PROCESS

1. Natural process:
Là quá trình xảy ra ngoài tự nhiên, tự bản thân nó thực hiện,
không cần tác nhân con người.

2. Manufacturing process:

Là quá trình sản xuất hay nhân tạo, nên nhất định phải có sự hỗ trợ
của máy móc, con người.
Các bước phân tích và chú ý khi viết bài writing task 1: Process

 Đọc process theo thứ tự từ bước đầu tiên đến bước cuối cùng.
 Phân chia các bước cho rõ bằng cách dùng bút chì gạch vào
process.
 Không được bỏ sót bất cứ bước nào dù là nhỏ nhất.
 Thường sử dụng thì hiện tại đơn, cùng thể chủ động hay bị
động cho phù hợp, đối với natural process thì thể chủ động
được dùng chủ yếu, ngược lại với manufacturing process thì
bị động được dùng nhiều.
  Khi đọc process, cần chú ý và khoanh tròn các động từ hoặc
những key words có thể biến đổi thành các dạng khác nhau
của động từ.
 Đa dạng cấu trúc sử dụng động từ:

+. V-ed

+. Being + V-ed (mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn)

+. V-ing (khi nói đến thao tác)

+. V-er (khi biến động từ thành danh từ chỉ loại máy móc
nào đó).

Một số câu và cụm từ mẫu khi viết bài writing task 1: Process

1. Khi process là 1 quá trình sản xuất cái gì đó, có thể sử dụng
những cụm từ này để dùng thay thế nhau trong cả bài để tránh
lặp từ, hay chỉ đơn giản là để viết câu giới thiệu process:

 The production of……………..

 The process of producing/ making………………
 How………….is produced/ made.
 How to produce/ make…………

Để viết câu overview, nên nói process có bao nhiêu bước, bắt đầu
bằng gì và kết thúc bằng gì. Lưu ý là chỉ giới thiệu ngắn gọn bước bắt
đầu và kết thúc của process, không kể lể dài dòng để dành việc viết cụ
thể các bước cho phần thân bài.

 There are………………..main steps/ stages in…………………..

 The …………………….involves ………………….main steps/
stages beginning with………………and finishing
with…………………..
Nếu có 2 bức tranh chỉ 2 process thì cần giới thiệu mỗi process có bao
nhiêu bước, viết trong 1 câu, dùng các từ nối như meanwhile/
while/…

Eg: There are five main steps in the process of producing milk,
meanwhile only three stages are required to store it after that.

2. Nếu là natural process và như một vòng tuần hoàn, ta có thể

viết câu overview như: In general, the process includes a
series of stages like a natural circle (1 vòng tròn tự nhiên)/ a
life cycle of…………..(một vòng đời của 1 con vật nào đó),
but involves……………..main steps which begins
with……………………..and finishes with…………………….

Từ vựng cần dùng khi viết bài writing task 1: Process

 Bắt đầu process:

+. To begin with,

+. First of all,

+. In the first step,

 Các steps tiếp theo:

+. Following that,

+. The second stage is that…

+. In the next/ subsequent step,

+…… followed by…..

+. After that,
  Các steps diễn ra cùng lúc:

+. At the same time,

+. Simultaneously,

 Kết thúc process:

+. Finally,

+. The last/ final process is that…

Ví dụ và bài mẫu cho writing task 1: Process

1. Manufacturing process:
The diagrams below show the stages and equipment used in the
cement- making process, and show how cement is used to produce
concrete for building purposes.
The given diagrams illustrate the production of cement, and how to
use cement to make concrete.

It is clear that there are five main stages in the process of making
cement; meanwhile, only two steps are required to produce concrete.

At the first stage of producing cement, limestone and clay are put
through a machine called crusher and become power. This power is
then mixed and is brought into a rotating heater where it is heated in
high temperature. The process continues with grinding the material
and then cement is produced. At the final stage, cement is packaged
into bags and is ready for the production of concrete.

Moving to the production of concrete, the first step is combining

different materials – water, sand and small stones in the proportions
of 10%, 25% and 50% respectively. This mixture is next put into a
concrete mixer in order to become final concrete which can be used
for building purposes.

2. Natural process:

The diagram shows the life cycle of the honey bee

The diagram illustrates the various stages in the life of a honey bee.
We can see that the complete life cycle lasts between 34 and 36 days.
It is also noticeable that there are five main stages in the development
of the honey bee, from egg to mature adult insect.

The life cycle of the honey bee begins when the female adult lays an
egg; the female typically lays one or two eggs every 3 days. Between
9 and 10 days later, each egg hatches and the immature insect, or
nymph, appears.

During the third stage of the life cycle, the nymph grows in size and
sheds its skin three times. This molting first takes place 5 days after
the egg hatches, then 7 days later, and again another 9 days later.
After a total of 30 to 31 days from the start of the cycle, the young
adult honey bee emerges from its final molting stage, and in the space
of only 4 days it reaches full maturity.

The diagram below shows the water cycle, which is the continuous movement
of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.

The picture illustrates the way in which water passes from ocean to air to land during
the natural process known as the water cycle.
Three main stages are shown on the diagram. Ocean water evaporates, falls as rain,
and eventually runs back into the oceans again.
Beginning at the evaporation stage, we can see that 80% of water vapour in the air
comes from the oceans. Heat from the sun causes water to evaporate, and water
vapour condenses to form clouds. At the second stage, labelled ‘precipitation’ on the
diagram, water falls as rain or snow.
At the third stage in the cycle, rainwater may take various paths. Some of it may fall
into lakes or return to the oceans via ‘surface runoff’. Otherwise, rainwater may filter
through the ground, reaching the impervious layer of the earth. Salt water intrusion is
shown to take place just before groundwater passes into the oceans to complete the
cycle.
(156 words, band 9)

PRACTICE
I/
II/ The diagram shows how fruit is canned.
III/ IELTS Process - Chocolate Production
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The illustrations show how chocolate is produced.

Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and
make comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

MAPS
Different Kinds of Map Question
There are three main types of map question:

1. Describe one map in the present day.

2. Describe two maps- one in the present and one in the future.
3. Describe two maps- one in the past and one in the present.

(As this is a man-made process we will use the passive.)

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Structure
Paragraph 1- Paraphrase Sentence

Paraphrase question using synonyms.

Paragraph 2- Overview

Make two general statements about the map. You should describe the
maps generally and write about the most noticeable differences between
the two maps. You could ask yourself the following questions to identify
general changes. Is the map more or less residential? Is there more or less
countryside? Are there more or less trees? Were the changes dramatic or
negligible? Were there any major improvements in infrastructure? How
have the buildings and leisure facilities changed?

Paragraph 3- Main Body 1

Three to four sentences about specific changes that have occurred.

Paragraph 4- Main Body 2

Further three to four sentences about specific changes that have occurred.

You can group information together in paragraph 3 and 4 by time or

location, depending on the question asked.

How to Describe Specific Changes

Tip: You may be asked to describe your hometown in the speaking test.
The vocabulary and grammar in this post should come in very useful.

Below is the list of various buildings and features and verbs we could
describe their change.

Buildings– demolished, knocked-down, flattened, replaced, renovated,

built, constructed, reconstructed, developed, extended, expanded,
relocated, converted and modernized.

Examples:

The government demolished the industrial estate and developed a sports

ground.

They removed the shops and replaced it with a skyscraper.

A port was constructed at the edge of the river.

The factory in the city centre was demolished and relocated to the north
of the city.

The old warehouses were replaced with new hotels.

The factory was converted into apartments.

Trees and Forests- cleared, cut-down, chopped-down, removed, planted.

Examples:

The forest was cut-down and replaced with a shopping centre.

The trees were cleared to make way for houses.

Roads, bridges and railways lines- constructed, built, extended,

expanded and removed.

The main road was extended and a new bridge built over the river.

Leisure facilities- opened, set up, developed.

Examples:

A skate park was set up next to the swimming pool.

A park was developed beside the forest.

How to Describe General Changes

Below are some examples of general statements we could use to describe
change in towns and cities.

1. Over the period, the area witnessed dramatic changes.

2. From 1995 to 2005, the city centre saw spectacular developments.
3. The village changed considerable over the time period.
4. During the 10 year period, the industrial area was totally transformed.
5. Over the past 20 years, the residential area was totally reconstructed.
6. Over the time period, the old docks were totally redeveloped.
7. Between 1995 and 2005, the old houses were rebuilt.
8. The central business district was completely modernised during the
time period.

Pick two or three of the most noticeable differences in the map and write a
general statement for each. This will be your overview paragraph.
The more specific changes should be included in your main body
paragraphs.

How to Describe Locations

You will also be expected to describe where things are maps and describe
where changes have occurred.

You can use ‘to the left’ and ‘to the right’, but a better way is to use ‘north’,
‘south’, ‘east’ and ‘west’.

Examples:

The forest to the south of the river was cut down.

A golf course was constructed to the north of the airport.

The houses in the south-west of the town were demolished.

The green fields to the north-west of the city were redeveloped as a park.

The airport in the centre of the city was relocated to the north-east of the
river.

The school to the south-east was knocked down and a new one built to
the east of theforest.

Finally, you will also be expected to use prepositions of place, e.g.

at/in/on/by/beside/to/off/from, to describe where things are.

Examples:

Dramatic changes took place in the city centre.

To the south of the town, there is a golf course surrounded by trees.

A new school was built next to the swimming pool.

The old road running from north to south was replaced by a new
motorway.
A marina was built on the banks of the river.

Sample Answer

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Both maps display an island, before and after it was developed for tourism.
The island is approximately 250 metres long, has palm trees dotted around
it, is surrounded by ocean and has a beach to the west. Over the period,
the island was completely transformed with the addition of a hotel and a
pier; however the eastern part of the island appears to have been left
undeveloped.

The most noticeable additions are the hotel rooms. 6 buildings, surrounding
some trees, have been built in the west of the island and 9 buildings have
been constructed in the centre of the island. Between the two
accommodation areas, a reception building and a restaurant has been
developed.

A pier has also been built on the south coast of the island, allowing yachts
access to the resort. Apart from the trees, the beach remains the only
natural feature to remain relatively untouched; however it does appear that
it is now used for swimming.

(160 words)

PRACTICE
I/
II/
The maps show changes that took place in Youngsville in New
Zealand over a 25 year period from 1980 to 2005.