IMSA

CLASS:8TH NOTES UNIT :11

Complete the following table. Answer: pressure on lungs. This causes movement of air into
the lungs at the time of inhalation. On the other hand, when
ribs come back to their normal position and diaphragm is
risen, then pressure on the lungs increases. This causes
movement of the air out of the body through the nose in the
form of exhalation. These movements are possible only due
to consecutive upward and downward movement of the
diaphragm.

3) Blood donation is considered to be superior of all

donations.
Answer:
Blood cannot be manufactured by any artificial chemical
process. The only way to obtain blood is by donations of
blood from a live donor. Blood is needed at times of
emergency. The life of person can be saved if timely blood
transfusion is given to the needy victim or a patient. Since
such donation can save a valuable human life, it is called
superior of all donations.

4) Person with ‘O’ blood group is considered as ‘universal

donor’.
Answer:
Person with ‘O’ blood group does not have any antigen on
his/her RBCs. The ‘O’ type blood thus cannot cause clotting
reactions in the body of the recipients. Such persons with ‘O’
blood group can donate blood to any person having any
blood group therefore they are considered as ‘universal
donor’.

5) Food must have limited amount of salts.

Answer:
More salt in diet means more sodium ions. These extra
sodium salts cause rise in blood pressure. Such condition is
called hypertension. This condition can be dangerous and
fatal in some cases. Therefore, one must keep control over
sodium content of the food.

5. Answer the following questions in your own words.

1) Explain the functional correlation of circulatory system
with respiratory, digestive and excretory system.
Answer:
1. Three systems viz. respiratory, digestive and circulatory
4. Explain with reasons. always work in coordination.
1) Human blood is red coloured. 2. Digestive system helps in breaking down complex food
Answer: molecules into simple soluble nutrients at the end of the
The red colour of human blood is due to hemoglobin which is digestion process.
a red coloured conjugated protein with iron that is present 3. The soluble nutrients are absorbed in the circulating blood
on the red blood cells. Therefore, it looks red. in the villi of the intestine.
4. The blood carries these nutrients to each cell during its
2) Upward and downward movement of diaphragm occurs circulation.
consecutively. 5. The respiratory system helps the oxygen from the air to be
Answer: absorbed in the blood.
The breathing movements are possible due to contraction 6. This process takes place in alveolus present in lungs. The
and relaxation of the diaphragm. The rib muscles also help in oxygen is absorbed in the blood and through haemoglobin it
these movements. When the ribs rise and diaphragm is is taken to every cell of the body. At the same time the
lowered at the same time, then there is a decrease in unwanted carbon dioxide produced in each cell is given out in
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CLASS:8TH NOTES UNIT :11

a process of gaseous exchange.

7. The soluble nutrients, and chiefly glucose is metabolized
Arteries Veins
with the help of oxygen-producing energy. Thus, all the three
systems bring about coordinated functions to keep the body
alive.
1. Arteries carry blood
1. Veins carry blood from the tissues
1) Explain the structure and function of human blood. away from the heart to
of the body back to the heart.
Answer: b. Blood is a fluid connective tissue that flows in the tissues of the body.
blood vessels. It is composed of two components- plasma
and blood cells.
Plasma is a yellowish colour fluid, made up of water (~90%) 2. Veins are usually located
2. Arteries are located
and some dissolved nutrients, proteins, hormones and waste superficially beneath the surface of
deeper within the body.
products. Blood consists of three types of blood cells. These the skin.
are

3. Arteries are thick

i. Red Blood Cells: They contain a red pigment called Veins are thin walled.
walled
haemoglobin, which transports oxygen to all body cells.
ii. White Blood Cells: They fight against germs that enter the
4. Arteries do not have
body. Thus, they protect the body from diseases. 4. Veins have valves.
valves.
iii. Platelets: When we get injured, bleeding stops after some
time. This happens because of the activity of platelets, which 5. Arteries would
help in the clotting of blood. generally remain open if
5. Veins would collapse if blood flow
Functions of blood: a) It transports nutrients and oxygen to blood flow stopped, due
stops.
to their thick muscular
the different parts of the body.
layer.
B) It also carries waste materials (from the different parts of
the body) to be removed by the excretory organs.
6. Except pulmonary
C) Chemical messengers like hormones are transported by 6. Except pulmonary vein, all veins
artery, all arteries carry
the blood. carry deoxygenated blood.
oxygenated blood.
D) Protects the body from disease carrying germs.
E) Helps to maintain a constant body temperature. 7. Arteries are more
muscular than veins, 7. Veins are less muscular than
which helps in arteries, but contain valves to help
transporting blood that keep blood flowing in the right
2)Explain the importance and need of blood donation. is full of oxygen direction, usually toward the heart.
Answer: efficiently to the tissues.
Blood can never be synthesized artificially. There is no
substitute for natural blood. Every healthy person possesses
8. There is maximum
about 5 litres of blood in his or her body. In case of 8. There is minimum blood pressure
blood pressure in the
haemorrhage i.e. blood loss, the blood volume may reduce in the veins.
arteries.
which can result into threat to life. Moreover, the loss of
blood should be immediately taken care of, otherwise it may
cost the life.
Therefore blood transfusion is very crucial in case of victims
External and internal respiration.
of accidents, patients of surgeries or mothers who suffer
Answer:
from blood loss during childbirth (parturition). Some diseases
such as thalassemia, blood cancer, etc. also need regular
transfusions. Therefore, blood is always needed in many such
External respiration Internal respiration
conditions. Blood donation is only option for such
transfusions.
1. Intake of air from the
1. Exchange of gases
6. Explain the differences. outside into the body and
between cells and tissue
1) Arteries and veins. release of air from the
fluid is called internal
Answer: body to outside is called
respiration.
external respiration.
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CLASS:8TH NOTES UNIT :11

3)Trachea, alveoli, diaphragm, capillaries.

2. External respiration
2. Internal respiration occurs Answer: Capillaries (All others are parts of respiratory
occurs between cells and
only in the cells of the body. system. Capillaries exist throughout the body.)
the external environment.

3. It involves movement of 4) Neutrophils, globulins, albumins, prothrombin.

3. It involves processes of O2 from blood into tissue Answer: Neutrophils (All others are proteins present in the
inspiration and expiration. fluid and movement of plasma.)
CO2 from tissue.
Rewrite the statements after correcting them:
4. External respiration 4. Internal respiration
involves breathing and involves neither breathing [Link] need supply of insoluble nutrients and oxygen for the
gaseous exchange. nor gaseous exchange. energy production.
Answer:
5. Oxygen combines with Cells need the supply of soluble nutrients and oxygen for the
5. Chemical reactions occur
haemoglobin in external energy production.
in the cells to form energy.
respiration.
2. Respiratory system and respiration begins with mouth.
Answer:
6. Which health parameters of blood donor should be Respiratory system and respiration begins with nose.
checked?
3. A lung is present on either sides of heart in abdominal
1) Which health parameters of blood donor should be cavity.
checked? Answer:
Answer: A lung is present on either sides of heart in thoracic cavity.
Blood donor should be healthy. He or she should have good
haemoglobin’s content. The RBC and WBC count should also 4. Continuous upward and downward movement of
be normal. They should not carry any parasites in their blood diaphragm is necessary to bring about the beating of heart.
such as malarial parasite or dengue virus. The donor should Answer:
not be HIV positive or should not have any infectious Continuous upward and downward movement of diaphragm
diseases. He should not have any addictions such s drug- is necessary to bring about the breathing.
abuse or alcohol consumption.
5. Blood vessels which carry the blood away from heart are
8. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words given in the called veins.
bracket. Answer:
(hemoglobin, alkaline, diaphragm, red bone marrow, acidic, Blood vessels which carry the blood away from heart are
voluntary, involuntary,) called arteries.

1) RBCs of the blood contain haemoglobin, an iron

compound.
2) Diaphragm is present between thoracic and abdominal 6. William Harvey described the blood groups in man.
cavity. Answer:
3) Cardiac muscles are involuntary. William Harvey described the mechanism of circulation in the
4) pH of oxygenated blood is alkaline. body.
5) Production of RBCs occurs in red bone marrow..
7. Capillaries unite together to form the arteries.
2) Find odd one out. Answer:
1) A, O, K, AB, B. Capillaries unite together to form the veins.
Answer: K (All others are blood groups.)

Define the following terms:

2) Blood plasma, platelets, blood transfusion, blood
corpuscles.
Answer: Blood transfusion (All others are components of 1. Inhalation: Inhalation is taking in air through the nose
blood.) from the surrounding
2. Exhalation: Exhalation is giving out the air back to the
outer environment.
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CLASS:8TH NOTES UNIT :11

3. External respiration: The processes of inhalation and

exhalation both together are called external
respiration.
4. Internal respiration: Exchange of gases between cells
and tissue fluid is called internal respiration.
5. Cellular respiration: Production of energy in the form
of ATP from oxidation of glucose and other soluble
nutrients is called cellular respiration.
6. Thermoregulation: Maintenance of the body
temperature to a constant level by performing
vasoconstriction or vasodilation is called
thermoregulation.
7. Blood pressure: Pressure exerted by the flowing
blood on the blood vessel wall is called blood
pressure.
8. Systolic pressure: The maximum blood pressure
exerted by the flowing blood when the heart is
contracting is called systolic pressure.
9. Diastolic pressure: The minimum blood pressure
exerted by the flowing blood when the heart is not
contracting but receiving (i.e. relaxing) the blood is
called diastolic pressure.
10. Hypertension or High Blood Pressure: The blood
pressure value of 140 – 159 mm Hg which is more
than the normal blood pressure is called
hypertension or high blood pressure.
11. Sphygmomanometer: The instru¬ment used for
measuring blood pressure is called
sphygmomanometer.
12. Hematology: The branch of medical science in which
the blood, haemapoietic organs (organs that produce
blood cells) and blood disorders are studied is called
haematology.

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences

each:

1) What are the heart sounds and why are they produced?
Answer:
There are two types of heart sounds, one is ‘lubb’ and other
is ‘dub’. These are produced due to closure of the heart
valves.
2) What is blood circulation?
Answer:
The process of pumping the blood to all the parts of the body
and bringing it back again to the heart is called the blood
circulation.
3) Name any four proteins present in the blood plasma.
Answer:
The proteins present in the blood plasma are albumin,
globulins, fibrinogen and prothrombin.