samples take on only discrete
values. Two important types of digital pulse modulation are:

1. Delta Modulation (DM )

2. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM )