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Chapter Four Instrumentation

The document discusses the importance of Analog to Digital Converters (ADC) and Digital to Analog Converters (DAC) in converting analog signals from nature into digital signals for efficient processing. It outlines the characteristics of ADC/DAC, including resolution, linearity, accuracy, conversion time, and settling time, as well as common errors such as quantization error and non-linearity. The document emphasizes the need for proper sampling frequency to ensure accurate signal reconstruction.

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3 views13 pages

Chapter Four Instrumentation

The document discusses the importance of Analog to Digital Converters (ADC) and Digital to Analog Converters (DAC) in converting analog signals from nature into digital signals for efficient processing. It outlines the characteristics of ADC/DAC, including resolution, linearity, accuracy, conversion time, and settling time, as well as common errors such as quantization error and non-linearity. The document emphasizes the need for proper sampling frequency to ensure accurate signal reconstruction.

Uploaded by

ashimadhikari910
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter - Four

Interfacing A/D and D/A Converters


Introduction
ADC/DAC (why we need)

The data we get in nature is analog type whether


it`s voice, natural signals etc but nowadays most of
the processing is performed in digital signal, hence
conversion is needed.
Introduction
ADC/DAC (why we need) Digital signal processing is
more efficient, economic,
fast, easy to interface with
microcontroller/microproce
ssor.
More secure due to
Encryption techniques.

Analog to Digital occurs via


three steps:
1. Quantization
2. Encoding
3. Sampling
Sufficient condition to allow
an analog signal to be
reconstructed completely
from a set of uniformly spaced
Discrete time samples.
Sampling frequency (fs)>=2fm.
Characteristics of ADC/DAC
1. Resolution: Step size defines the smallest voltage or current change
possible for the DAC output signal.
Let, an 8-bit DAC that generates a maximum output voltage of 5
volts has a step size or resolution of (5V / 28 ) = 19.5 mV. Sometimes,
the resolution is stated in the percentage value. For the 8-bit DAC,
the percent resolution is (1 / 28 ) x 100 = 0.39%.[ (1 / (2n -1)) x 100].
2. Linearity: Equal increment in analog domain should result in equal
increment in digital domain.
3. Accuracy : Comparison of actual O/P and expected O/P.
Specified as % of the full scale O/P voltage.
Maximum error should be no more than +or – ½ LSB.
4. Conversion time: Total time required to convert analog I/P signal into
digital O/P.
5. Settling time: Time at O/P of DAC takes to approach final value
with in limits of defined error tolerance.
Errors in ADC/DAC

Quantization error:
Difference between original signal and digitized signal.
Sampled value does not fall on the defined level.
2. Differential Non linearity
Difference in the voltage step size from the
previous DAC output.(Ideally DLN’s = 1 VLSB )
Measured in terms of LSB and can be expressed in
terms of percentage.
3. Integral Nonlinearity

a. Absolute linearity
Measured by assuming that O/P of DAC begin at zero and end at
ideal full scale.
Zero error= Vobserved - Videal (for 000 if 3 bit is used)
Full scale error = Vobserved - Videal (for 111 if 3 bit is used)
Gain error = Vobserved - Videal (for 111, with offset removed)
b. Best straight line linearity
Deviation is observed from best straight line.
c. End point linearity
Observed using actual end point instead of ideal
end points.
4. Missing codes

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