Comprehensive Trigonometry Formula Reference

High School, College & Engineering Mathematics

1. Right Triangle Trigonometry 7. Sum & Difference Formulas

For a right-angled triangle with angle θ, opposite side O,
adjacent side A, and hypotenuse H:
Opposite O Hypotenuse H sin(α ± β) = sin α cos β ± cos α sin β
sin θ = = csc θ = =
Hypotenuse H Opposite O
cos(α ± β) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β
Adjacent A Hypotenuse H
cos θ = = sec θ = = tan α ± tan β
Hypotenuse H Adjacent A tan(α ± β) =
1 ∓ tan α tan β
Opposite O Adjacent A
tan θ = = cot θ = = cot α cot β ∓ 1
Adjacent A Opposite O cot(α ± β) =
cot β ± cot α
2. Reciprocal & Quotient Identities

1 1
csc θ = , sin θ =
sin θ csc θ 8. Double-Angle Formulas
1 1
sec θ = , cos θ =
cos θ sec θ
1 1
cot θ = , tan θ =
tan θ cot θ 2 tan θ
sin(2θ) = 2 sin θ cos θ =
sin θ cos θ 1 + tan2 θ
tan θ = , cot θ =
cos θ sin θ cos(2θ) = cos2 θ − sin2 θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1
1 − tan2 θ
3. Pythagorean Identities = 1 − 2 sin2 θ =
1 + tan2 θ
2 tan θ
tan(2θ) =
1 − tan2 θ
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ
1 + cot2 θ = csc2 θ
9. Triple-Angle Formulas
4. Even / Odd Identities

sin(−θ) = − sin θ csc(−θ) = − csc θ

sin(3θ) = 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ
cos(−θ) = cos θ sec(−θ) = sec θ
cos(3θ) = 4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ
tan(−θ) = − tan θ cot(−θ) = − cot θ
3 tan θ − tan3 θ
tan(3θ) =
1 − 3 tan2 θ
5. Co-Function Identities
π  π 
sin − θ = cos θ cos − θ = sin θ
2 2
π π
10. Half-Angle Formulas
 
tan − θ = cot θ cot − θ = tan θ
2 2
π  π 
sec − θ = csc θ csc − θ = sec θ
2 2
  r
θ 1 − cos θ
6. Periodicity Identities sin =±
2 2
(For integer k ∈ Z)   r
θ 1 + cos θ
cos =±
sin(θ + 2πk) = sin θ csc(θ + 2πk) = csc θ 2 2
cos(θ + 2πk) = cos θ sec(θ + 2πk) = sec θ   r
θ 1 − cos θ 1 − cos θ sin θ
tan(θ + πk) = tan θ cot(θ + πk) = cot θ tan =± = =
2 1 + cos θ sin θ 1 + cos θ
11. Power-Reducing Formulas Area of Triangle:

1 − cos(2θ)
sin2 θ =
2
1 + cos(2θ)
cos2 θ =
2
1 − cos(2θ) 1 1 1
tan2 θ = Area = ab sin C = bc sin A = ac sin B
1 + cos(2θ) 2 2 2
3 sin θ − sin(3θ)
sin3 θ =
4
3 cos θ + cos(3θ)
cos3 θ =
4

12. Product-to-Sum Formulas

1
sin α cos β = [sin(α + β) + sin(α − β)]
2
1
cos α sin β = [sin(α + β) − sin(α − β)]
2
1
cos α cos β = [cos(α + β) + cos(α − β)]
2
1 a+b+c
sin α sin β = [cos(α − β) − cos(α + β)]
p
2 Heron’s Formula: Area = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c), s=
2

13. Sum-to-Product Formulas

   
x+y x−y
sin x + sin y = 2 sin cos
2 2
   
x+y x−y
sin x − sin y = 2 cos sin
2 2
   
x+y x−y
cos x + cos y = 2 cos cos
2 2
   
x+y x−y
cos x − cos y = −2 sin sin
2 2

14. Laws of Triangles

For any triangle with sides a, b, c opposite to angles A, B, C 15. Standard Trigonometric Values
and circumradius R:

Law of Sines:
a b c
= = = 2R
sin A sin B sin C

Law of Cosines: θ (deg) θ (rad) sin θ cos θ tan θ

◦
0 0 0 1 0
a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A ◦
√ √
30 π/6 1/2 3/2 1/ 3
b2 = a2 + c2 − 2ac cos B ◦
√ √
45 π/4 2/2 2/2 1
√ √
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C 60 ◦
π/3 3/2 1/2 3
◦
90 π/2 1 0 Undef.
Law of Tangents: ◦
180 π 0 −1 0
◦
a−b tan A−B 270 3π/2 −1 0 Undef.
2
=
a+b tan A+B 360◦ 2π 0 1 0
2
16. Inverse Trig Functions Fundamental Integrals

Function Domain Range Z Z

y = arcsin x [−1, 1] [−π/2, π/2]
sin x dx = − cos x + C cos x dx = sin x + C
Z Z
y = arccos x [−1, 1] [0, π]
tan x dx = ln | sec x| + C sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C
y = arctan x (−∞, ∞) (−π/2, π/2)
Z Z
y = arccot x (−∞, ∞) (0, π)
sec2 x dx = tan x + C csc2 x dx = − cot x + C
y = arcsec x (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞) [0, π] \ {π/2}
y = arccsc x (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞) [−π/2, π/2] \ {0}
20. Taylor Series Expansions
Inverse Identities
∞
X (−1)n x2n+1 x3 x5
arcsin(−x) = − arcsin x, arccos(−x) = π − arccos x sin x = =x− + − ...
n=0
(2n + 1)! 3! 5!
π
arctan(−x) = − arctan x, arcsin x + arccos x = ∞
2 X (−1)n x2n x2 x4
π π cos x = =1− + − ...
arctan x + arccot x = , arcsec x + arccsc x = (2n)! 2! 4!
2 2 n=0
∞
X (−1)n x2n+1 x3 x5
17. Hyperbolic Functions arctan x = =x− + − ... (|x| ≤ 1)
n=0
2n + 1 3 5

ex − e−x ex + e−x
sinh x = , cosh x =
2 2
sinh x ex − e−x cosh x
tanh x = = x , coth x =
cosh x e + e−x sinh x

Hyperbolic Identities

cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1
1 − tanh2 x = sech2 x
coth2 x − 1 = csch2 x
sinh(x ± y) = sinh x cosh y ± cosh x sinh y
cosh(x ± y) = cosh x cosh y ± sinh x sinh y

18. Complex Numbers & Euler’s Formula

Euler’s Formula: eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ

De Moivre’s Theorem: (cos θ+i sin θ)n = cos(nθ)+i sin(nθ)

eiθ + e−iθ eiθ − e−iθ

cos θ = , sin θ =
2 2i

19. Calculus of Trig Functions

Derivatives

d d
sin x = cos x csc x = − csc x cot x
dx dx
d d
cos x = − sin x sec x = sec x tan x
dx dx
d d
tan x = sec2 x cot x = − csc2 x
dx dx

Inverse Derivatives

d 1 d 1
arcsin x = √ arccos x = − √
dx 1 − x2 dx 1 − x2
d 1 d 1
arctan x = arccot x = −
dx 1 + x2 dx 1 + x2