PHASE DIAGRAMS

for GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2/Grade 12

/

NegOr_Q3_GenChem2-12_SLK Week 2_v2

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 FOREWORD

This learning kit will serve as guide for learners to their

understanding phase changes of matter. This learning kit is
carefully prepared with a set of activities guided with
contextualized discussions and illustrations that meet the
standards of the K12 curriculum.

In using this learning kit, learners will realize that chemistry is

a central science because it connects to other fields of science
like physics and life science. The activities included herein are
simple, readily understandable, and easy to do. In doing so,
learners will be given opportunity to broaden their knowledge and
enhance their resourcefulness and creativity in performing
activities provided to them. This will enable them to develop their
critical thinking skills. It is hoped that their understanding of the
basic concepts will benefit them in many ways and the skills they
acquired in using this kit may help them in dealing with practical
problems. Students will find this self-learning kit very interesting
and useful.

Pre-activities/Pre-test

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Direction: Study the phase diagram of water as shown below and
answer the corresponding questions. Write your answers on your

)
atm
(

(°C)
notebook.

Which section represents the solid phase? _____

1. Which section represents the liquid phase? _____
2. Which section represents the gas phase? _____
3. What letter represents the triple point? ______
4. At what temperature and pressure do all three phases
coexist? ___________________________

II. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

DISCUSSION

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 A substance can exist in all three states of matter. To
describe the phase changes of a substance at various conditions
of temperature and pressure, a phase diagram is constructed,
which combines the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas curves. A
typical phase diagram consists of distinct regions that represent
the different phases exhibited by a substance. Each region
corresponds to the range of combinations of temperature and
pressure over which that phase is stable. The combination of high
pressure and low temperature corresponds to the solid phase,
whereas the gas phase is favored at high temperature and low
pressure. The combination of high temperature and high pressure
corresponds to a supercritical fluid.

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Figure 4. graph of pressure versus temperature showing phase boundaries and the conditions for equilibrium
between phases. Two phases can co-exist with each other at the following phase boundaries: AB: solid & gas AD:
solid & liquid AE: liquid & gas. The triple point A, the point at which all three phases (solid, liquid, gas) come
together. The critical point E, the point at which the liquid and gaseous phases of a pure stable substance

Source: [Link]

The lines separating the regions represent the phase

transition curves. Any point along a line shows the pressure and
temperature at which the two phases exist in equilibrium. The
solid liquid line slants to the right with increasing pressure
because, for most substances, solid is denser than the liquid.
Because the liquid occupies slightly more space than the solid, an
increase in pressure favors the solid phase but water is the major
exception. The liquidgas line ends at the critical point. This is the
point at which the liquid and gaseous phases of a pure stable
substance become identical. The temperature above which the
gas cannot be liquefied no matter how much pressure is applied;
because the kinetic energy is simply too great for attractive forces
to overcome. Any substance beyond this critical point is a
supercritical fluid--- indistinguishable between gas or liquid. The
three phase-transition curves meet at the triple point---the
pressure and temperature at which three phases are in
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equilibrium. As strange as it sounds, at the triple point, CO 2 is
subliming and depositing, melting and freezing, and vaporizing
and condensing simultaneously. The CO 2 phase diagram explains
why dry ice (solid CO2) doesn't melt under ordinary conditions.
The triple-point pressure for CO2 is 5.1 atm; therefore, at around 1
atm, liquid CO2 does not occur. When solid CO 2 is heated at 1.0
atm, it sublimes at -78°C to gaseous CO2 rather than melting. If
normal atmospheric pressure were 5.2 atm, liquid CO 2 would be

common.

Figure 4. Phase diagrams for carbon dioxide (left) and water (right).
Source: [Link]
[Link] -73-point-solid-liquid-56-triple-point-5.11-l/badb7357-9588-4d4f-90da-b96117576489

The phase diagram for water differs in one key respect from
the general case and reveals an extremely important property.
Unlike almost every other substance, solid water is less dense
than liquid water. Because the solid occupies more space than the
liquid, water expands on freezing. This behavior results from the
unique open crystal structure of ice. As always, an increase in
pressure favors the phase that occupies less space, but in the
case of water, this is the liquid phase. Therefore, the solid-liquid
line for water has a negative slope (slants to the left with
increasing pressure): the higher the pressure, the lower the
temperature at which water freezes. The vertical dashed line at -
1°C crosses the solid-liquid line, which means that ice melts at
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that temperature with only an increase in pressure. The triple
point of water occurs at low pressure (0.006 atm). Therefore,
when solid water is heated at 1.0 atm, the horizontal dashed line
crosses the solid-liquid line (at O°C, the normal melting point) and
enters the liquid region. Thus, at ordinary pressures, ice melts
rather than sublimes. As the temperature rises, the horizontal line
crosses the liquid-gas curve (at 100°C, the normal boiling point)
and enters the gas region.

Phase Transitions

Heat and phase changes are transitions between solid, liquid,

and gaseous phases. This typically involved large amounts of
energy.

Heating Curves of a Substance

What do you think happens to the temperature of a block of

ice when you put a flame underneath it? You might think that the
temperature goes up easily, but that's not what happens. The
graph of temperature against time is called a heating curve. Let's
look at the heating curve for water.

Figure 5. Heating curve of a pure substance.

Source: [Link]
curves/
Notice that, in general, the temperature goes up the longer
the heating continues. However, there are two horizontal flat parts
(segments BC and DE) to the graph. These happen when there is
a change of state. The plateaus are also called phase changes.
The first change of state (segment BC) is melting (changing from
a solid to a liquid). The temperature stays the same while a
substance melt. For water, this temperature is 0°Cbecause the
melting point for water is 0°[Link] heat is steadily added to the ice
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block, the water molecules will begin to vibrate faster and faster
as they absorb kinetic energy. Eventually, when the ice has
warmed to 0°C, the added energy will start to break apart the
hydrogen bonding that keeps the water molecules in place when it
is in the solid form. As the ice melts, its temperature does not rise.
All of the energy that is being put into the ice goes into the
melting process and not into any increase in temperature. During
the melting process, the two states – solid and liquid – are in
equilibrium with one another.

The second change of state (segment DE) is boiling

(changing from a liquid to a gas). The temperature stays the same
while a substance boil. For water, this temperature is 100°C
because the boiling point for water is100°C. Over the course of
this line segment, both liquid and gas exist in various ratios,
starting at 100% liquid and ending at 100% gas. Different
substances have different melting points and boiling points, but
the shapes of their heating curves are very similar.

Cooling Curves of a Substance

Cooling curves are the opposite of heating curves. They show

how the temperature changes as a substance is cooled down. Just
like heating curves, cooling curves have horizontal flat parts
where the state changes from gas to liquid, or from liquid to solid.
These are mirror images of the heating curve.

Steam above 100°C could be steadily cooled down to 100°C,

at which point it would condense to liquid water. The water could
then be cooled to 0°C, at which point continued cooling would
freeze the water to ice. The ice could then be cooled to some
point below 0°C. This could be diagrammed in a cooling curve that
would be the reverse of the heating curve.

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 Figure 6. Cooling curve of a pure substance.

Source: [Link]

A. Direction. Refer to the phase diagram of water below, to

answer the questions numbered 1 to 4 in your notebook.

Source: [Link]

1) Determine the
a.) normal boiling point of water (T, P) __________________
b.) normal freezing point of water (T, P) __________________
c.) triple point of water (T, P) __________________
d.) critical point of water (T, P) __________________ 2)
State what phase(s) is (are) present at point B?
3) How would you convert the sample of water at B to water
vapor?
4) What would happen if the temperature of the sample at point B
is decreased at constant pressure?

B. Direction: Study and use the heating curve below to answer

the following questions:

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 Source: [Link]

1. What is the melting point of the substance? __________

2. What is the boiling point of the substance? ___________
3. Which letter represents heating of the solid? __________
4. Which letter represents heating of the gas? ___________
5. Which letter represents boiling of the liquid? __________

REFERENCES:

Silberberg, M. (2006). Chemistry: The molecular nature of matter

and change, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.: New York.

“The Solid State of Matter.” Chemistry, OpenStax.

[Link]/chemistry/chapter/10-5-the-solid-state-
ofmatter/.

“Heating and Cooling Curves (The Basics)”

[Link]
main/1951/Heating%20and%20Cooling%20Curves%20new.
pdf

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