Unit 1: Networking and telecommunication

Communication and its modes and components

Communication: The process of exchanging message between sender and receiver through any medium
using definite rule is called communication. If communication is done on a longer distance then it is
called tele communication.

Data communication: The process of exchanging data and information between several electronic
means and media through any medium using definite rule(protocol) is called data communication.

Components/Elements of communication

1. Sender

2. Receiver

3. Medium

4. Data

5. Protocol: The set of rules through communication takes place.

Modes of communication:

1. Simplex: Only sender sends information, receiver only receive the message. It is one way
communication. Eg, Television, radio

2. Half duplex: Sender sends the data while receiver receive the data and vice-versa. It is the two
way communication but one at a time Eg, Walkie-Talkie

3. Full duplex: It is two way communication in which sender and receiver both can send and
receive information at same time. Eg, mobile communication.

Computer Network and its pros and cons

Computer network: A group of computer interconnected with each other through any medium using
definite protocol (rule) for the purpose of sharing data, information, hardware, software and other
resources. Services provided by the computer network.

1. Data sharing

2. Print service

3. File service

4. Database service
 5. Application service

Advantages/merits/pros/benefits/importance of computer network.

1. It allows several user computer to share data and information.

2. Expensive hardware like printer, scanner, fax can be shared in a network.

3. Application programs and software can be shared in a network.

4. We can easily communicate in real time i.e. faster communication.

5. Easy to collect data through centrally located server.

Disadvantages/de-merits/cons/limitations of computer network.

1. Skilled manpower required to install and operate a network.

2. Expensive to install and operate.

3. There may be security and privacy issue due to sharing.

4. Virus and malware may be share in a network.

Transmission media and its types

Communication media/Transmission media/Communication channel

The medium through which data, information are transmitted from on point to another point in the
form of signals are called transmission media. There are two types of transmission media.

A) Wired/bounded/guided media: The transmission media in which data are transmitted physically
through cables or wire following a specified path.

a. Twisted pair: Wire are twisted with each other to reduce EMI(Electro Magnetic Interference).

1. UTP(Unshielded Twisted Pair): Inner pair of twisted cable are not covered/unshielded with outer
jacket. Hence, it has more EMI.

2. STP (Shielded Twisted Pair): Inner pair of twisted cable are covered/shielded with outer jacket.
Hence, it has less EMI.

b. Co-axial cable: These cable has higher bandwidth so, they are used in television broadcasting.

c. Fibre optics: These type of cable are made up with thin glass like material where data are transmitted
in the form of photons(light). They have high data transmission rate.

Media connector:
 1. Twisted pair use RJ-45

2. Co-axial cable use BNC

3. Fibre optics cable use ST-connector

B) Wireless/unbounded/unguided media: The transmission media in which data are not restricted to
travel in a closed path rather it can travel in open air. There is no any physical connection between
communicating device hence, called wireless.

a. Microwave: Sender and receiver station must be in same line of sight (LOS). They cannot penetrate
obstacle. Used for longer distance transmission. Satellite use microwave signal to uplink and downlink
data from and to earth.

b. Radiowave: Sender and receiver station may not be in same line of sight (LOS). They can penetrate
obstacle. Used by FM station and other local communicating stations.

c. Infrared: It use invisible red ray of light of electro magnetic spectrum for communication purpose. Eg,
television remotes, AC remote and many more.

Types of Computer network

Types of network

1. LAN: It stands for Local Area Network which connect device in smaller locations such as room,
building, organization etc. It is suitable of single organization. It generally use guided media to
connect devices.

2. MAN: It stands for Metropolitan Area Network which can connect devices in larger geographical
area such as town, city, village etc. It consist or two or more than two LANs. It use wired as well
as wireless media for connecting devices.

3. WAN: It stands for Wide Area Network which is set in a larger geographical are across city,
nation and even ocean. It is can be used by multiple organization. Internet is the example of
WAN, which is a public network across all around the world. They use wireless media for
communication.

Network architecture:

1. Client-server: In this type of architecture the devices in a network are connected to the centrally
located main computer of a network called server. User computers are called client. It provides
more security and control in a network. Server allows to mobilize all the resources available in
the network. Easier to collect data in centrally located servers.

Client Server architecture

 1. Peer-to-peer: In this type there is no presence of main computer in a network, rather every
computers in a network has right to control and use resources. Every computer in this case are
client as well as server. Hence their will be less safety.

Peer to Peer Architecture

Network Models:

1. Centralized model: This is a client-server model in which every devices of a network are
connected to the centrally located main computer.

2. Distributed model: This is the collection of several client-server model located at different
location, all connected to a centrally located server.

Network topology and its types

Network topology: The physical layout, geographical orientation, connection pattern or arrangement of
computer or devices (node) in the network is called network [Link]:

1. Bus topology: In this topology, every devices in the network are connected to a main single
cable called trunk or backbone. It is easy and cheaper to setup. It require less amount of cables
and adding new devices in a network is also easy. Where as, if there is fault in main cable then
whole network will collapse. Fault finding is fairly difficult.

Bus Topology

1. Star topology: In this topology, every devices in the network are connected to the centrally
located device called hub which allows us to easily expand the network. Fault finding is very
easy in this type. Whole network depends upon the hub so, if it fails network will collapse. It is
expensive to setup but is most practical among all topologies.

Star Topology

1. Ring topology: In this topology, devices are connected with each other in circular manner each
device having equal rights and responsibilities. Failure in one device will collapse whole network.
Expanding network is difficult is not practical.

Ring Topology

1. Tree topology: It is the combination of bus and star topology. Whole network depends on main
cable and some part depend on hub so It is less reliable.

Tree Topology

1. Mesh topology: In this topology, networking device are point to point connected with each
other creating a mesh. If one device fails to work then it will not affect whole network. It is
expensive and difficult to setup.
Mesh Topology

Some important term to remember

a. Bandwidth: The amount of data that can travel in a given transmission medium in unit time is called
its bandwidth. It is generally known as data transmission speed and measured in terms of bps (Bit per
second)

b. Protocol: The set of rules that guides the communication in the network. It is the language used by
computers and electronic devices to communication with each other. For eg,

1. TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

2. HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

3. FTP: File Transfer Protocol

4. SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

5. POP: Post Office Protocol

6. ARP: Address Resolution Protocol

c. Network operating system (NOS): It is the collection of program that helps to mobilize and manages
resources of the network. For eg, Windows NT, Linux etc

Inter networking devices/hardware: Devices that are used to establish and expand network are called
inter networking devices.

1. NIC(Network Interface card): It physically connects computer system with transmission cable.

2. Router: Intelligent device that connects two or more network. It facilitates finding best route for
data transmission to destination.

3. Repeater: Networking device that regenerates or amplifies the incoming signal.

4. Hub: It is a multi port repeater.

5. Bridge: Networking device that connects similar networks.

6. Gateway: Network device that connects dissimilar networks.

7. MODEM: Modulator Demodulator transfer analog signal into digital (Modulation) and vice versa
(Demodulation)

8. Multiplexer: It combines multiples incoming signal into one signal and opposite is called de-
multiplexer.

Internet and its services

Define Internet? Explain services provided by the internet.

Internet is a network of network that connects millions of user and device all around the world together
using TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) and allows to share data and
information in-between.

Services provided by the internet.

1. Email: The way of exchanging mails i.e message between sender and receiver over internet
using unique address (email address) is called email. Advantage of email: Faster, Cheaper,
Reliable, Always available, Secured

2. E-commerce: The process of buying and selling goods and services is called e-commerce. Eg,
daraz, amazon, alibaba

3. Telnet: It allows user to login remotely to another user computer.

4. IRC: Internet relay chat allows user to communicate in real time.

5. Video conferencing: It allows user to communicate in real time using video and audio signal.

Define web browser? Give some example

The application program which allow user to browse web site from internet are called web browser. It
establish the communication between user and web-server so that user can access content of the web.
It use HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) to communicate. Eg, Google chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera,
Safari, Microsoft edge (Internet Explorer), Netscape navigator.

Differentiate between E-mail and postal service.

EmailPostal serviceIt is the modern digital way of exchanging [Link] is traditional way of
exchanging [Link] of computers and [Link] of papers, post box and post officeIt is faster
and reliableIt is slower and non reliableRecipient not requiredRecipient [Link] is always available
365 days a [Link] may not be always availableHighly [Link] secured.

Differentiate between intranet and extranet.

IntranetExtranetPrivate network accessible with in the [Link] network accessible outside

of the [Link] are limited with in [Link] are extended among its branch.

Some important terminologies:

1. ISP: Internet Service Provider

2. SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

3. POP: Post Office Protocol

 4. URL: Uniform Resource Locator

5. DARPA: Defense Advance Research Project Agency

6. FTP: File Transfer Protocol

7. ADSL: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

8. CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access

9. Web server: The storage location where every content of website are store.

10. Home page: The introductory page or landing page of a website.

11. Search engine: The web application which allows user to search content in WWW by using
keyword. Eg, google, bing.

12. Downloading: Transferring data and file from web server to user.

13. Uploading: Transferring data and file from user to web server.

Unit 2: Ethical and Social Issues in ICT

Cyber law and its importance

Cyber law: The law which governs all the legal issues of cyber space, controls cyber crime, provide legal
status to online transaction and covers several activity related to internet is called cyber law.

Importance of cyber law:

1. To control cyber crime.

2. Mitigates misuse of technology.

3. To flourish IT industry in the nation.

4. To legalize online transaction.

5. To adopt and use new and modern technology.

Cyber law in Nepal was introduced in 30th Bhadra 2061 BS (15th September 2004 AD). The name of the
cyber law of Nepal is “Electronic Transaction and Digital Signature Act - Ordinance.

Provisions of cyber law of Nepal.

1. Identify and punish cyber criminals.

2. Help to provide legal status to IT industry.

3. Implementation of IT in governmental activities.

 4. Monitors data privacy and misuse of technology.

Cyber ethics and crime

Computer ethics: The moral principles and values or the code of conduct that must be followed by every
computer user is called computer ethics. Commandments of computer ethics.

1. Do not use computer to commit crime.

2. Always use computer in the welfare of human being.

3. Don’t use computer to steal data and file.

4. Don’t use computer to publish fake news and information.

5. Don’t use computer to bear false witness.

Cyber crime: The criminal activity or a crime committed by using computer, internet or any electronic
means and media is called cyber crime. Cyber criminal are also considered as a criminal hence, cyber law
has appropriate provision of punishing the cyber criminals. For eg, piracy, hacking, cyber bullying,
phishing, salami saving, pornography, data diddling, spreading computer virus etc

Terms to understand:

1. Intellectual property right: The law through which the creation(music, art, writings etc) made by
creator gets actual reward and not being misused without proper compensation.

2. Patent right: The law through which inventor protect his/her invention(technological) from
being used without proper compensation.

3. Digital signature: It is the technology used to ensure the correct delivery of message over a
network. It use private and public key for encryption and decryption of data.

4. Encryption: The feature by which readable data and message are converted into unreadable
code and its vice versa is called decryption.

5. Trade mark: The sign or symbol used to represent brand.

6. Trade secret: The main secret principle or philosophy of running unique business.

7. Hacker: The person who enter into other system without proper authorization.

Unit 3: Computer Security

Computer security and its types

Define computer security? Mention its type.

The protection or securing computer data, information, software and hardware from being damaged or
lost is known as computer security. Its types are:

1. Hardware security

2. Software security

Define hardware security? Give any four measures to protect the computer hardware.

The protection or securing computer from physical damage or loss is known as hardware security. It
deals with protection of computer hardware components and its peripheral. Following are the measures
of hardware security.

1. Regular maintenance

2. Dust free environment

3. Insurance

4. Protection from fire

5. Protection from theft

6. Power protection device

7. Air conditioning.

Define software security? Give any four measures to protect the computer software.

The protection or securing computer data, information and software being damaged or lost knowingly
or unknowingly is known as computer security.

1. Measures of software security

2. Keeping password

3. Backup

4. Use of antivirus

5. Fragmentation

6. Scandisk

Important Terms

1. SMPS: Switch Mode Power Supply

2. CVT: Constant Voltage Transformer

 3. CCTV: Close Circuit Television

4. Password: Secret word used to prevent unauthorized access

5. Backup: Duplicate copies of original data file, so that we can access even original data gets lost
or damaged.

6. Fragmentation: The process of scattering part of same disk over random location

7. Defragmentation: The process of rewriting part of file to a contiguous sector on a disk. It

increase disk access speed i.e increase disk performance.

8. Scandisk: Repairing harddisk.

9. Antivirus: Software use to detect and eliminate virus from our computer system. Eg, AVG,
Norton, NOD32, Kaspersky etc

10. Power protection device: UPS, Volt guard, Spike guard, CVT

11. UPS: Un-interruptable Power Supply provides power backup when there is electric power
failure.

12. Volt guard/CVT: They regulate incoming voltage and maintain uniform power supply. They do
not provide backup power.

Computer virus its effect and cause

Computer virus: It is a computer program that replicates(multiplies) itself and destroys data, files and
program of our computer system. Types of computer virus

1. Boot sector: Infects master boot record (MBR) of our computer system. (Booting refers to
starting of computer system)

2. File infector or program infector virus: Infect programs or executable files (.exe, .dmg, installer
files)

3. Multipartite virus: Infects both boot sector and application programs.

4. Macro virus: Infects certain files created using macros such as MS-Word, MS-Excel etc

5. Stealth virus: Which can hide from being detected. Its hard to detect

6. Trojan horse: They does not replicate but are installed once then it starts malfunctioning.

7. WORM: Write Once Read Many

Purpose of creating virus:

1. To expose programming ability.

 2. To protect software piracy.

3. To destroy data and information.

4. To entertain user.

5. To hack and crack software.

Causes of computer virus/Reason of transmission

1. Exchanging data and files from other computer.

2. Opening spams and links on network

3. Using pirated software.

4. Sharing computer drives and storage.

5. Using unauthorized web application.

Ill-Effects/Symptoms of computer virus

1. Program takes longer time to load.

2. Unwanted message appears in the screen.

3. Change in file size and directory.

4. Corrupts system data and files.

5. Computer boots frequently unnecessarily.

Precaution/Safety measure/Protection of computer virus

1. Use updated antivirus.

2. Don’t open unauthorized mails and link on internet.

3. Don’t use pirated software.

4. Back up data, files and folders if necessary.

5. Use password when not in use.

6. Don’t share files and folders from infected computer.

Antivirus: It is an utility software that helps to detects and eliminates computer virus from the
computer. For eg, AVG (Antivirus Guard), NOD 32, Norton, Kaspersky, Panda antivirus, PC-Cillin, Avast
etc
Unit 4: E-Commerce

E-Commerce and its types

E-Commerce: The process of buying and selling goods, services and information through internet is
called E-Commerce. It basically refers to electronic transaction done over a communication network i.e.
internet.

Note: E-mail, Fax, Online payment, Online Security, Web services, Information sharing are some the
widely used technology in E-Commerce

Types of E-Commerce:

a) Business to Customer (B2C): The business relationship between business organization and final
customer. E-Commerce website plays intermediary role between business organization and final
consumer. amazon performs B2C.

b) Business to Business (B2B): This type of e-commerce is conducted between companies. Individual
consumer cannot buy from this type of e-commerce. For example, manufacturing companies sells goods
to wholesalers. alibaba performs B2B.

c) Consumer to Consumer (C2C): This type of e-commerce is conducted between consumers. For
example, second hand or used products can also be brought online using site like hamrobazaar. These
platforms acts as a third-party where consumers can directly interact with each other and can perform
transaction between them.

Pros and Cons of E-Commerce

Advantage / Pros / Merits of E-Commerce

1. We can buy and sell goods and services anytime anywhere.

2. No geographical limitations, we can expand our business globally.

3. Physical store and shops are not required.

4. Low operation cost.

5. Customers will have wide range of choice.

6. Customers can provide real time feedback and suggestion.

Disadvantage / Cons/ De-merits / Limitation of E-Commerce

1. Its works only on network such as internet.

2. Chances of electronic frauds and scam.

 3. Technical failure may hamper whole business operation.

4. Technical skill and knowledge require to operate.

5. Goods and services may not be real as shown in the e-commerce.

6. International laws may restrict to perform business overseas.

Similarities and Differences between Traditional Commerce and E-commerce.

Traditional Commerce VS E-Commerce

SimilaritiesDifferencesBoth are profit [Link] traditional, E-Commerce used Internet based

technologies. Both wants to expand and serve large number of [Link] traditional, E-
Commerce can provide global [Link] wants good relationship among consumersUnlike
traditional, In E-Commerce physical stores and human intervention is not [Link] want to deliver
quality services to [Link] traditional, E-Commerce can provide real time feedback and
criticism.

Some important terminologies

a) M-Commerce: It refers to Mobile-Commerce which is an extended version of e-commerce where

buying and selling goods, services and information are done through handheld devices such as mobile
phone, tablets, PDAs etc. M-Commerce includes website and mostly apps that provide features of
performing transaction. Some example of M-Commerce are: purchasing airline tickets, movie tickets,
hotel booking, top-up recharge, fund transfer etc.

Importance of M-Commerce:

1. Widely used technology. Almost every people in this days used mobile phone.

2. Portable enough to perform transaction anytime anywhere.

b) Online payment: Online payment is the process of performing transaction without using cash. It
generally refers to paper less transaction using modern days solution i.e. payment gateway. through
internet. Several modes of E-payments are: credit card, debit card, electronic fund transfer (EFT), E-
cheque etc.

Advantages of Online payment:

1. Cash less/paper less transaction.

2. Great safety and security from physical theft.

3. Virtual fund transfer minimizes human interaction

4. Can be used to perform online shopping.

Unit 5: Contemporary technology

Contemporary Technology refers to the latest innovation and technology that has become a part of our
daily life. These technologies has great influence over a life of human. Services like E-mail, E-Commerce,
Chats, Video Conferencing, Live streaming are some of the common contemporary technology that we
encounter on daily basis.

Beside above mentioned some integrated latest technologies are:

1. Cloud computing: Cloud generally refers to huge collection of storage which are done through
server farms. The trend of using a network of remote servers/data center hosted on the internet
to store, manage, and process data, rather than in our local server or a personal computer is
called cloud computing. Google Drive, one drive, iCloud are an example of cloud storage.

Advantages of Cloud Computing

1. Large volume of data can be stored conveniently.

2. It helps in data backup and recovery.

3. Cloud computing services are used to host live-streaming.

4. High speed of data transfer.

2. Mobile Computing: The use of handheld devices such as mobile phone and tablets to transfer data,
voice and video over a network is called mobile computing. These technology allows people to access
data and information from whenever and wherever they are.

Advantages of Mobile Computing.

1. They are highly portable and be used from anywhere around.

2. Mobiles and other handheld devices can be connected in a network to exchange data and
information

3. E-Governance: The set of services provided by the government to their public through electronics
means specially internet is called E-Governance.

Advantages of E-Governance

1. It increase public participation.

2. It increase transparency in governmental activities.

3. It reduces corruptions.

4. Helps to make paperless government.

 5. Easy and fast delivery of governmental services.

4. Artificial Intelligence: Artificial Intelligence is an emerging branch in computer science, which

interprets the means and method of making computers think like human beings. In short, It is process of
integrating human behavior in machine.

Machine learning, Robotics, cyber security, health care etc are the application areas of AI.

Advantages of AI:

1. It handles data and information better than human.

2. It introduces new methods to solve problems.

3. It can be used in decision making.

4. It can be to interpret data and draw conclusion.

5. AI robots can be used to solve complex engineering problems.

5. Virtual Reality: It is an artificial environment created by using the computers and technology to give
user a realistic experience. In short it is a simulated environment created using computerized
technology. It creates an illusion of the real world. VR are used in film industry, gaming, aviation industry
etc.

Advantages of VR:

1. It can create realistic environment and experience.

2. Simulation of complex problem. eg, Pilot learns their first flying experience in simulated
environment.

3. It make gaming much more realistic and engaging.

6. Internet of Things (IOT): IoT are the electronic technology in which devices can communicate with
user and its environment in real time. These devices can share data and information between user and
its server allowing user to experience the combination of physical world with digital.

In general IoT is the network of real world “Things” (devices) made with sensors, software and other
various technology that can communicate with user and devices through internet.

Modern days devices like smart watch can track our fitness level, voice assistant in our mobile phones
like Siri and Alexa, smart car like Tesla built with autonomous riding capability, home security system
that allows to monitor suspicious activities and more.

Advantages of IoT

1. It increases efficiency and productivity of work.

 2. It helps to automate our daily life work.

3. It can be used as entertainment enhancing user experience.

4. It helps to communicate and exchange data and information in real time.

Unit 6: Number system

Altogether from number system 4 marks question will be asked. 2 numerical will be from Number
system conversion whereas 2 numerical will be from Binary operation i.e Binary addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.

All the possible problem are solved in the given video link.

Click here for all problem of Number system conversion - 2 marks

Click here for all problem of Binary operation - 2 marks

Unit 7: DBMS

Data and information

Data: Data are the raw facts and figure with are isolated and uninterpreted generally represented by
letter and numbers. Data undergoes processing. Eg, 32, John, 12

Information: The collection of meaningful result obtained after processing raw data. They are generated
after processing. Eg. John is 32 years old and he reads in class 12.

Database: The systematic and scientific collection of data that can access quickly whenever required is
called database. It is the organized way of collecting and keeping data and information. E.g. Dictionary,
telephone directory, marks ledger, attendance register.

DBMS and its advantages

DBMS: DBMS stands for Database Management System which is the collection of software that is used
to manages database i.e. storing, manipulating and retrieving data systematically and scientifically. It is a
software used to store, process and access data and information whenever required. Eg, MS-Access, MY
SQL, Oracle, dBase, Foxpro

Advantages of DBMS.

1. It helps in faster access of data.

2. It helps to reduce duplication of data.

3. It helps to provide security and privacy to data.

4. It helps in data sharing.

 5. Easy to modify the data

Q) Differentiate between database and DBMS with examples. [[Link]]

DatabaseDBMSIt is collection of related [Link] is a software to maintain [Link] is not [Link] is

highly [Link] sharing is [Link] can be easily share in a networkEvery DBMS has
[Link] database doesn't have [Link], Dictionary, telephone directoryEg, MY SQL, Oracle.

MS-Access: It is a DBMS developed by Microsoft corporation for organizing data in the form of tables. It
allows user to add, edit, delete, sort, modify, share and print records. Feature of MS-Access.

1. Easy to store data and information.

2. Easy to enter, edit, delete and display data.

Objects / Element of DBMS

A) Table: The primary building block of DBMS where data are organized in the tabular form i.e rows and
columns. The columns of database table are called field whereas, rows are called record. Importance of
table.

1. Helps to store data in organized group.

2. Easy to sort distinct records.

3. Fields of table helps to store different types of datas on different topic.

B) Form: The element/object of database which allows user to enter new datas and edit the existing one
easily through user friendly interface. Importance of form.

1. It provide user interface through which user can enter data.

2. It helps to modify records.

C) Query: The importance object of database which is used to retrieve/access and interpret the
information according the user requirement. Importance of query.

1. It helps in faster access of data.

2. It helps to display information as per the users condition.

3. It helps in sorting and filtering of data.

Types of Query

1. Select query: Used to retrieve data from one or more table depending upon the condition.

2. Action Query: Used to make changes to records available in database. Types are
 3. Update query: Used to make global (All at once) changes to several records in different table.

4. Append query: Used to add more records in existing one or more tables.

5. Delete query: Used to delete one or more record from one or more tables.

6. Make-table query: Create new table link one or more available tables in database/

D) Report: The object of database which is used to generate result after processing data in a database. It
is the effective way of displaying data either in soft copy (monitor) format or hard copy (printed) format.
Important of report.

1. It helps to generate summary after processing data.

2. It can be used to generate invoice, bills, statement and labels.

3. It helps to generate result in attractive and effective way.

Data types: The characteristics of field that specifies what kind of data can be stored in the given field is
called data types. Following are the data types used in MS-Access.

[Link] TypePurpose/[Link] characters0-255 characters / 256

[Link] characters0-65,535 characters / 65,536 [Link]
ValuesInteger (2 bytes) Long integer (4 bytes)[Link]/TimeDate and time data8 [Link]
data8 [Link]-numberA sequential unique serial number automatically increased by 14
[Link]/NoLogical Values1 [Link] object (Object Link Embedded)Pictures, audio, video, graphics,
[Link] with several applications and websites2048 [Link]
WizardCreate a field that allows to select a value.4 bytes

Field properties

1. Field size: It is used to set the maximum size for the data stored in a given field. For eg,
maximum characters (size) store in text field is 256 characters. Default field size is 50.

2. Format: It is used to display formatted output that means data can be display in different
formats and layouts. For eg, < (Display content in lower case), > (Display content in upper case).

3. Input mask: It is used to specify the format in which data can be entered.

4. Caption: It is used to display alternate name for the field to make it more descriptive. It can
contain 2048 characters.

5. Default value: It is the value or information that is displayed automatically when we add a new
record in table for a field.

6. Validation rule: It enables user to limit values that can be accepted by particular field. It can
contain 2048 characters.
 7. Validation text: The message that is displayed when validation rule is violated or not followed.

8. Required: It is used to specify whether the data must be enter or not in the particular field.

9. Indexed: It is used to speed up the searching and sorting of record from the database table.

Some important terms used in DBMS

1. Extension of MS-Access database file is .MDB

2. Primary key([Link]): The key or field that is used to uniquely identified records from the
database table is called primary key. It must be unique and cannot be kept empty(null).
Importance of primary key.

3. It uniquely identifies records.

4. It helps in faster access of data.

5. It helps to prevent duplication of data.

6. It avoids empty(null) values.

7. It is used to establish table relationship.

8. Table relationship: The logical link between two or more than two tables of database using
unique key fields is called table relationship. Types are: one to one, one to many, many to many.

9. Sorting: Arranging data in a particular order of field i.e. ascending or descending is called sorting.
Helps in faster access of data.

10. Filtering: The process of making selection of record depending upon the supplied criteria is
called filtering. Helps in faster access of data.

11. DBA: DBA stands for Database Administrator is a person or specialist who is responsible to
manages and monitor overall resources and operation (such as analyzing, planning, operating,
implementing and securing) associated with DBMS. Responsibilities of DBMS.

12. Planning database activities.

13. Securing database and system.

14. Implementing modern tools and technology..

15. Maintaining database.

16. Providing user safety and privacy.

Unit 8.1: Series using SUB Procedure

Click here for QBASIC theory notes

Click here for Series and patterns using FUNCTION … END FUNCTION

Click here for SEE repeated Find output with solution.

Generate following series using Sub .... End Sub.

• Fibonacci series i.e. 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 ..............20th term

DECLARE SUB SERI()

CLS

CALL SERI

END

SUB SERI

a=0

b=1

PRINT a;b;

FOR i=1 to 20

c=a+b

print c;

a=b

b=c

NEXT i

END SUB

• 1 2 3 6 11 20 ….10th term

declare sub series ( )

CLS

CALL series

END
SUB series

a=1

b=2

c=3

PRINT a; b; c;

FOR i = 1 TO 10

d=a+b+c

PRINT d;

a=b

b=c

b=d

NEXT i

END SUB

• 1 2 4 7 11 ...............10th term

DECLARE SUB SERI()

CLS

CALL SERI

END

SUB SERI

a=1

g=1

FOR i=1 to 10

print a

a=a+g

g=g+1
NEXT i

END SUB

• 1 2 5 10 17 ..............10th term

DECLARE SUB SERI()

CLS

CALL SERI

END

SUB SERI

a=1

g=1

FOR i=1 to 10

print a

a=a+g

g=g+2

NEXT i

END SUB

• 3 12 27 48 ................10th term

DECLARE SUB SERI()

CLS

CALL SERI

END

SUB SERI

FOR i=1 to 10

a= 3*i^2

PRINT a;
NEXT i

END SUB

• 1 5 25 125 ...........7th term

DECLARE SUB SERI()

CLS

CALL SERI

END

SUB SERI

FOR i=0 to 6

a= 5^i

PRINT a;

NEXT i

END SUB

• 5 10 20 35 55 ................10th term

DECLARE SUB SERI()

CLS

CALL SERI

END

SUB SERI

a=5

g=5

FOR i=1 to 10

print a

a=a+g

g=g+5
NEXT i

END SUB

Write all the following programs using only Sub....End Sub.

1. To convert given second into respective hour, minute and second.

Declare sub convert (s)

CLS

INPUT “Enter second”;s

call convert (s)

end

sub convert (s)

h =s\3600

rs = s MOD 3600

m = rs\60

sec = rs MOD 60

Print “Hour";h; “Minute”;m; “Second”;sec

End Sub

2. To display and count all the vowels and consonant from the given string.

DECLARE SUB COUNT (N$)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any string"; N$

CALL COUNT (N$)

END

SUB COUNT (N$)

FOR I = 1 TO LEN(N$)

X(N$,I,1)
X(X$)

IF X = "E" AND X = "O" AND X$ = "U" THEN

V = V+1

ELSE

C=C+1

END IF

NEXT I

PRINT "Total numbers of vowels ="; V

PRINT "Total numbers of consonants ="; C

END SUB

3. To display all the factors of given number.

Declare sub factors (n)

cls

Input “ Enter number” ;n

call factors (n)

end

sub factors (n)

for i = 1 to n

If n MOD i = 0 then

print ;i

end if

next i

end sub

4. To display first 10 multiples of given number.

Declare sub multiple (n)

cls

Input “ Enter number” ;n

call multiple (n)

end

sub multiple (n)

for i = 1 to 10

m=n*i

print m;

next i

end sub

Unit 8.2: SUB and FUNCTION [ QBASIC programs ]

QBASIC programming altogether covers 18 out of 50 marks in SEE examination. QBASIC programming
grid for SEE is as follows.

Group C "QBASIC programming" 18 marks

[Link] typeNo. of [Link] ques. marksTot. marks1Questions and answer2122Find the

output1223Debug the program1224Read program and answer the questions1225Write a program using
Sub....End Sub and Function....End Function1446Write a program using File handling1447Write a
program from C Programming144 Total marks20

Some QBASIC programming practice questions for SEE.

According to new grid these are the frequently repeated questions for Combination of SUB procedure
and FUNCTION (Click Here)

Write all the following programs using both Sub....End Sub and Function.....End Function.

1) To convert Celsius temperature scale into Fahrenheit temperature scale. [ (C-0)/100 =(F-32)/180 ]

DECLARE SUB TEMP (C)

CLS

INPUT "Enter temperature in Celsius";C

CALL TEMP (C)

END

SUB TEMP (C)

F = (18*C+320)/10

PRINT "Equivalent Fahrenheit temperature is";F

END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION TEMP (C)

CLS

INPUT "Enter temperature in Celsius";C

X = TEMP (C)

PRINT "Equivalent Fahrenheit temperature is";X

END

FUNCTION TEMP (C)

F= (18*C+320)/10

TEMP = F

END FUNCTION

2) To convert Nepali rupee into Indian currency . [ 1IC = 1.6Rs ]

DECLARE SUB CONVERT (N)

CLS

INPUT "Enter Nepali Rupee";N

CALL CONVERT (N)

END

SUB CONVERT (N)

IC = N/1.6

PRINT "Equivalent Indian currency is";IC

END SUB
DECLARE FUNCTION CONVERT (N)

CLS

INPUT "Enter Nepali Rupee";N

X = CONVERT (N)

PRINT "Equivalent Indian currency is";X

END

FUNCTION CONVERT (N)

IC = N/1.6

CONVERT = IC

END FUNCTION

3) To calculate sum of n-natural number.

DECLARE SUB SUM (N)

CLS

INPUT "Enter Number";N

CALL SUM (N)

END

SUB SUM (N)

FOR I = 1 TO N

S = S+I

NEXT I

PRINT "Sum is:" ; S

END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION SUM (N)

CLS

INPUT "Enter Number";N

X = SUM (N)

PRINT "Sum is:" ; X

END

FUNCTION SUM (N)

FOR I = 1 TO N

S = S+I

NEXT I

SUM = S

END FUNCTION

4) To calculate factorial of given number. (Product of N-natural number)

DECLARE SUB FACT (N)

CLS

INPUT "Enter Number";N

CALL FACT (N)

END

SUB FACT (N)

F=1

FOR I = 1 TO N

F = F*I

NEXT I

PRINT "Factorial is:" ; F

END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION FACT (N)

CLS

INPUT "Enter Number";N

X = FACT (N)

PRINT "Factorial is:" ; X

END

FUNCTION FACT (N)

F=1

FOR I = 1 TO N

F = F*I

NEXT I

FACT = F

END FUNCTION

5) To calculate average of three numbers.

DECLARE SUB AVG (a,b,c)

CLS

INPUT "Enter Three Number"; a,b,c

CALL AVG (a,b,c)

END

SUB AVG (a,b,c)

av = (a+b+c)/3

PRINT "Average is"; av

END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION AVG (a,b,c)

CLS

INPUT "Enter Three Number"; a,b,c

X = AVG (a,b,c)

PRINT "Average is"; X

END

FUNCTION AVG (a,b,c)

av = (a+b+c)/3

AVG = av

END FUNCTION

6) To find longest string among three strings.

DECLARE SUB LONG (a,c$)

CLS

INPUT "Enter three string"; a,c$

CALL LONG (a,c$)

END

SUB LONG (a,c$)

a = LEN(a$)

b = LEN(b$)

c = LEN(c$)

IF a>b AND a>c THEN

PRINT "Longest string is"; a$

ELSEIF b>a AND b>c THEN

PRINT "Longest string is"; b$

ELSE

PRINT "Longest string is"; c$

END IF

END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION LONG,b)

CLS
INPUT "Enter three string"; a,c$

X (a,c$)

PRINT "Longest string is"; X$

END

SUB LONG (a,c$)

a = LEN(a$)

b = LEN(b$)

c = LEN(c$)

IF a>b AND a>c THEN

LONG

ELSEIF b>a AND b>c THEN

LONG

ELSE

LONG

END IF

END FUNCTION

7) To check whether given number is positive, negative or zero.

DECLARE SUB CHECK (N)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any Number"; N

CALL CHECK (N)

END

SUB CHECK (N)

IF N>0 THEN

PRINT ;N; "is positive"

ELSEIF N<0 THEN

PRINT ;N; "is negative"

ELSE

PRINT ;N; "is zero"

END IF

END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION CHECK$ (N)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any Number"; N

x (N)

PRINT X$

END

FUNCTION CHECK$ (N)

IF N>0 THEN

CHECK$ = "Positive"

ELSEIF N<0 THEN

CHECK$ = "Negative"

ELSE

CHECK$ = "Zero"

END IF

END FUNCTION

8) To calculate sum of digits of given number.

DECLARE SUB SUM (N)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any Number"; N

CALL SUM (N)

END

SUB SUM (N)

WHILE N <>0

R = N MOD 10

S = S+R

N = N\10

WEND

PRINT "Sum is"; S

END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION SUM (N)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any Number"; N

X = SUM (N)

PRINT "Sum is"; X

END

FUNCTION SUM (N)

WHILE N <>0

R = N MOD 10

S = S+R

N = N\10

WEND

SUM = S

END FUNCTiON

9) To calculate product of digits of given number.

DECLARE SUB PRODUCT (N)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any Number"; N

CALL PRODUCT (N)

END

SUB PRODUCT (N)

P=1

WHILE N <>0

R = N MOD 10

P = P*R

N = N\10

WEND

PRINT "Product is"; P

END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION PRODUCT (N)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any Number"; N

X = PRODUCT (N)

PRINT "Product is"; X

END

FUNCTION PRODUCT (N)

P=1

WHILE N <>0

R = N MOD 10

P = P*R
N = N\10

WEND

PRODUCT = P

END FUNCTION

10) To check whether the given number is palindrome or not. [1221 is palindrome]

DECLARE SUB PALIN (N)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any Number"; N

CALL PALIN (N)

END

SUB PALIN (N)

Z=N

WHILE N <>0

R = N MOD 10

S = S*10+R

N = N\10

WEND

IF Z=S THEN

PRINT ;N; "is Palindrome"

ELSE

PRINT ;N; "is not Palindrome"

END IF

END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION PALIN$ (N)

CLS
INPUT "Enter any Number"; N

X (N)

PRINT ; X$

END

FUNCTION PALIN$ (N)

Z=N

WHILE N <>0

R = N MOD 10

S = S*10+R

N = N\10

WEND

IF Z=S THEN

PALIN$ = "Given number is Palindrome"

ELSE

PALIN$ = "Given number is not Palindrome"

END IF

END FUNCTION

11) To check whether the given number is armstrong or not. [153 is armstrong]

DECLARE SUB ARM (N)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any Number"; N

CALL ARM (N)

END

SUB ARM (N)

Z=N
WHILE N <>0

R = N MOD 10

S = S+Rˆ3

N = N\10

WEND

IF Z=S THEN

PRINT ;N; "is Armstrong"

ELSE

PRINT ;N; "is not Armstrong"

END IF

END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION ARM$ (N)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any Number"; N

X (N)

PRINT ; X$

END

FUNCTION ARM$ (N)

Z=N

WHILE N <>0

R = N MOD 10

S = S+Rˆ3

N = N\10

WEND

IF Z=S THEN
ARM$ = "Given number is Armstrong"

ELSE

ARM$ = "Given number is not Armstrong"

END IF

END FUNCTION

12) To check whether the given number is prime or composite.

DECLARE SUB CHECK (N)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any Number"; N

CALL CHECK (N)

END

SUB CHECK (N)

FOR I = 1 TO N

IF N MOD I = 0 THEN

C = C+1

END IF

NEXT I

IF C = 2 THEN

PRINT ;N: "is Prime"

ELSE PRINT ;N: "is Composite"

END IF

END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION CHECK$ (N)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any Number"; N

X (N)

PRINT X$

END

FUNCTION CHECK$ (N)

FOR I = 1 TO N

IF N MOD I = 0 THEN

C = C+1

END IF

NEXT I

IF C = 2 THEN

CHECK$ = "Given number is Prime"

ELSE

CHECK$ = "Given number is Composite"

END IF

END FUNCTION

13) To calculate sum of even digits from a given number.

DECLARE SUB SUM (N)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any Number"; N

CALL SUM (N)

END

SUB SUM (N)

WHILE N <>0

R = N MOD 10

IF R MOD 2 = 0 THEN
S = S+R

END IF

N = N\10

WEND

PRINT "Sum of even digits is"; S

END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION SUM (N)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any Number"; N

X = SUM (N)

PRINT "Sum of even digits is"; X

END

FUNCTION SUM (N)

WHILE N <>0

R = N MOD 10

IF R MOD 2 = 0 THEN

S = S+R

END IF

N = N\10

WEND

SUM = S

END FUNCTION

14) To calculate product of odd digits from a given number.

DECLARE SUB PRODUCT (N)

CLS
INPUT "Enter any Number"; N

CALL PRODUCT (N)

END

SUB PRODUCT (N)

P=1

WHILE N <>0

R = N MOD 10

IF R MOD 2 = 1 THEN

P = P*R

END IF

N = N\10

WEND

PRINT "Product of odd digits is"; P

END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION PRODUCT (N)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any Number"; N

X = PRODUCT (N)

PRINT "Product of odd digits is"; X

END

FUNCTION PRODUCT (N)

P=1

WHILE N <>0

R = N MOD 10

IF R MOD 2 = 1 THEN
P = P*R

END IF

N = N\10

WEND

PRODUCT = P

END FUNCTION

15) To check whether the given string is palindrome or not. [ MADAM is palindrome]

DECLARE SUB PALIN (N$)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any string"; N$

CALL PALIN (N$)

END

SUB PALIN (N$)

FOR I = LEN(N$) TO 1 STEP -1

X(N$,I,1)

W+X$

NEXT I

IF N THEN

PRINT ;N$; "is Palindrome"

ELSE

PRINT ;N$; "is not Palindrome"

END IF

END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION PALIN)

CLS
INPUT "Enter any string"; N$

A (N$)

PRINT A$

END

FUNCTION PALIN)

FOR I = LEN(N$) TO 1 STEP -1

X(N$,I,1)

W+X$

NEXT I

IF N THEN

PALIN$ = "Given string is Palindrome"

ELSE

PALIN$ = "Given string is not Palindrome"

END IF

END FUNCTION

16) To input a string and count how many times the first letter of the same string repeats. [ ie. BABY B
repeats 2 times ]

DECLARE SUB COUNT (N$)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any string"; N$

CALL COUNT (N$)

END

SUB COUNT (N$)

A(N$,1)

FOR I = 1 TO LEN(N$)

X(N$,I,1)
IF A THEN

C = C+1

END IF

NEXT I

PRINT "First letter repeats = "; C

END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION COUNT (N$)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any string"; N$

X = COUNT (N$)

PRINT "First letter repeats = "; X

END

FUNCTION COUNT (N$)

A(N$,1)

FOR I = 1 TO LEN(N$)

X(N$,I,1)

IF A THEN

C = C+1

END IF

NEXT I

COUNT = C

END FUNCTION

17) To count total numbers of vowels in a given string.

DECLARE SUB COUNT (N$)

CLS
INPUT "Enter any string"; N$

CALL COUNT (N$)

END

SUB COUNT (N$)

FOR I = 1 TO LEN(N$)

X(N$,I,1)

X(X$)

IF X = "E" OR X = "O" OR X$ = "U" THEN

C = C+1

END IF

NEXT I

PRINT "Total numbers of vowels ="; C

END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION COUNT (N$)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any string"; N$

X = COUNT (N$)

PRINT "Total numbers of vowels ="; X

END

FUNCTION COUNT (N$)

FOR I = 1 TO LEN(N$)

X(N$,I,1)

X(X$)

IF X = "E" OR X = "O" OR X$ = "U" THEN

C = C+1
END IF

NEXT I

COUNT = C

END FUNCTION

18) To display all the consonant from a given string.

DECLARE SUB COUNT (N$)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any string"; N$

CALL COUNT (N$)

END

SUB COUNT (N$)

FOR I = 1 TO LEN(N$)

X(N$,I,1)

X(X$)

IF X = "E" OR X = "O" OR X$ = "U" THEN

ELSE

W+x$

END IF

NEXT I

PRINT W$

END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION DISPLAY)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any string"; N$

A (N$)
PRINT A$

END

FUNCTION DISPLAY)

FOR I = 1 TO LEN(N$)

X(N$,I,1)

X(X$)

IF X = "E" OR X = "O" OR X$ = "U" THEN

ELSE

W+x$

END IF

NEXT I

DISPLAY

END FUNCTION

19) To display given string into alternative capital and small letters. [ NePaL ]

DECLARE SUB ALTER (N$)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any string"; N$

CALL ALTER (N$)

END

SUB ALTER (N$)

FOR I = 1 TO LEN(N$)

X(N$,I,1)

IF I MOD 2 = 0 THEN

X(X$)

ELSE
X(X$)

END IF

W + X$

NEXT I

PRINT W$

END SUB

DECLARE FUNCTION ALTER)

CLS

INPUT "Enter any string"; N$

A (N$)

PRINT A$END

END

FUNCTION ALTER)

FOR I = 1 TO LEN(N$)

X(N$,I,1)

IF I MOD 2 = 0 THEN

X(X$)

ELSE

X(X$)

END IF

W + X$

NEXT I

ALTER

END FUNCTION

Unit 8.3: QBASIC File handling

Important program from QBASIC File handling for SEE class 10. [Click here for answers]

1. Write a program to create a sequential data file named "[Link]" and store Roll number,
Name, Address and Class of a student.

2. Write a program to create a sequential data file named "[Link]" and store Roll number,
Name, Address and Class of few students.

3. Write a program to add few more record in a data file named "[Link]" which contains Roll
number, Name, Address and Class of few students.

4. Write a program to display all the records from data file named "[Link]" which contains Roll
number, Name, Address and Class of several students.

5. Write a program to display only those records whose name starts with "K" from data file named
"[Link]" which contains Roll number, Name, Address and Class of several students.

6. Write a program to display only those records who lives in "POKHARA" from data file named
"[Link]" which contains Roll number, Name, Address and Class of several students.

7. Write a program to count and display only those records who reads in class 10 from data file
named "[Link]" which contains Roll number, Name, Address and Class of several students.

8. Write a program to display only those records whose roll number is in from 20 to 30 from data
file named "[Link]" which contains Roll number, Name, Address and Class of several
students.

9. Write a program to count only those records who doesn't lives in "POKHARA" from data file
named "[Link]" which contains Roll number, Name, Address and Class of several students.

10. Write a program to delete all those records whose address is "KATHMANDU"from data file
named "[Link]" which contains Roll number, Name, Address and Class of several students.

Q) A sequential data file named "[Link]" contains Roll number, Name, Class and Marks obtained in 5
different subject i.e Maths, Science, English, Nepali, Computer. Let us consider Pass mark to be 40 and
Full mark to be 100 then answer all the following questions.

• Write a program to display all the name of students who failed in any one or more of the
subject.

• Write a program to count total number of students who passed in all the subject.

• Write a program to calculate and display percentage of all the students along with the roll
number and name.

• Write a program to display name of the students who failed only in English and Nepali.
 • Write a program to delete all the records of students who failed in any one or more of the
subject.

Unit 9: Programming in C

click here for complete notes of C programming with program example for SEE class 10.

Introduction

C programming is a popular high level language developed by Denish Ritchie. It is structural

programming language (i.e supports several control structure) developed for a specific purpose to
design the UNIX operating system.

Features of C language.

1. It is structural and modular programming language.

2. It is case sensitive language.

3. It supports graphics and several mathematical function.