Democracy

Introduction

Democracy remains the most legitimate and sustainable system of governance in the modern
world. Despite periodic waves of authoritarian resurgence and the persistent challenges
confronting democratic states, no alternative political system has demonstrated an equal
capacity to secure legitimacy, protect human dignity, and ensure the peaceful exercise of
political power. Therefore, democracy, though imperfect in practice, remains the most
effective framework for achieving stable, accountable, and inclusive governance.

This is because democracy institutionalizes the rule of law, guarantees fundamental rights
and freedoms, promotes public participation in decision-making, and establishes mechanisms
through which governments remain accountable to the people. These attributes not only
enhance political legitimacy but also foster social cohesion and sustainable national
development. Moreover, democracy contrasts with forms of government where power is not
vested in the general population of a state, such as authoritarian systems.

The validity of this argument is evident from both historical experience and contemporary
empirical evidence. Democratic states have generally outperformed authoritarian regimes in
safeguarding civil liberties, ensuring peaceful transfers of power, maintaining transparent
institutions, and achieving higher levels of human development and long-term political
stability.

Decline of Democracy:

In recent years, democracy has entered a period of unprecedented global decline. Across
many regions, democratic institutions are being weakened by the rise of authoritarian leaders,
increasing political polarization, populism, erosion of the rule of law, restrictions on civil
liberties, electoral manipulation, and declining public trust in governments. Several
established democracies are experiencing democratic backsliding, while authoritarian
regimes are becoming more assertive on the global stage. This democratic recession has
raised serious concerns about the future of representative government and the liberal
democratic order. According to Freedom House's report published in March 2026, global
freedom has declined for the 20th consecutive year in 2025, meaning freedom has been
falling every single year for two full decades. The V-Dem Institute (2026) reports that
democracy for the average person in the world has fallen back to the level it was at in 1978,
almost erasing 50 years of democratic progress. Pakistan is one of the worst-affected
countries. The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) ranked Pakistan 124th out of 167 countries
in its Democracy Index 2025, with a very low score of 2.84 out of 10, classifying it as an
"authoritarian regime." Hence, democracy is undoubtedly under pressure in the twenty-first
century. The decline of democracy reflects failures in its practice and institutions rather than
the failure of the democratic ideal itself, making democratic renewal one of the foremost
political challenges of the twenty-first century. Nevertheless, in an increasingly
interconnected yet uncertain world, democracy continues to offer the most balanced and
resilient model of governance capable of reconciling liberty with order and authority with
accountability.
Core Components of Democracy:

1. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms

2. Freedom of association
3. Freedom of expression and opinion
4. Access to power and its exercise in accordance with the rule of law
5. The holding of periodic free and fair elections by universal suffrage and by secret
ballot as the expression of the will of the people
6. A pluralistic system of political parties and organizations
7. The separation of powers
8. The independence of the judiciary
9. Transparency and accountability in public administration
10. Free, independent and pluralistic media

Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms:

Human rights are universal and inalienable rights that protect the dignity, freedom, and
equality of every individual regardless of race, gender, religion, ethnicity, or economic status.
They include civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights and are guaranteed by
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), international treaties, and national
constitutions. These instruments place a legal obligation on the state to protect citizens' rights
and limit the arbitrary exercise of government power.

Freedom of association:

Freedom of association is a fundamental democratic right that allows individuals to freely

form, join, and participate in political parties, trade unions, civil society organizations
(CSOs), professional bodies, and other peaceful groups. It is protected under Article 22 of the
ICCPR. This freedom enables citizens to collectively express their interests, influence public
policy, and hold governments accountable. A democratic state must ensure freedom for
associations and political parties, limiting it only when necessary to protect security, public
order, health, morals, or others' rights. By encouraging political pluralism and active citizen
participation, freedom of association strengthens democracy, protects human rights, and
promotes accountable governance.

Freedom of expression and opinion:

Freedom of expression and opinion is a cornerstone of democracy, guaranteed under Article

19 of the ICCPR. It gives every individual the right to hold opinions without interference and
to seek, receive, and share information and ideas through any medium. This freedom enables
citizens to criticize government policies, participate in public debate, access reliable
information, and make informed electoral choices. It also supports an independent and
pluralistic media, which promotes transparency, exposes corruption, and holds public
officials accountable. Any restriction on this right must be legal, necessary, and
proportionate. Overall, freedom of expression and opinion is essential for protecting human
rights, ensuring government accountability, and sustaining democratic governance.
Access to power and its exercise in accordance with the rule of law:

The rule of law is a basic principle of democracy which means that every individual,
institution, and public authority is equally subject to the law, and no one is above it. It
requires laws to be made through a transparent, representative, and constitutional process
while protecting human rights, accountability, and democratic governance.

It is closely linked with the separation of powers, an independent judiciary, and

government accountability, as these institutions prevent the misuse of power and ensure
justice. Therefore, the rule of law demands that even during crises, governments remain
bound by constitutional limits, protect fundamental rights, and ensure that emergency powers
are temporary, accountable, and not used to establish authoritarian rule.

The holding of periodic free and fair elections by universal suffrage and by secret ballot
as the expression of the will of the people:

Political participation is a fundamental principle of democracy and is guaranteed under

Article 25 of the ICCPR and Article 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR). It gives every citizen the right to participate in public affairs, either directly through
referendums or indirectly by voting for and contesting elections.

Democracy requires equal political participation for all citizens. International human rights
instruments prohibit discrimination in political rights and encourage states to remove barriers
that prevent equal participation. Therefore, inclusive, equal, and non-discriminatory political
participation is essential for ensuring representative, accountable, and democratic
governance.

A pluralistic system of political parties and organizations:

Political parties and civil society organisations (CSOs) are fundamental to democracy
because they promote political participation, pluralism, accountability, and citizen
representation. Under Article 22 of the ICCPR, individuals have the right to freely form and
join political parties and associations. Democracy requires a genuine multi-party system, free
political competition, and an effective opposition to hold the government accountable through
legislative oversight and constitutional safeguards. Alongside political parties, CSOs—
including trade unions, professional associations, NGOs, women's groups, and business
organisations—represent diverse public interests, encourage civic engagement, monitor
government performance, and promote democratic values. Together, political parties and
civil society strengthen democratic governance by ensuring public participation, protecting
rights, and enhancing government accountability.

The separation and balance of powers:

The terms ‘separation of power’ and ‘balance of power’ mean that the power of the three
branches of democratic government – the legislative, executive and judiciary – should not be
concentrated in one branch, but should be distributed such that each branch can
independently carry out its own respective functions. The separation and balance of power
rests on two main principles. First, the competencies of the three branches of governmental
power must be clearly delimited and defined. Second, all branches of government are bound
by the rule of Law. Regardless of the system, legislatures must have real authority to make
laws, oversee the executive, and ensure government accountability. Democratic governance
also requires civilian control of the security sector, legislative autonomy, and limits on
executive dominance. Overall, these principles promote checks and balances, accountability,
the rule of law, and effective representative government.

The independence of the judiciary:

According to Article 14 of the ICCPR, every person has the right to a fair and public hearing
before a competent, independent, and impartial court established by law. Therefore, an
independent judiciary is a fundamental requirement of democracy and the rule of law.
Judicial independence applies not only to criminal cases but also to administrative and
constitutional matters, enabling courts to resolve disputes, protect citizens' rights, review
government actions, and ensure accountability. An independent judiciary also plays an
important role in fairly deciding election-related disputes. Judicial independence requires
merit-based appointments, secure tenure, protection from political interference, and
transparent removal procedures to ensure impartial justice.

Transparency and accountability in public administration:

Transparency, accountability, and independent institutions are essential pillars of a

healthy democracy. Transparency ensures that government decisions, policies, and
information are accessible to citizens, while accountability requires public officials to justify
their actions and face consequences for misuse of power.

In a democratic system, elected governments are held accountable through elections,

parliamentary oversight, judicial review, and checks and balances that prevent the
concentration of power. Access to information and freedom of expression enable citizens to
participate effectively in public affairs.

Free, independent and pluralistic media:

Media freedom is a fundamental pillar of democracy because it promotes transparency,

accountability, human rights, and informed public participation. A free and independent
media enables citizens to exercise their freedom of expression and right to information,
allowing them to make informed political decisions and hold governments accountable.
Article 19 of the ICCPR requires states to protect media freedom, prevent government
monopoly over the media, and promote media pluralism.

Democratic governments should also prevent excessive concentration of media ownership

through anti-monopoly laws so that different viewpoints can be represented. Independent
media must have equal access to information and broadcasting facilities without
discrimination. Thus, a free, diverse, and independent media is essential for ensuring
transparency, protecting democratic values, and strengthening public participation in
governance.

Global Status of Democracy:

The 2025 Global State of Democracy (GSoD) Report paints a worrying picture of
democracy across the world. Instead of democratic consolidation after the Cold War, the
world is witnessing democratic backsliding. The report argues that democracy is not
collapsing suddenly; rather, it is gradually weakening through declining institutional quality,
attacks on civil liberties, erosion of judicial independence, shrinking media freedom, and
weakening public trust. Democracy today faces challenges not only from authoritarian
regimes but increasingly from within established democracies themselves.

The report's most significant finding is that democratic decline has become the global
norm rather than the exception.

Important Statistics

 94 countries (54%) experienced democratic decline between 2019-2024.

 Only 55 countries (32%) showed democratic improvement.
 Democracy is weakening across developed and developing countries alike.
 Even long-established democracies are no longer immune to democratic erosion.

Democracy is Deteriorating in Every Major Pillar

The report measures democracy through four pillars:

 Representation
 Rights
 Rule of Law
 Participation

Although Representation remains the strongest pillar globally, every pillar except
Participation experienced noticeable deterioration.
Crisis of Representation
The report finds that democratic representation has reached its lowest level since 2001,
despite 2024 being one of history's largest election years.

The findings show that elections alone no longer guarantee democratic legitimacy.
Increasingly, elections are affected by manipulation, weak legislatures, declining electoral
integrity, executive interference and growing political polarization.

Important Points

 Representation reached its worst global performance since 2001.

 Seven times more countries declined than improved.
 Credible elections declined in 35 countries.
 Effective parliaments declined in 32 countries.
 Executive dominance is weakening legislative oversight.
 Elections increasingly produce polarization instead of consensus.

Decline of Rule of Law

The report identifies Rule of Law as the weakest democratic pillar worldwide.

A functioning democracy requires independent courts, impartial law enforcement and

constitutional accountability. However, many governments increasingly interfere in judicial
institutions, weakening checks and balances.

Important Points

 Rule of Law is now the weakest democratic pillar.

 71 countries are classified as low performers.
 Judicial Independence experienced the greatest decline.
 Europe, traditionally strongest in rule of law, recorded many recent setbacks.
 Executive overreach is replacing constitutional accountability.

Shrinking Civil Liberties

Perhaps the most alarming finding is the global assault on civil liberties.

Freedom of the press has experienced its worst decline since records began in 1975, seriously
threatening democratic accountability.

Without independent media and free expression, elections cannot remain genuinely
competitive because citizens lose access to accurate information.

Important Points

 Press freedom declined in 43 countries.

 Largest decline recorded since 1975.
  Freedom of expression also deteriorated globally.
 Economic equality worsened.
 Access to justice weakened.
 Civil liberties continue shrinking across all regions.

Participation Shows Relative Resilience

Unlike other pillars, citizen participation remained comparatively stable.

The report suggests that civil society remains democracy's strongest source of resilience even
where institutions weaken.

However, participation declined mainly in fragile states suffering conflict or authoritarianism.

Important Points

 Participation remained relatively stable.

 Nine countries declined.
 Only Brazil and Fiji improved.
 Civic engagement remains democracy's strongest defence.

STATUS OF DEMOCRACY IN PAKISTAN:

According to the Global State of Democracy (GSoD) 2025 Report, Pakistan remains a
fragile democracy, performing poorly in Representation, Rights, and the Rule of Law,
while showing only moderate performance in Participation. It ranks among the bottom
25% globally in access to justice, basic welfare, social and gender equality, and personal
security. Although Pakistan has shown modest improvement in controlling corruption, it
has witnessed a marked decline in credible elections and the effectiveness of elected
governments, reflecting democratic backsliding.

Since its independence in 1947, Pakistan has struggled with nation-building, institutional
fragility, and chronic political instability. Three episodes of military rule have left a lasting
legacy, with the military continuing to exercise considerable influence over political decision-
making despite civilian governments. Democratic competition is further weakened by
dynastic politics, where power frequently rotates among a few influential political families.

The country's democratic governance is also constrained by economic instability, high

public and external debt, weak educational outcomes, and severe climate vulnerability.
Recurrent floods and other climate-induced disasters have further strained governance
capacity and socioeconomic development.

Moreover, religious and ethnic divisions have often been politicized, increasing social
polarization and undermining national cohesion. While constitutional guarantees,
parliamentary quotas for women, and legal reforms such as the prohibition of child marriage
have strengthened the legal framework for gender equality, patriarchal norms continue to
limit women's access to education, healthcare, employment, and political participation.

Overall, Pakistan's democratic consolidation remains hindered by political instability,

security challenges, and the continued influence of non-elected institutions. Counter-
Xterrorism policies and governance measures have frequently been criticized for restricting
civil liberties, weakening the rule of law, limiting political freedoms, and curbing digital
and political expression. The future of democracy in Pakistan depends on strengthening
democratic institutions, ensuring civilian supremacy, safeguarding fundamental rights,
conducting credible elections, and upholding the rule of law.

Causes and Drivers of Democratic Decline

(Pakistan and the World)
1. Military Intervention and Civil-Military Imbalance

In many developing countries, particularly Pakistan, Myanmar, and several African states, the
military continues to perceive itself as the ultimate guardian of the state rather than an
institution subordinate to civilian authority. This perception has enabled armed forces to
accumulate political influence, economic interests, and institutional autonomy, making them
reluctant to surrender power to elected governments. Whenever civilian governments
challenge these entrenched interests, they often face military coups, engineered political
crises, judicial interventions, or indirect removal from office. Consequently, democratic
consolidation remains incomplete, with elected governments functioning under the shadow of
unelected power centres.

2. Weak Democratic Institutions and Executive Overreach

One of the foremost drivers of democratic decline is the gradual weakening of democratic
institutions. Across the world, executives increasingly concentrate power by undermining the
independence of parliaments, courts, election commissions, and accountability institutions.
When courts lack judicial independence, they fail to safeguard constitutional rights and hold
governments accountable. Likewise, politically compromised election commissions cannot
ensure free and fair elections. As constitutional checks and balances erode, democracy
becomes procedural rather than substantive, where elections occur regularly but genuine
accountability and the separation of powers gradually disappear.

3. Electoral Manipulation and Democratic Backsliding

Modern democratic decline increasingly occurs within democracies themselves rather than
through sudden military coups. Many governments maintain the appearance of democracy
while manipulating electoral processes through gerrymandering, voter intimidation, misuse of
state resources, internet shutdowns, disqualification or imprisonment of opposition leaders,
and restrictions on political competition. Pakistan's 2018 and 2024 general elections, for
instance, attracted criticism over opposition repression, communication restrictions, and
electoral irregularities. Such practices undermine electoral credibility, reduce public trust, and
transform democracy into an electoral façade rather than a genuine system of popular
representation.

4. Corruption, Elite Capture, and Governance Failure

Democracy weakens when political, economic, and military elites capture state institutions
for private gain rather than public welfare. Corruption diverts scarce public resources away
from essential services such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure, thereby reducing
citizens' confidence in democratic governance. Transparency International estimates that
corruption costs Pakistan approximately US$17 billion annually, depriving the country of
resources needed for development. When citizens perceive that elections merely rotate elites
without improving governance, political participation declines and democratic legitimacy
erodes.

5. Economic Inequality, Poverty, and Economic Mismanagement

Economic instability constitutes one of the strongest structural threats to democracy.

Governments that fail to generate employment, control inflation, reduce poverty, or ensure
equitable economic growth lose public confidence. Rising inequality further undermines
political equality by allowing wealth to exert disproportionate influence over policymaking.
According to the World Bank (2025), nearly 40–41% of Pakistan's population lives below
the poverty line, limiting meaningful political participation. Under such conditions,
economically vulnerable populations become increasingly susceptible to populist rhetoric,
vote-buying, and political manipulation.

6. Rise of Populism and Authoritarian Leadership

The rise of populist politics has emerged as a defining feature of contemporary democratic
decline. Populist leaders often promise simplistic solutions to complex national problems,
blame minorities, immigrants, political opponents, or the "deep state," and portray themselves
as the sole representatives of the people's will. After assuming power, they frequently weaken
judicial independence, undermine free media, and alter constitutional rules to consolidate
authority. Leaders such as Viktor Orbán in Hungary and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Türkiye
illustrate how democratic mandates can gradually be used to dismantle democratic safeguards
from within. As Neil Postman and Hannah Arendt argued, manipulation of public opinion
and concentration of power can gradually normalize authoritarianism.

7. Declining Media Freedom and Freedom of Expression

A free and independent press remains indispensable for democratic accountability. However,
governments increasingly employ censorship, legal intimidation, surveillance, cybercrime
laws, financial pressure, and violence to silence independent journalism. According to the
Global State of Democracy 2025 Report, press freedom declined in 43 countries during
2024–25, representing the sharpest deterioration since 1975. In Pakistan, journalists face
arrests, media outlets encounter restrictions, and internet and social media platforms are
periodically blocked. As media freedom contracts, corruption expands, misinformation
spreads, political polarization intensifies, and public accountability weakens.

8. Conflict, Political Instability, and Security Challenges

Persistent conflict and political instability significantly weaken democratic institutions.

Prolonged insecurity often results in institutional breakdown, declining political participation,
weakened legislatures, compromised judicial independence, and widespread human rights
violations. Governments frequently justify restrictions on civil liberties and political
freedoms in the name of national security or counterterrorism. While maintaining security
remains a legitimate state function, excessive securitization often undermines democratic
norms and constitutional governance.
9. Colonial Legacy and Weak Democratic Foundations

Many post-colonial states inherited administrative structures designed primarily for imperial
control rather than democratic governance. Colonial institutions emphasized centralized
authority, powerful bureaucracies, and militarized governance while discouraging public
participation and political accountability. Pakistan inherited a governance model in which the
civil bureaucracy and military emerged as dominant institutions, whereas elected
representatives remained comparatively weak. The persistence of these colonial power
structures continues to impede democratic consolidation.

10. External Interference and Geopolitical Interests

International geopolitics has frequently reinforced authoritarian governance. During the Cold
War, both the United States and the Soviet Union supported strategically important
authoritarian regimes irrespective of their democratic credentials. Pakistan similarly received
sustained international support because of its geopolitical significance during both the Cold
War and the War on Terror, reducing external incentives for democratic reforms. More
recently, China's model of rapid economic development without political liberalization has
offered many governments an alternative to liberal democracy, weakening global democratic
norms.

11. Social Polarisation, Identity Politics, and Democratic

Fragmentation

Democracy depends upon trust, tolerance, and compromise among competing political
groups. However, societies divided along religious, ethnic, linguistic, or ideological lines
struggle to sustain democratic consensus. Political polarization has intensified globally,
including in established democracies such as the United States and India. In Pakistan, rivalry
between political parties and tensions involving the establishment have deepened societal
divisions, transforming political opponents into perceived enemies rather than democratic
competitors. Such polarization weakens institutions, obstructs consensus-building, and
undermines democratic stability.

12. Migration, Democratic Inclusion, and Overseas Political

Participation

The Global State of Democracy 2025 Report introduces migration as an emerging

democratic challenge rather than merely a security issue. With approximately 304 million
international migrants (3.7% of the global population), democracies must rethink
citizenship, political participation, and inclusion. The report advocates expanding Out-of-
Country Voting (OCV) to strengthen democratic legitimacy, enhance political inclusion,
reinforce citizens' sense of belonging, and improve democratic resilience. However, many
countries continue to maintain weak diaspora voting systems and low overseas ele

6. Impacts of Democratic Decline on Pakistan and the World

The current wave of democratic backsliding has serious political, economic, and social
consequences. Weakening democratic institutions reduces accountability, increases
corruption, and negatively affects economic development, education, healthcare, security, and
public service delivery.

As democracies decline, authoritarian practices become normalized, allowing governments to

suppress opposition, restrict civil liberties, and weaken constitutional checks and balances.
The erosion of major democracies also reduces the global appeal of democratic values and
strengthens authoritarian models.

Another major consequence is the rise of political violence. Increasing interstate conflicts,
civil wars, and violence within democratic systems show how weakening democratic norms
can encourage extremism and intolerance. Political polarization has further increased attacks
against minorities, journalists, and opponents.

Ultimately, democratic decline weakens the rule of law, reduces public trust, and creates
political instability. Protecting democracy requires stronger institutions, respect for
constitutional principles, and promotion of civic values.

6.1 Economic Stagnation and Governance Failure

Democratic decline weakens economic governance by reducing transparency, accountability,

and policy continuity. In the absence of effective parliamentary oversight and institutional
checks, corruption, rent-seeking, and elite capture distort the allocation of national resources.
In Pakistan, the tax-to-GDP ratio of only 8.77% (FBR, 2024) reflects the disproportionate
political influence of powerful economic groups that often resist taxation while benefiting
from state patronage. Political instability and frequent policy reversals further discourage
domestic and foreign investment, as investors seek predictable legal systems and secure
property rights. International evidence consistently demonstrates that countries with stronger
democratic institutions enjoy higher long-term economic growth, greater innovation, lower
poverty, and more equitable income distribution because accountable governments are more
likely to pursue inclusive and sustainable economic policies.

6.2 Erosion of Human Rights and Civil Liberties

The weakening of democracy is almost invariably accompanied by the erosion of

fundamental rights and freedoms. Independent media, opposition parties, civil society
organisations, religious minorities, and political dissidents become the first targets of
authoritarian tendencies. In Pakistan, minorities—including Christians, Hindus, Ahmadis,
and Shia communities—continue to face discrimination, violence, and inadequate legal
protection. Restrictions on freedom of expression, arbitrary arrests, censorship, internet
shutdowns, and limitations on peaceful assembly further narrow civic space. According to
Freedom House (2026), political rights and civil liberties declined in 54 countries during
2025, underscoring the global nature of democratic regression. Without constitutional
safeguards, human dignity and individual freedoms become increasingly vulnerable to state
abuse.

6.3 Decline in Social Development and Human Capital

Weak democracies frequently underinvest in education, healthcare, social protection, and
human development because governments face limited public accountability. In Pakistan,
public expenditure on education remains below 2% of GDP, while healthcare spending also
lags behind international benchmarks. Budgetary priorities often favour debt servicing and
security expenditures at the expense of social welfare. As a result, literacy rates stagnate,
healthcare systems remain under-resourced, and poverty reduction efforts lose momentum.
Countries with stronger democratic accountability consistently perform better on indicators
such as life expectancy, literacy, gender equality, child welfare, and the Human Development
Index (HDI). Over time, declining public services reduce social mobility and weaken the
country's human capital.

6.4 Political Instability, Extremism, and Internal Security Challenges

Democracy provides peaceful institutional channels through which citizens can express
grievances and seek political change. When these channels become ineffective or
inaccessible, political frustration often manifests in protests, violent extremism, separatist
movements, or armed insurgencies. In Pakistan, persistent insecurity in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
and separatist movements in Balochistan are partly rooted in political exclusion, uneven
development, and governance deficits. Weak democratic institutions also create fertile ground
for radicalisation by reducing public confidence in peaceful political processes. Globally,
many civil wars, refugee crises, and terrorist conflicts have emerged from states characterised
by authoritarian governance, institutional collapse, and prolonged political instability.

6.5 Weakening of Rule of Law and Judicial Independence

A major consequence of democratic decline is the deterioration of the rule of law. As

executive authorities accumulate power, judicial independence is undermined, selective
accountability becomes common, and legal institutions lose public credibility. Citizens
increasingly perceive that laws are applied unevenly, favouring political elites while
disadvantaging ordinary people. Such perceptions weaken public trust in state institutions,
encourage corruption, and reduce voluntary compliance with the law. Ultimately, a fragile
justice system threatens both democratic legitimacy and long-term political stability.

6.6 Increased Corruption and Declining Public Trust

Weak democratic oversight allows corruption to flourish by limiting transparency and

reducing institutional accountability. Public offices become instruments for political
patronage rather than public service. As corruption expands, citizens lose confidence in
democratic institutions, believing that elections merely replace one elite with another without
improving governance. This growing political cynicism reduces electoral participation,
weakens civic engagement, and fuels anti-democratic sentiments, thereby creating a vicious
cycle of declining legitimacy and poor governance.

6.7 Social Polarisation and National Fragmentation

Democratic decline intensifies political and social divisions by encouraging identity politics,
misinformation, and intolerance. Governments and political actors often exploit ethnic,
religious, linguistic, or ideological differences for electoral advantage. As political
competition becomes increasingly polarised, compromise and consensus-building give way to
confrontation and hostility. In Pakistan, growing political polarisation has deepened mistrust
among institutions, political parties, and citizens, weakening national cohesion. Globally,
similar trends have contributed to democratic instability in countries ranging from the United
States to India and Brazil.

6.8 Brain Drain and Loss of Human Capital

Persistent political instability, declining civil liberties, and weak economic opportunities
encourage skilled professionals, entrepreneurs, academics, researchers, and students to
emigrate in search of greater security and opportunity. Pakistan has experienced a significant
outflow of highly educated professionals in recent years, reducing the country's innovative
capacity and slowing economic development. The loss of human capital further weakens
governance by depriving institutions of experienced and qualified leadership.

6.9 Environmental and Climate Governance Challenges

Effective responses to climate change require transparent institutions, long-term planning,

and public accountability. Weak democracies often prioritise short-term political interests
over sustainable environmental policies. In Pakistan, institutional weaknesses have limited
effective responses to recurring floods, water scarcity, deforestation, and urban pollution
despite the country's high climate vulnerability. Democratic governance strengthens
environmental policymaking by encouraging public participation, evidence-based decision-
making, and institutional accountability.

6.10 Declining International Standing and Diplomatic Influence

Democratic backsliding diminishes a country's international credibility and soft power. States
perceived as authoritarian often face criticism regarding governance, human rights, and the
rule of law, which can affect trade preferences, development assistance, foreign investment,
and diplomatic partnerships. Pakistan's democratic challenges have periodically influenced its
global image and investor confidence. At the global level, the rise of authoritarian powers has
complicated efforts to defend the liberal international order and democratic norms.

6.11 Weakening of International Cooperation and the Liberal International Order

The global retreat of democracy is reshaping international politics. As authoritarian states

such as China and Russia expand their geopolitical influence, democratic alliances face
growing internal divisions and declining cohesion. Democratic countries increasingly
struggle to cooperate on transnational challenges—including climate change, cyber security,
nuclear proliferation, pandemics, terrorism, and migration—because domestic political
polarisation undermines consistent foreign policy. Moreover, democratic regression in
influential states weakens the global appeal of liberal democracy and emboldens authoritarian
governments elsewhere.

6.12 Democratic Disillusionment and Loss of Public Confidence

Perhaps the most profound consequence of democratic decline is the erosion of citizens' faith
in democracy itself. When elections fail to produce accountable governments, institutions
appear partisan, and corruption persists, citizens begin to question the effectiveness of
democratic governance. This democratic disillusionment lowers voter turnout, weakens civic
participation, and increases public willingness to accept authoritarian alternatives that
promise stability, efficiency, and strong leadership at the expense of constitutional freedoms.

8. Global Models of Democratic Success (Comparative Examples)

8.1 South Korea: From Military Rule to a Consolidated Democracy

South Korea presents one of the world's most successful examples of democratic
transformation. From 1961 to 1987, the country remained under military rule, a trajectory
comparable to Pakistan's experience with military intervention in politics. The nationwide
June Democratic Uprising (1987) compelled the military regime to initiate constitutional
reforms, restore civilian supremacy, and hold free presidential elections. Since then, South
Korea has strengthened judicial independence, electoral integrity, press freedom, and
democratic accountability. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) Democracy
Index 2025, South Korea is classified as a Full Democracy, demonstrating that sustained
institutional reforms and civilian control can transform an authoritarian state within a single
generation.

Lessons for Pakistan

 Establish genuine civilian supremacy over state institutions.

 Strengthen constitutionalism and judicial independence.
 Ensure free, fair, and credible elections.
 Promote peaceful democratic transitions through institutional reforms.

8.2 Indonesia: Democratic Consolidation after Authoritarian Rule

Indonesia illustrates how democratic reform can succeed after prolonged authoritarianism.
Following 32 years of General Suharto's rule, widespread public protests in 1998 initiated the
Reformasi movement, leading to constitutional amendments, decentralization, civilian control
over the military, and greater political freedoms. Since then, Indonesia has conducted
multiple peaceful elections and transfers of power, becoming the world's third-largest
democracy. The country's democratic success has been supported by an active civil society,
independent media, and strengthened constitutional institutions.

Lessons for Pakistan

 Reduce military influence in political affairs.

 Empower independent institutions and civil society.
 Strengthen local governments through decentralization.
 Protect media freedom and political pluralism.

8.3 Botswana: Africa's Model of Stable Democratic Governance

Despite being located in a region often associated with political instability, Botswana has
maintained continuous multiparty democracy since independence in 1966. The country has
held regular, competitive elections, upheld judicial independence, and managed its natural
resources through relatively transparent institutions. Strong fiscal discipline, low corruption,
and respect for the rule of law have contributed to sustained political stability and economic
development. Botswana demonstrates that democratic success depends more on institutional
quality than on natural resource wealth.

Lessons for Pakistan

 Strengthen institutional accountability.

 Improve public financial management.
 Conduct transparent and credible elections.
 Ensure that national resources are managed in the public interest.

8.4 Switzerland: Direct Democracy and Participatory Governance

Switzerland represents one of the world's most mature democracies, distinguished by its
extensive system of direct democracy. Citizens regularly participate in national and local
referendums, constitutional amendments, and popular initiatives, making democratic
participation a continuous process rather than an event confined to elections. Combined with
federalism, local autonomy, and consensus-based politics, this participatory model has
produced high levels of political stability, transparency, and public trust.

Lessons for Pakistan

 Strengthen local governments and decentralization.

 Encourage citizen participation beyond elections.
 Institutionalize public consultation in policymaking.
 Build democratic legitimacy through inclusive governance.

9. Way Forward: Strengthening Democracy in Pakistan and the World

Democracy cannot be strengthened merely through periodic elections; it requires strong

institutions, constitutional supremacy, accountable governance, protection of fundamental
freedoms, and an active citizenry. The experience of successful democracies shows that
democratic consolidation is a gradual process based on institutional reforms rather than
dependence on individual leaders. The following measures can help reverse democratic
decline in Pakistan and globally.

9.1 Ensuring Genuine Civilian Supremacy

A sustainable democracy requires the supremacy of elected civilian institutions over all state
affairs. Pakistan must strengthen the constitutional principle that elected governments have
the legitimate authority to determine national policies, including security and foreign affairs,
while all state institutions remain within their constitutional boundaries.

A National Democratic Charter involving political parties, military leadership, judiciary, and
civil society should establish clear institutional boundaries and prevent political intervention
by non-elected actors. The experiences of South Korea and Indonesia, where military-
dominated systems gradually transitioned towards civilian democratic governance,
demonstrate that such transformation is possible through institutional consensus and political
maturity.

Key Measures

 Define constitutional limits of all state institutions.

 Strengthen parliamentary oversight of security policies.
 Promote dialogue between political and institutional stakeholders.
 Ensure that all institutions operate under the supremacy of the constitution.

9.2 Strengthening Democratic Institutions and Rule of Law

Democracy depends on institutions that can restrain political power and ensure
accountability. Pakistan needs independent and credible institutions, including the Election
Commission, judiciary, parliament, and accountability bodies.

The Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) should be made genuinely autonomous through
transparent appointment procedures, financial independence, and operational freedom.
Similarly, judicial independence must be protected so that courts can act as impartial
guardians of the constitution rather than political battlegrounds.

Accountability institutions such as NAB must be redesigned to ensure equal accountability

without political discrimination, applying the law equally to politicians, bureaucrats, and
powerful institutions.

Global Lessons

 Germany demonstrates the importance of constitutional courts.

 New Zealand shows how independent institutions enhance accountability.

9.3 Protecting Freedom of Media and Digital Expression

A free press is the foundation of democratic accountability because it exposes corruption,

informs citizens, and enables public debate. Pakistan must protect journalists, media
organisations, and citizens' right to peaceful expression.

Restrictive laws that are misused to suppress criticism, including provisions of cybercrime
legislation, require review to ensure that national security concerns do not become tools for
limiting legitimate democratic expression. Regulatory bodies such as PEMRA should
function independently rather than serving as instruments of political control.

Key Measures

 Protect journalists from harassment and legal intimidation.

 Ensure internet freedom and prevent unnecessary shutdowns.
 Promote independent media regulation.
 Develop safeguards against digital censorship.
Global Lesson: Democracies with stronger press freedom generally demonstrate higher
accountability and lower corruption.

9.4 Promoting Civic Education and Democratic Culture

Democracy cannot survive without democratic citizens. Political literacy and civic awareness
are essential for creating a population that understands constitutional rights, responsibilities,
and democratic values.

Pakistan should introduce civic education at schools and universities, teaching students about
constitutional principles, electoral processes, human rights, and responsible citizenship.
Educational institutions should encourage critical thinking, debate, and peaceful political
engagement rather than political intolerance.

Key Measures

 Introduce compulsory civic education in curricula.

 Encourage student participation in democratic activities.
 Promote public awareness campaigns about constitutional rights.
 Strengthen universities as centres of open intellectual debate.

Global Lesson: Nordic democracies demonstrate that civic education from an early age
strengthens democratic resilience.

9.5 Establishing Transparent and Equal Accountability

Corruption remains one of the greatest threats to democratic legitimacy. Accountability

mechanisms must be independent, impartial, and free from political influence.

Pakistan requires a comprehensive anti-corruption framework where no individual or

institution is above the law. Digital governance can reduce corruption by minimizing human
discretion in taxation, procurement, licensing, and land administration.

Key Measures

 Establish independent accountability institutions.

 Strengthen whistle-blower protection laws.
 Expand e-governance systems.
 Ensure transparency in public procurement.

Global Lessons
  New Zealand demonstrates how transparent governance reduces corruption.
 Estonia shows how digitalization can improve administrative efficiency.

9.6 Ensuring Inclusive Democracy for Women and Minorities

A democracy cannot be considered successful if significant sections of society remain

politically excluded. Pakistan must ensure meaningful participation of women, religious
minorities, and marginalized communities in political decision-making.

Beyond symbolic representation, women and minorities should have genuine opportunities to
contest elections, influence policymaking, and participate in governance.

Key Measures

 Increase women's representation through effective electoral reforms.

 Protect minority rights guaranteed under the constitution.
 Prevent misuse of laws against vulnerable communities.
 Ensure equal access to political participation.

Global Lesson: Rwanda's high female parliamentary representation demonstrates that

inclusive institutions strengthen democratic legitimacy.

9.7 Developing a Culture of Democratic Competition and Political Tolerance

Democracy requires political opponents to be treated as competitors rather than enemies.

Pakistan's political instability is partly driven by a lack of consensus over democratic rules of
engagement.

Political parties and institutions should agree upon a Code of Democratic Conduct based on
accepting election outcomes, rejecting political violence, and resolving disputes through
constitutional mechanisms rather than street confrontation or institutional intervention.

Key Measures

 Encourage political dialogue and reconciliation.

 Prevent misuse of state institutions against opponents.
 Strengthen parliamentary debate.
 Promote peaceful transfer of power.

Global Lesson: Chile's democratic transition demonstrates that political compromise can
overcome deep divisions.

9.8 Strengthening Global Democratic Cooperation

Democratic decline is not only a national issue but a global challenge. Democratic states must
cooperate to protect democratic institutions, civil society, and human rights worldwide.
International organisations, including the United Nations and regional bodies, should develop
stronger mechanisms against military coups, authoritarian repression, and democratic
backsliding. However, democratic countries must also address their own challenges,
including inequality, declining institutional trust, and political polarization.

Key Measures

 Link international assistance with governance standards.

 Support independent civil society organizations.
 Defend journalists and human rights activists.
 Strengthen democratic cooperation among states.

Citizens' Assemblies: Democracy Beyond Elections

Traditional democracy often limits citizen participation to voting every few years. Countries
should experiment with citizens' assemblies, where randomly selected citizens discuss major
national issues with experts and provide policy recommendations.

Why it matters:

 Reduces political polarization.

 Gives ordinary citizens a direct voice.
 Creates evidence-based policymaking.

Example: Ireland successfully used citizens' assemblies to debate constitutional reforms.

Democratic Performance Index for Governments

Governments should be evaluated annually through a Democratic Performance Scorecard

measuring:

Rule of law.

 Transparency.
 Human rights protection.
 Electoral integrity.
 Public service delivery.

Such a mechanism would shift political competition from personalities and slogans towards
institutional performance.

Impact:

 Makes governments more accountable.

 Allows citizens to measure democratic progress objectively.
 Encourages competition based on governance outcomes.

3. Digital Democracy and Participatory Governance

Technology should be used not only for administration but also for democratic participation.
Governments can develop secure digital platforms where citizens can:

 Submit policy proposals.

 Monitor government projects.
 Track parliamentary performance.
 Participate in consultations.

Lesson from Estonia: Digital tools can reduce corruption, increase transparency, and rebuild
public trust when combined with strong institutions.

Critical Analysis and Counterarguments

Democracy remains the most widely accepted system of governance because it provides
mechanisms for accountability, participation, and protection of rights. However, its success is
not automatic and depends on the strength of institutions, political culture, economic
conditions, and social cohesion. The global decline of democracy highlights that elections
alone cannot guarantee democratic governance; without independent institutions, rule of law,
and respect for civil liberties, democracies can gradually become electoral authoritarian
systems.

However, critics argue that democratic systems are often slow, inefficient, and vulnerable to
political instability, especially in developing countries facing security threats, poverty, and
weak institutions. They contend that strong centralized governments can sometimes deliver
faster economic development and policy implementation, citing examples of authoritarian
states that have achieved rapid growth. Furthermore, excessive external pressure for
democratic reforms may ignore local political realities and historical contexts.

Nevertheless, the long-term evidence suggests that authoritarian efficiency often comes at the
cost of accountability, human rights, and sustainable stability. While democracy may involve
delays and political disagreements, it provides self-correcting mechanisms through elections,
independent institutions, and public participation. Therefore, the challenge is not to replace
democracy but to improve its quality by strengthening institutions, reducing inequality,
promoting civic responsibility, and ensuring that democratic governance delivers meaningful
outcomes for citizens.
General Problems across the world:

Younger generations are flexing political muscle worldwide, breaking silence and
expectations both on the streets and at the ballot box. But even when their marches and votes
lead to political change, that is only the start. The real question, and a real cause for hope, is
if this generational mobilization can enable more fundamental changes to the fabric of our
societies, economies, and politics. Democracies should advance systemic reforms—political,
social, and economic—that respond to the problems young people are calling out. And as the
world prepares to select the next Secretary-General of the United Nations later this year, UN
Member States should choose a person who will embody and deliver this opportunity.

Last year’s Gen Z protests rocked the Indo-Pacific and beyond, from Madagascar to
Indonesia. Youth marched in the streets condemning inequalities and demanding change. In
Nepal and Bangladesh, the protests led to decisive changes in government.

Young people are right to feel frustration. Across the G20 group of leading economies, the
median age is 39; but the median age among their heads of state and government is well
above 60. The situation worsens as the circle widens, with last year’s re-election of 92-year-
old Paul Biya in Cameroon, in a vote plagued by irregularities, exemplifying political
stagnation.

Even more problematically, the leaders’ policies reflect their age. Too many governments are
standing back as a growing gap between median incomes and housing costs prices younger
generations out of the market. National budgets firewall pension plans but do little to help
young people hopping from one unpaid internship to another gig job. These aren’t just
#FirstWorldProblems: youth in developing countries face the greatest barriers to moving up
the income ladder.

Amid all the transformation of the past decades, the mechanisms of democracy have changed
remarkably little. The electoral franchise has expanded greatly within and among countries,
and there have been some local innovations in political participation. But by and large, the
core model of representative government based around a mostly predetermined electoral
cycle and a single static legislature has been passed down from one generation to the next.

Possible role of UN in reviving democracry:

Meanwhile, the international system is challenged by the same conditions of stagnation and
inequality. The selection of the next UN Secretary-General—a position that still holds
enormous potential influence as a peacemaker and thought leader—offers a chance to set a
new and more inclusive course. If the UN is to regain its relevance for the next generation, it
must reassert its ability to act on the critical issues of the day, including intergenerational
equity. That can only happen through the personal leadership of the Secretary-General.
The selection process must reflect regional rotation (Latin America is next in line—the last
Secretary-General from the region was Javier Perez de Cuellar in the 1980s) and gender
(there has never been a woman in the role). But as the effects of today’s myriad crises and
stalemates—from financial instability to skills gaps to mental health struggles—fall
disproportionately on young people, the next UNSG should also emphasize and represent
intergenerational justice.

The actions and words of our youngest citizens manifest a profound and well-founded
anxiety. That concern should be an impetus for renewal and reform: to make democracy and
multilateralism more trusted, more diverse, and more innovative—and thus better able to do
the hard work to reform society more broadly. With democracy and more on the precipice,
it’s time to embrace the energy and direction of a new generation.
Suggestions:

In other words, there is room to improve the "people" part of democracy, by including
more people in decision making; there is also room to improve the "power" or "will" part
of democracy, by giving the people more real power.

EXTRA INFO

For example, CEDAW allows temporary measures such as women's electoral quotas to
improve gender equality in political representation. Similarly, conventions such as CERD
and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) promote the
political inclusion of racial minorities, persons with disabilities, and other marginalized
groups

Queries:

How much evidence and facts can we write in intro??