2.

INSTALL COMPUTER NETWOR

2.1 Definition of Installing a Computer Network

Installing a computer network is the systematic process of physically setting up, connecting,
configuring, securing, testing, and documenting networking devices and transmission media to
enable computers and other digital devices to communicate and share resources efficiently.

Network installation combines:

Planning

Safety

Hardware installation

Software configuration

Testing

Documentation

2.2 Objectives of Computer Network Installation

The main objectives are to:

1. Enable communication between devices

2. Allow sharing of resources (files, printers, and internet)

3. Ensure safe and reliable data transmission

4. Provide secure access to information

5. Support current and future organizational needs

6. Minimize downtime and maintenance costs

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2.3 Safety Measures During Network Installation

Safety is critical to protect human life, equipment, and data. Failure to observe safety may lead
to:

* Injury or death

* Equipment damage

* Data loss

* Fire outbreaks

* Legal liability

2.3.1 Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs)

Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) are protective items worn to reduce exposure to hazards
during network installation.

[Link] Overall / Apron / Dust Coat

A full-body protective garment worn over normal clothing.

Functions

Protects clothes from dust, oil, and dirt

Prevents skin injuries from sharp tools

Reduces contamination of sensitive equipment

When used

During cabling

During drilling During equipment installation

[Link] Anti-Glare Screens

A screen cover fitted on computer monitors.

Importance

Reduces screen reflections

Minimizes eye strain

Improves clarity during long configuration sessions

Health benefits

Prevents headaches

Reduces eye fatigue

Improves concentration

[Link] Dust Mask

Description

A face mask worn over nose and mouth.

Purpose

Prevents inhalation of dust particles

Protects lungs from harmful debris

Use cases

Ceiling cabling

Wall drilling

Old building renovations

[Link] Gloves

Description

Hand protective wear made of rubber, leather, or insulated material.

Functions

Prevents cuts from sharp cable edges

Protects against electric shock

Improves grip on tools

Types

Insulated gloves

Anti-cut gloves

[Link] Anti-Static Equipment

Explanation

Static electricity can damage sensitive electronic components even if the shock is not felt.

Anti-static equipment includes:

Anti-static wrist straps

Anti-static mats

Grounding cables

Importance

* Prevents Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)

* Protects network cards, RAM, switches, routers

[Link] Ergonomics

Definition

Ergonomics is the practice of designing work environments to fit the human body.

Ergonomic considerations

Proper sitting posture

Correct table and chair height

Monitor at eye level

Avoid prolonged bending or lifting

Importance

Prevents back pain

Reduces fatigue

Improves work efficiency

[Link] First Aid Kit

Description

A collection of medical supplies for treating minor injuries.

Contents

Bandages

Antiseptic

Gloves

Pain relievers

Importance

* Immediate response to injuries

* Prevents infections

* Saves lives in emergencie

2.3.2 Cable Management

Cable management is the organized routing, securing, and labeling of network cables.

[Link] Proper Routing

Proper routing practices

Avoid tight bends

Do not stretch cables

Separate data and power cables

Use trunking and conduits

Importance
Prevents cable damage

Reduces signal interference

Improves airflow

Enhances safety

[Link] Labelling

Definition

Labelling is the process of marking cables and ports for identification.

Importance

* Simplifies troubleshooting

* Reduces maintenance time

* Improves documentation

* Prevents accidental disconnection

Examples

* Numbered cable tags

* Color-coded labels

* Port identification stickers

2.3.3 Electrical Safety

Electrical hazards are among the most dangerous risks during installation.

[Link] Use of Insulated Tools

Insulated tools are covered with non-conductive materials such as rubber or plastic to protect
users from electric shock when working on electrical equipment.

Examples

 Insulated screwdrivers
  Insulated pliers
 Insulated wire cutters
 Insulated spanners

Importance

 Protects installers from electric shock.

 Prevents accidental short circuits.
 Reduces the risk of equipment damage.
 Improves safety during electrical work.

[Link] Electrical Equipment Power Ratings

Power rating refers to the voltage and current a device can safely handle. Using the correct rating
helps equipment operate safely.

Safety Rules

 Use equipment with the correct voltage rating.

 Avoid overloading sockets and extension cables.
 Use surge protectors to protect devices from sudden voltage increases.
 Ensure cables and circuit breakers match the equipment power requirements.
 Switch off power before connecting or disconnecting equipment.

Consequences of Ignoring Power Ratings

 Damage to electrical devices and components.

 Overheating of wires and equipment.
 Fire outbreaks caused by overloaded circuits.
 Electric shock to users or installers.
 Reduced lifespan of electrical equipment.

2.3.4 Fire Safety

Fire safety refers to measures put in place to prevent fires, detect them early, control them,
and protect people, equipment, and data in case a fire occurs.
In computer laboratories and network rooms, fire safety is critical because of:

 Electrical equipment
 Flammable materials (cables, plastics)
 Sensitive and expensive devices
 Risk of data loss
[Link] Classes of Fires

Fires are classified based on the type of material that is burning. This classification helps in
choosing the correct fire extinguisher.

Fire Cause Explanation Examples

Class
Class A Solid materials Fires involving ordinary Paper, wood, books,
combustible materials furniture
Class B Flammable Fires caused by liquids that can Petrol, diesel, paint, oil
liquids easily ignite
Class C Electrical Fires involving live electrical Computers, servers,
equipment devices switches
Class D Metals Fires involving combustible metals Magnesium, sodium
Class K Cooking oils & Fires caused by hot cooking oils Kitchen fryers
fats

[Link] Fire Extinguishers

Fire extinguishers are portable devices used to put out small fires before they spread.

Types and Uses

1. CO₂ (Carbon Dioxide) Extinguisher

 Best for: Class C (Electrical fires)

 How it works: Displaces oxygen to suffocate the fire
 Advantages:
o Does not damage equipment
o Leaves no residue
 Common locations:
o Computer labs
o Server rooms
o Offices with electronics

2. Water Extinguisher

 Best for: Class A fires

 How it works: Cools the burning material
 Limitations:
o Dangerous on electrical fires
o Cannot be used on flammable liquids

3. Dry Powder Extinguisher

  Best for: Class A, B, and C fires
 How it works: Interrupts chemical reaction of fire
 Advantages:
o Versatile
 Disadvantages:
o Leaves powder residue
o Can damage sensitive electronics

2.3.5 Emergency Procedures

Emergency procedures are planned actions to be followed during accidents, fires, injuries, or
disasters to minimize harm.

[Link] First Aid Kit

A first aid kit contains basic medical supplies used to provide immediate care before
professional help arrives.

Key requirements

 Clearly labeled (FIRST AID)

 Easily accessible
 Not locked during working hours

Typical contents

 Bandages
 Cotton wool
 Antiseptic
 Gloves
 Pain relievers

Importance

 Reduces severity of injuries

 Saves lives
 Prevents infections

[Link] Emergency Contacts

Emergency contacts are important phone numbers displayed in visible areas for quick
response.

Examples

 Fire department
 Nearest hospital
 Security office

Importance

 Saves response time

 Ensures quick rescue and treatment
 Helps during panic situations

[Link] Contingency Measures

Contingency measures are backup plans put in place to handle unexpected emergencies.

Examples Explained

1. Evacuation Plans
• clearly marked exits
Helps people escape safely and quickly during emergencies.
• Assembly points
Provides safe locations where people gather after evacuation.
• Fire drills
Trains people on how to respond during emergency situations.
• Helps avoid panic and injuries

2. Data Backups
• Copies of important files stored elsewhere
Protects important files from being lost or damaged.
• Prevents data loss during fire or system failure
Allows recovery of information after system problems or disasters.

3. Disaster Recovery Plans

• Procedures to restore systems after disasters
Helps restore systems and operations after unexpected disasters.
• Equipment replacement
Replaces damaged equipment to restore normal operations.
• Data restoration
 Recovers lost data from backup storage systems.
• Business continuity
Ensures operations continue during and after emergencies.

2.4 Identification of Computer Network Components

This section focuses on recognizing, selecting, and understanding components used in network
installation.

2.4.1 Considerations When Selecting Network Components

Proper selection ensures:

• Reliability – Ensures the network works consistently without frequent failures.
• Security – Protects data and network resources from unauthorized access.
• Scalability – Allows the network to expand as more users are added.
• Cost-effectiveness – Ensures quality performance while staying within budget limits.

[Link] Transmission Media and Connectors

Transmission Media

Transmission media are paths through which data travels in a network.

1. Twisted Pair Cables

• UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) – Used in LANs without shielding from interference.
• STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) – Has shielding to reduce electromagnetic interference.
• Used in LANs – Commonly used for short-distance local networks.
• Affordable and easy to install – Low cost and simple to set up.

2. Fiber Optic Cables

• Use light to transmit data – Send data using light signals instead of electricity.
• High speed – Support very fast data transmission rates.
• Long distance – Can transmit data over long distances with minimal loss.
• Immune to electromagnetic interference – Not affected by electrical noise.

3. Wireless Signals
• Use radio waves – Transmit data through air using radio frequencies.
• Flexible and mobile – Allow devices to connect without cables.
• Used in Wi-Fi networks – Common for wireless internet connections.

Connectors

• RJ45 – Used with UTP/STP cables to connect network devices.

• Fiber connectors (SC, LC) – Used for connecting fiber optic cables.

[Link] Access Points and Wireless Technology

Description

Access Points (APs) allow wireless devices such as laptops and phones to connect to a wired
network by acting as a bridge.

Key considerations

• Coverage area (range) – Determines how far the Wi-Fi signal can reach.
• Speed (Wi-Fi standards) – Determines how fast data is transmitted.
• Security (WPA2/WPA3) – Protects the network from unauthorized access.
• Number of users supported – Determines how many devices can connect at once.

[Link] Networking Software and Management Tools

• Network Operating Systems (Windows Server, Linux) – Manage users and network resources.
• Monitoring software – Tracks network performance and detects faults.
• Configuration tools – Help set up and manage network devices.

[Link] Network Security Devices

• Firewalls – Control and filter network traffic.

• Routers – Direct data packets between networks.
• IDS/IPS – Detect and prevent intrusions.

[Link] Servers and Storage

Types
 1. File Servers – Store and share files across a network.
2. Database Servers – Manage and organize large structured data.
3. Network Attached Storage (NAS) – Centralized storage accessible over the network.

2.5 Step-by-Step Network Installation Procedure (Core Practical Area)

1. Interpret network design documents – Understand installation plans before starting work.
2. Identify tools, materials, and PPEs – Select required equipment and safety gear.
3. Observe all safety procedures – Follow safety rules to prevent accidents.
4. Install cable trunking and conduits – Create protected pathways for cables.
5. Lay network cables – Run cables through planned routes.
6. Terminate cables using connectors – Attach connectors for proper communication.
7. Install switches, routers, and access points – Set up network devices.
8. Configure network devices – Set correct settings for operation.
9. Test network connectivity – Confirm all devices are properly connected.

2.2.2 Network Tools and Materials Assembly

This section focuses on tools and materials used in installing and maintaining computer
networks.

[Link] Basic Network Tools

[Link].1 Cable Crimpers

Used to attach RJ45 connectors securely onto network cables by pressing pins firmly into wires.

[Link].2 Cable Strippers

Used to remove the outer insulation of cables without damaging internal wires.

[Link].3 Cutters, Scissors, Screwdrivers, Pliers

• Cutters/Scissors – Used to cut cables to required lengths.

• Screwdrivers – Used to fix or loosen screws on network devices.
• Pliers – Used to hold, bend, or pull wires during installation.
[Link].4 Cable Tie Tools

Used to organize and secure cables neatly to prevent tangling and damage.

[Link].5 Fiber Optic Tools

Special tools used for cutting, cleaning, and splicing fiber optic cables safely and accurately.

[Link].6 Insertion-Extraction Tools

Used to insert or remove wires and components from network connectors or sockets.

[Link].7 Manual/Automatic Switch Boxes

Devices used to switch between different network connections or devices easily.

[Link].8 Network Testers

Used to check cable continuity, faults, and proper network connectivity.

[Link].9 Punch Down Tools

Used to insert and secure wires into patch panels or keystone jacks.

[Link].10 Tools Usage and Safety

Tools must be used correctly, kept in good condition, and handled carefully to prevent accidents
and damage to equipment.
[Link].11 Driver Installers

Software tools used to install and update hardware drivers for network devices to ensure proper
operation.

[Link].12 Multimeter

Used to measure electrical values such as voltage, current, and resistance in network systems.

[Link].13 Tone Generator and Probe

Used to trace and identify cables by sending and detecting audio signals through wires.

2.2.3 Computer Network Materials

[Link] Network Cables

Used to transmit data between network devices such as computers, switches, and routers.

[Link] Cable Trunking Covers

Protective covers used to organize and shield cables from physical damage.

[Link] Connectors

Devices used to join network cables to equipment or other cables for data transmission.

[Link] RJ45 Sockets

Wall or panel outlets where Ethernet cables are plugged into a network.
[Link] Patch Cords

Short cables used to connect devices to network ports or patch panels.

[Link] Cable Ties

Used to bundle and organize cables neatly for safety and proper installation.

2.3 Computer Network Set Up

2.3.1 Network Cabling and Installation

[Link] Network Design Layout

A simple drawing (blueprint) showing where computers, routers, and printers will go.
It helps you plan before installing cables.

 Mark where each device sits.

 Show where cables will run (walls, ceiling, floor).
 Keep cables under 100 meters (about 300 feet) to avoid weak signals.

Understanding Cabling Standards and Ethernet Cable Types

1. What are Cabling Standards?

Cabling standards are agreed-upon specifications that define how network cables should be
installed and used. They help ensure that equipment from different manufacturers can work
together properly.

3. Common Network Cabling Standards

T568A and T568B Wiring Standards

These standards define the arrangement of wires in RJ-45 connectors.

T568A Color Code

 Pin Wire Color

1 White/Green

2 Green

3 White/Orange

4 Blue

5 White/Blue

6 Orange

7 White/Brown

8 Brown

T568B Color Code

Pin Wire Color

1 White/Orange

2 Orange

3 White/Green

4 Blue

5 White/Blue

6 Green

7 White/Brown

8 Brown

Difference

The only difference is the position of the green and orange wire pairs.

4. Types of Ethernet Cables

Straight-Through Cable
Both ends use the same standard (T568A-T568A or T568B-T568B).

Used to connect:
• Computer to Switch
• Switch to Router

Crossover Cable

One end uses T568A and the other uses T568B.

Used to connect:
• Computer to Computer
• Switch to Switch (older devices)

[Link] Cable Termination and Installation

Process of making network cables by attaching connectors.

Basic steps:

 Strip outer plastic carefully.

 Untwist inner wires.
 Arrange wires in correct color order.
 Insert into connector plug.
 Crimp using a tool.
 Test the cable.

Simple rule: Both ends must have the same color order.

[Link] Setting Up WirelessNetwork Devices

Wireless devices use an Access Point (AP) to provide Wi-Fi.

Basic steps:

 Connect AP to power and network switch.

 Open setup page using phone or laptop.
 Set Wi-Fi name (SSID) and password.
 Use WPA2 or WPA3 security.
 Place AP in a central, high position.
Avoid:

 Microwaves
 Metal objects
 Thick walls

Simple rule: Place AP like a light bulb—high and central for best coverage.

[Link] Network Set Up as Per the Design

Building the network based on the layout plan.

Steps:

 Run cables according to the design.

 Label both ends of each cable.
 Connect devices properly (PC → Switch → Router → Internet).
 Power devices in order: Modem → Router → Switch → PCs/APs.
 Test internet connection.

Simple rule: Turn on from internet source outward and test step by step.

[Link] Application of Cable Management Best Practices

Keeping cables neat and organized during installation.

Why it is important:

 Makes troubleshooting easier.

 Improves airflow and prevents overheating.
 Gives a clean, professional look.
2.4.1 Network Models (TCP/IP, OSI)

Network models are conceptual frameworks that describe how data travels from one device to
another across a network. They separate functions into layers to simplify design, troubleshooting,
and interoperability.

OSI Model Layers

Layer 7 – Application Layer

 Closest layer to the user

 Provides network services to applications
 Interfaces with user applications (browser, email, etc.)
 Does not include the application itself
 Examples: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, DNS, DHCP

Layer 6 – Presentation Layer

 Responsible for data formatting and representation

 Ensures data is readable by the receiving system
 Handles data translation between formats
 Performs encryption and decryption for security
 Performs data compression to reduce size
 Examples: SSL/TLS, JPEG, MPEG, ASCII

Layer 5 – Session Layer

 Establishes communication sessions between devices

 Maintains active sessions during communication
 Terminates sessions when communication ends
 Manages session recovery using checkpoints
 Handles session authentication and control

Layer 4 – Transport Layer

 Provides end-to-end communication between devices

 Breaks data into segments and reassembles them
 Ensures reliable delivery (TCP) or fast delivery (UDP)
  Performs error detection and flow control
 Uses port numbers to identify services (0–65535)
o HTTP = 80
o HTTPS = 443
o SSH = 22
o DNS = 53

Layer 3 – Network Layer

 Handles logical addressing using IP addresses

 Responsible for routing between different networks
 Determines best path for data delivery
 Enables communication across multiple networks
 Examples: IPv4, IPv6, ICMP, ARP, OSPF, BGP

Layer 2 – Data Link Layer

 Handles communication within the same local network

 Uses MAC addresses for device identification
 Provides error detection using CRC
 Controls access to network media
 Prevents data collisions
 Has two sublayers: LLC and MAC
 Examples: Ethernet, Wi-Fi

Layer 1 – Physical Layer

 Deals with transmission of raw bits (0s and 1s)

 Converts data into electrical signals, light, or radio waves
 Defines physical network components
 Includes cables, connectors, and signal types
 Examples: copper cables, fiber optics, radio waves, hubs, repeaters

OSI Mnemonic (Top to Bottom)

All People Seem To Need Data Processing

B. TCP/IP Model

The TCP/IP model is the practical model used on the Internet. It has 4 layers.

TCP/IP Layers

TCP/IP Model Layers and OSI Equivalent

Application Layer

 Equivalent to OSI layers:

o Application layer
o Presentation layer
o Session layer
 Responsible for providing services to user applications
 Handles communication between software applications and network services
 Key protocols include:
o HTTP (web browsing)
o HTTPS (secure web browsing)
o FTP (file transfer)
o SMTP (email sending)
o DNS (domain name resolution)
o DHCP (automatic IP assignment)
o SSH (secure remote access)

Transport Layer

 Equivalent to OSI Transport layer

 Responsible for end-to-end communication between devices
 Breaks data into segments and ensures delivery
 Provides reliability and error control (TCP) or fast transmission (UDP)
 Key protocols:
o TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
o UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

Internet Layer

 Equivalent to OSI Network layer

  Responsible for logical addressing and routing across networks
 Determines best path for data delivery
 Enables communication between different networks
 Key protocols:
o IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4)
o IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6)
o ICMP (used for diagnostics like ping)
o ARP (resolves IP address to MAC address)

Network Access Layer

 Equivalent to OSI Data Link and Physical layers

 Responsible for physical transmission of data over network media
 Handles MAC addressing and local network delivery
 Controls how data is placed on the physical network
 Key technologies/protocols:
o Ethernet (wired LAN communication)
o Wi-Fi (wireless LAN communication)
o PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
o Frame Relay (WAN communication technology)

Application Layer Protocols

These protocols are used by applications to communicate over a network.

 HTTP/HTTPS (Web browsing)

o HTTP is used to load websites (not secure)
o HTTPS is secure version of HTTP (uses encryption)
o Used when accessing web pages in browsers like Chrome
 FTP/SFTP (File transfer)
o FTP transfers files between computers over a network
o SFTP is secure FTP (encrypted file transfer)
o Used for uploading/downloading files to servers
 SMTP/POP3/IMAP (Email)
o SMTP is used to send emails
o POP3 downloads emails to a device and removes them from server
o IMAP keeps emails on server and syncs across devices
 DNS (Domain Name System)
o Converts domain names into IP addresses
o Example: [Link] → 142.250.x.x
o Works like a “phonebook” for the internet
 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
o Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices
o Provides subnet mask, gateway, and DNS automatically
 o Prevents manual IP configuration
 SSH (Secure Shell)
o Used for secure remote access to devices
o Encrypts all communication
o Commonly used by network administrators to manage servers

Transport Layer Protocols

These protocols control how data is delivered between devices.

 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

o Reliable communication protocol
o Ensures data reaches destination correctly
o Resends lost data if necessary
o Used in web browsing, email, file transfer
 UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
o Fast but less reliable communication
o Does not guarantee delivery or order
o Used in streaming, gaming, VoIP calls

Internet Layer Protocols

These protocols handle addressing and routing between networks.

 IPv4 / IPv6 (Internet Protocol)

o Provide logical addressing for devices
o IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses (e.g., [Link])
o IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses (e.g., 2001:db8::1)
o Responsible for sending data across networks
 ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
o Used for network diagnostics
o Helps test connectivity using tools like ping
o Reports errors in network communication
 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
o Converts IP addresses into MAC addresses
o Used within local networks
o Helps devices find each other on the same LAN

Network Access Layer Protocols

These protocols handle physical communication over a network.

  Ethernet
o Wired network communication standard
o Uses cables (LAN connections)
o Defines how data is transmitted in local networks
 Wi-Fi
o Wireless network communication standard
o Uses radio waves instead of cables
o Allows mobile and flexible connectivity
 PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
o Used for direct connection between two devices
o Common in WAN connections and dial-up links
o Establishes, maintains, and terminates connection

2.4.2 Understanding IP Addressing

Definition:

An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a unique numerical identifier assigned to each device
on a network to enable communication.

Purpose:

 Identify devices uniquely

 Enable communication between devices
 Support routing of data across networks

Examples:

 IPv4: [Link]
 IPv6: 2001:db8::1

Every IP-configured device requires:

 IP address
 Subnet mask
 Default gateway
 DNS server

[Link] Classful IP Addressing

Definition:

Classful addressing is the original IPv4 allocation method where IP addresses are divided into
fixed classes based on the first octet.

The Five Classes

Clas First Octet Default Subnet Network Host Purpose

s Range Mask Bits Bits
A 1–126 [Link] (/8) 8 24 Very large networks
B 128–191 [Link] (/16) 16 16 Medium networks
C 192–223 [Link] 24 8 Small networks
(/24)
D 224–239 N/A N/A N/A Multicasting
E 240–255 N/A N/A N/A Research/experimental

Special Note:

 [Link] is reserved for loopback (localhost)

Class Details

Class A

 First bit: 0
 Up to 126 networks
 16,777,214 hosts per network
 Example: [Link]

Class B

 First bits: 10
 16,384 networks
 65,534 hosts per network
 Example: [Link]

Class C
  First bits: 110
 2,097,152 networks
 254 hosts per network
 Example: [Link]

Class D

 First bits: 1110

 Used for multicast

Class E

 First bits: 1111

 Reserved for research

Problem with Classful Addressing

 Wasteful allocation of IP addresses

 Fixed sizes (A, B, C only)
 Inefficient for real networks

Solution:

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

[Link] TCP/IP Addressing

Definition:

TCP/IP addressing uses IP addresses to uniquely identify devices in a network.

IP Address Structure

Part Function Example ([Link]/24)

Network portion Identifies network 192.168.10
Host portion Identifies device .5

Types of IP Addresses

Public IP Address

 Globally unique
 Assigned by ISP
 Internet routable
 Example: [Link]

Private IP Address

 Used in LAN only

 Not routable on Internet
 Requires NAT

Ranges:

 [Link]/8
 [Link]/12
 [Link]/16

Special IP Addresses

Address Purpose
[Link] Loopback
[Link] Default route
[Link] Broadcast
169.254.x.x APIPA
[Link] IPv4 and IPv6

A. IPv4

 32-bit addressing system

 4.3 billion addresses
 Example: [Link]
 Uses NAT due to shortage

Disadvantages:

 Address exhaustion
 Limited security
 Complex configuration

B. IPv6

 128-bit addressing system

 Example: 2001:db8::1
 Massive address space
 Built-in security (IPSec)

Features:

 No NAT required
 Auto-configuration (SLAAC)
 No broadcast (uses multicast)

IPv4 vs IPv6

Feature IPv4 IPv6

Address size 32-bit 128-bit
Format Decimal Hexadecimal
Security Optional Built-in
Broadcast Yes No
NAT Required Not required

[Link] IP Address Classes

  Class A: large networks
 Class B: medium networks
 Class C: small networks
 Class D: multicast
 Class E: reserved

Reason obsolete:

 Inefficient IP usage
 Replaced by CIDR

4.2.5 Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

1. Definition of CIDR

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) is a modern IP addressing method that removes the old
fixed “Class A, B, C” system.

Instead of being limited to fixed network sizes, CIDR allows networks to be divided or sized
flexibly depending on need.

👉 In simple terms:
CIDR lets you “right-size” a network so you don’t waste IP addresses.

2. CIDR Notation

CIDR uses this format:

IP address / prefix length

Example:

[Link]/24

What it means:

 [Link] → Network address

 /24 → Number of bits used for the network part

So:

 /24 means 24 bits are network bits

  Remaining bits are for hosts

Common examples:

 /24 → 256 addresses

 /25 → 128 addresses
 /26 → 64 addresses
 /27 → 32 addresses

3. Subnetting in CIDR

Definition

Subnetting is the process of breaking one large network into smaller networks (subnets).

Example: [Link]/24

We divide it into 4 smaller networks using /26:

Subnet Network Address

1 [Link]/26
2 [Link]/26
3 [Link]/26
4 [Link]/26

Why subnet? (Benefits)

Subnetting helps to:

 ✔ Use IP addresses efficiently (no waste)

 ✔ Reduce broadcast traffic (faster network)
 ✔ Improve security (separate departments/users)
 ✔ Improve network performance (less congestion)

4. VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)

Definition

VLSM allows you to create subnets of different sizes in the same network.
Instead of all subnets being equal, each subnet is sized based on need.

Example of VLSM:

From one network, you can create:

 /25 → 126 usable hosts (large department)

 /26 → 62 hosts
 /27 → 30 hosts
 /30 → 2 hosts (point-to-point links)

Why VLSM is important:

 Saves IP addresses
 Matches real network requirements
 Used in modern enterprise networks

[Link] IP Addressing Schemes

IP addressing schemes define how IP addresses are assigned to devices in a network.

A. Static IP Addressing

Definition

A Static IP is an IP address that is manually assigned and does not change.

Advantages

 ✔ Stable and consistent

 ✔ Easy to track devices
 ✔ Ideal for critical devices

Disadvantages
  ✖ Time-consuming to configure
 ✖ Human errors possible
 ✖ Hard to manage in large networks

Best used for:

 Servers
 Routers
 Printers
 CCTV systems
 Network infrastructure devices

B. Dynamic IP Addressing (DHCP)

Definition

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) automatically assigns IP addresses to devices.

DORA Process (How DHCP works)

1. D – Discover
Device searches for DHCP server
2. O – Offer
Server offers an IP address
3. R – Request
Device requests the offered IP
4. A – Acknowledge
Server confirms assignment

Advantages

 ✔ Easy to manage large networks

 ✔ No manual configuration needed
 ✔ Reduces errors

Disadvantages
  ✖ Requires DHCP server
 ✖ IP addresses may change
 ✖ Less control over specific IPs

C. DHCP Reservation

Definition

A DHCP reservation assigns a fixed IP address automatically based on a device’s MAC

address.

Key idea:

 Still automatic (DHCP)

 But IP never changes

Advantages

 ✔ No manual setup on device

 ✔ Fixed IP guaranteed
 ✔ Centralized control

Example use:

 Printers
 Servers in small networks
 CCTV cameras

D. APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing)

Definition

APIPA assigns an automatic IP address when DHCP fails.

Range:
[Link] – [Link]

What it means:

 Device could not reach DHCP server

 It assigns itself a temporary IP

Disadvantage

 ❌ No internet access
 ❌ Only local communication possible (limited)

E. Comparison of IP Addressing Methods

Feature Static IP DHCP DHCP Reservation

Managemen Manual Automatic Automatic
t
IP Stability Fixed Changes Fixed
Setup effort High Low Medium
Best for Servers Users Important devices

F. Selection Guide

Use Static IP when:

 Device is a server or network equipment

 IP must never change
 You need full control

Use DHCP when:

 Many users/devices exist

 Devices frequently connect/disconnect
 You want easy network management
Use DHCP Reservation when:

 You want automatic setup but fixed IP

 For printers, servers, CCTV
 You want central control without manual configuration

2.4.3 Basic Switch and Router Configuration

Basic configuration involves setting up routers and switches so devices can communicate, access
the internet, and share resources on a network.

[Link] Initial Setup and Configuration

Initial setup is the process of preparing a router or switch for use.

Router Setup

 Connect the router to power and the internet source.

 Connect devices to the router.
 Access the router's settings page.
 Set administrator credentials.
 Configure internet and Wi-Fi settings.

Unmanaged Switch Setup

 Connect the switch to power.

 Connect network devices using Ethernet cables.
 The switch begins operating automatically.

Importance

 Establishes network connectivity.

 Improves security.
 Enables internet access.

[Link] Configuring Interfaces and IP Addresses

An interface is a connection point through which devices communicate.

IP Address

An IP address uniquely identifies a device on a network.

Types of IP Addresses

Static IP Address

 Assigned manually.
 Does not change.
 Suitable for printers and servers.

Dynamic IP Address

 Assigned automatically by DHCP.

 Changes when necessary.
 Common in home and office networks.

Importance

 Allows communication between devices.

 Prevents address conflicts.
 Enables internet connectivity.

[Link] Setting Up Routing Protocols (EIGRP, RIP and OSPF)

Routing protocols help routers find the best path for sending data.

RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

 Uses hop count (number of network devices (typically routers, and sometimes Layer 3
switches) to determine routes.
 Suitable for small networks.
 Simple but slower than modern protocols.

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)

 Uses bandwidth and delay to select routes.

 Faster and more efficient than RIP.
 Suitable for medium and large networks.

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

 Uses shortest-path calculations.

 Fast and highly scalable.
 Common in large enterprise networks.

Importance
  Automatically updates routing information.
 Improves network efficiency.

[Link] Configuring VLANs

A VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) divides one physical network into separate logical
networks.

Benefits

 Improves security.
 Reduces unnecessary traffic.
 Simplifies network management.

Example

A school network can have:

 VLAN 10 – Administration
 VLAN 20 – Teachers
 VLAN 30 – Students

Note

VLANs require managed switches.

[Link] Configuring Access Control Lists (ACLs)

An ACL is a set of rules used to allow or block network traffic.

Types

Standard ACL

 Filters traffic based on source IP address.

Extended ACL

 Filters traffic based on source, destination, protocol, and port number.

Benefits
  Restricts unauthorized access.
 Enhances network security.
 Controls traffic flow.

[Link] Implementing NAT and PAT

NAT (Network Address Translation)

NAT converts private IP addresses into public IP addresses for internet access.

Benefits

 Saves public IP addresses.

 Hides internal network addresses.
 Improves security.

PAT (Port Address Translation)

PAT allows many devices to share one public IP address using different port numbers.

Benefits

 Supports multiple users on one internet connection.

 Efficient use of public IP addresses.

Difference

NAT PAT

One private IP to one public IP Many private IPs to one public IP

Uses multiple public IPs Uses a single public IP

[Link] Implementing Port Security

Port security controls which devices can connect to a switch port.

Functions

 Limits access to authorized devices.

 Prevents unauthorized connections.
 Protects the network from attacks.

Benefits

 Improves network security.

 Reduces unauthorized access.

Note

Available mainly on managed switches.

[Link] Implementing Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

STP prevents network loops between switches.

Network Loop

Occurs when data continuously circulates between switches.

How STP Works

STP automatically:

1. Detects redundant paths between switches

2. Chooses one best path
3. Blocks the unnecessary paths
4. Keeps backup links ready in case the main path fails

If the active path fails, STP can unblock another path automatically.

Benefits of STP
  Prevents broadcast storms. (too much traffic floods the network)
 Improves network stability.
 Provides backup paths if a link fails.

[Link] Configuring Link Aggregation (LACP)

LACP combines multiple network links into one logical connection.

Benefits

 Increases bandwidth.
 Provides redundancy.
 Improves reliability.

Example

Two network cables between devices can work together as one larger connection.

Note

LACP requires managed switches.

2.4.4 Wireless Access Point Configuration

Wireless Access Point (AP) configuration involves setting up and managing devices that provide
wireless connectivity to users within a network.

[Link] Setting Up Access Points (APs)

A Wireless Access Point (AP) is a device that allows wireless devices such as laptops,
smartphones, and tablets to connect to a network.

Steps in Setting Up an AP

 Connect the AP to a power source.

 Connect the AP to the network using an Ethernet cable.
 Access the AP management interface.
 Configure the network name (SSID).
 Set up security settings.
 Test connectivity.
Benefits of Access Points

 Extend wireless coverage.

 Allow multiple devices to connect.
 Improve network flexibility.

[Link] SSID, DHCP, DNS, SMTP

SSID (Service Set Identifier)

SSID is the name of a wireless network that users see when searching for Wi-Fi networks.

Functions

 Identifies a wireless network.

 Allows users to select the correct network.

Example

 School-WiFi
 OfficeNet
 HomeNetwork

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

DHCP automatically assigns IP addresses to devices connected to a network.

Functions

 Assigns IP addresses automatically.

 Reduces manual configuration.
 Prevents IP address conflicts.

DNS (Domain Name System)

DNS translates domain names into IP addresses.

Example

When a user enters [Link], DNS converts it into the corresponding IP address.
Functions

 Makes internet browsing easier.

 Eliminates the need to remember IP addresses.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

SMTP is a protocol used for sending emails over a network.

Functions

 Transfers outgoing emails.

 Enables communication between mail servers.

[Link] Configuring Wireless Security

Wireless security protects a wireless network from unauthorized access.

Security Measures

Strong Passwords

 Use complex passwords.

 Change passwords regularly.

WPA2/WPA3 Encryption

 Encrypts wireless traffic.

 Protects transmitted data.

Change Default Settings

 Change default usernames and passwords.

 Rename the default SSID if necessary.

Benefits

 Prevents unauthorized access.

 Protects sensitive information.
 Reduces security threats.
[Link] Managing Wireless Networks

Wireless network management involves monitoring and maintaining wireless connectivity.

Activities

 Monitoring connected devices.

 Managing bandwidth usage.
 Updating firmware.
 Troubleshooting connectivity issues.
 Optimizing signal coverage.

Benefits

 Improved performance.
 Better reliability.
 Enhanced user experience.

[Link] Network Security Configuration

Network security configuration involves implementing measures to protect network resources.

Security Measures

 Password protection.
 Wireless encryption.
 Firewall configuration.
 User authentication.
 Access restrictions.

Importance

 Protects data.
 Prevents cyberattacks.
 Maintains network integrity.

[Link] Definition of Network Privileges

Network privileges are permissions granted to users to access network resources and perform
specific tasks.

Purpose
  Control user access.
 Protect sensitive information.
 Ensure proper use of network resources.

Examples

 Viewing files.
 Modifying files.
 Managing network settings.

[Link] Implement Firewall and Security Policies

Firewall

A firewall is a security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic.

Functions

 Blocks unauthorized access.

 Filters network traffic.
 Protects against attacks.

Security Policies

Security policies are rules that guide how users access and use network resources.

Examples

 Password policies.
 Internet usage policies.
 Data protection policies.
 Access control policies.

Benefits

 Improves security.
 Promotes responsible network usage.
 Reduces risks.

[Link] Types of Privileged Accounts

Privileged accounts have higher access rights than ordinary user accounts.

Administrator Account

 Has full control over the network.

 Can create and manage user accounts.
 Can configure network devices.

Power User Account

 Has advanced privileges.

 Can perform selected administrative tasks.

Standard User Account

 Has limited access.

 Can use network resources but cannot make major changes.

Guest Account

 Temporary and restricted access.

 Used for visitors.

[Link] Network Privileges are Allocated According to the Network Configuration

Network privileges are assigned based on users' roles and responsibilities within the
organization.

Factors Considered

 Job role.
 Security requirements.
 Organizational policies.
 Level of responsibility.

Examples

User Type Network Privileges

Administrator Full network access and control

Teacher/Staff Access to departmental resources

Student/User Limited access to assigned resources

 Guest Internet access only

Benefits

 Improves security.
 Prevents unauthorized actions.
 Ensures efficient management of network resources.

2.5 Computer Network Documentation

2.5.1 Define Network Documentation

Network documentation refers to the process of recording and maintaining detailed information
about a computer network.

It includes information about:

 Network devices
 Connections
 Configurations
 IP addresses
 Security settings
 Network design and structure

Network documentation acts as a reference guide for network administrators, technicians, and
organizations.

Definition

Network documentation is the organized recording of all information related to the design,
configuration, operation, and maintenance of a computer network.

2.5.2 Importance of Network Documentation

Network documentation is very important in managing and maintaining networks efficiently.

Importance of Network Documentation

1. Simplifies Troubleshooting

Technicians can quickly identify and solve network problems using documented information.

Example:

 Identifying faulty devices

 Locating cable connections
 Checking IP configurations

2. Improves Network Management

Helps administrators monitor and manage the network properly.

3. Supports Network Maintenance

Makes it easier to:

 Upgrade devices
 Replace faulty equipment
 Perform system updates

4. Enhances Security

Documentation helps identify:

 Authorized devices
 Access controls
 Security policies

5. Assists in Disaster Recovery

In case of network failure, documentation helps restore the network quickly.

6. Saves Time and Costs

Reduces downtime and avoids repeated investigations.

7. Helps New Technicians

New staff can understand the network structure more easily.

8. Supports Planning and Expansion

Organizations can plan future upgrades and expansions effectively.

2.5.3 Types of Network Documentation

There are different types of network documentation used in networking.

Main types include:

1. Physical Documentation
2. Logical Documentation
3. Configuration Documentation

[Link] Physical Documentation

Meaning

Physical documentation describes the actual physical layout of network devices and connections.

It shows:

 Device locations
 Cable connections
 Hardware arrangement

Information Included

 Routers
 Switches
  Servers
 Computers
 Cable types
 Rack layouts
 Patch panels

Examples

 Network floor plans

 Cable maps
 Rack diagrams

Purpose

Helps technicians:

 Locate devices
 Trace cables
 Replace hardware
 Perform maintenance

Example of Physical Documentation

Computer ---- Switch ---- Router ---- Internet

Logical Documentation

Meaning

Logical documentation describes how data flows within the network.

It focuses on:

 Network communication
 IP addressing
 VLANs
 Routing

It does not show physical locations.

Information Included

 IP address schemes
 Subnets
 VLAN configurations
 Routing protocols
 Network topology

Examples

 Logical topology diagrams

 IP addressing tables
 VLAN maps

Purpose

Helps administrators understand:

 How devices communicate

 Data paths
 Network segmentation

Example of Logical Documentation

VLAN 10 → Finance Department

VLAN 20 → ICT Department

Configuration Documentation

Meaning

Configuration documentation records the settings and configurations of network devices.

Information Included
  Router configurations
 Switch configurations
 Firewall rules
 Wireless settings
 Access Control Lists (ACLs)
 Password policies

Examples

 Router configuration files

 Backup configuration scripts
 Firewall configuration records

Purpose

Helps in:

 Restoring configurations
 Troubleshooting
 Security management
 Device replacement

Characteristics of Good Network Documentation

 Accurate: It must correctly reflect the real and current state of the network.
 Clear: It should be easy to read and understand without confusion.
 Updated regularly: It must be revised whenever changes are made in the network.
 Well organized: Information should be arranged in a logical and structured manner.
 Easy to understand: It should use simple language, diagrams, and tables for quick
comprehension.

Challenges of Poor Documentation

 Troubleshooting becomes difficult: Problems take longer to identify and fix due to lack
of proper information.
 Downtime increases: Network services stay offline longer because faults are not
resolved quickly.
 Security risks rise: Weak points and unauthorized changes may go unnoticed in the
network.
  Maintenance becomes confusing: Technicians struggle to understand and manage the
network correctly.

2.6 Computer Network Components Disposal

Computer network component disposal refers to the safe and proper removal of obsolete,
damaged, or unused networking equipment in accordance with environmental and legal
requirements.

2.6.1 Identify Computer Network Waste

Computer network waste refers to unwanted, obsolete, damaged, or non-functional networking

equipment that is no longer useful.

Examples of Network Waste

 Routers
 Switches
 Access points
 Network cables
 Modems
 Network interface cards (NICs)
 Servers
 Batteries and power supplies

2.6.2 Classify Computer Network Waste

Network waste can be classified into different categories depending on its nature and
environmental impact.

[Link] E-Waste

Electronic waste (E-waste) refers to discarded electrical and electronic equipment.

Examples
  Old routers
 Faulty switches
 Damaged access points
 Used network cards
 Obsolete servers

Characteristics

 Contains electronic components.

 May contain valuable materials that can be recycled.
 Requires proper disposal methods.

[Link] Hazards

Improper disposal of network waste can cause environmental and health hazards.

Environmental Hazards

 Soil pollution
 Water contamination
 Air pollution

Health Hazards

 Exposure to toxic substances.

 Respiratory problems.
 Skin irritation and other health complications.

Hazardous Materials Found in E-Waste

 Lead
 Mercury
 Cadmium
 Lithium batteries

[Link] Disposal Methods

Network waste should be disposed of using environmentally friendly methods.

Common Disposal Methods

Recycling
  Recover useful materials from old equipment.
 Reduces environmental pollution.

Reuse

 Donate or repurpose functional equipment.

Refurbishment

 Repair and upgrade equipment for continued use.

Certified Disposal

 Use licensed waste management companies to dispose of unusable equipment safely.

2.6.3 Legal Regulation and Compliance on Waste Disposal

Waste disposal must comply with national laws and environmental regulations.

Objectives

 Protect public health.

 Prevent environmental pollution.
 Promote responsible waste management.

[Link] Waste Management Act, 2022

The Waste Management Act, 2022 provides a legal framework for sustainable waste
management.

Key Provisions

 Encourages waste reduction, reuse, and recycling.

 Promotes proper handling and disposal of waste.
 Requires organizations to manage waste responsibly.
 Protects the environment from harmful waste disposal practices.

Importance

 Supports environmental conservation.

 Promotes sustainable development.
 Enhances public health and safety.
[Link] EMCA Act, 2015 on Waste Management

The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 2015 regulates

environmental protection and waste management.

Key Provisions

 Controls collection, transportation, and disposal of waste.

 Prohibits illegal dumping of waste.
 Requires environmentally sound disposal methods.
 Encourages recycling and recovery of materials.

Importance

 Reduces environmental pollution.

 Protects natural resources.
 Ensures compliance with environmental standards.

2.6.4 Disposal Methods

Disposal methods are procedures used to remove unwanted network equipment safely and
legally.

Common Methods

 Recycling
 Reuse
 Refurbishment
 Donation
 Sale of obsolete equipment
 Disposal through licensed waste handlers

Benefits

 Reduces environmental impact.

 Conserves resources.
 Ensures legal compliance.

[Link] The Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Act, 2015

The Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Act, 2015 provides guidelines for disposal of
public assets and equipment.

Purpose

 Ensure transparency and accountability.

 Promote fair disposal procedures.
 Prevent misuse of public assets.

Methods of Asset Disposal

 Public auction
 Transfer to another institution
 Trade-in
 Recycling
 Destruction where necessary

Importance

 Ensures proper management of obsolete equipment.

 Promotes value recovery from assets.
 Supports compliance with government regulations.