JUPEB CALCULATION EXAMPLES
Worked Examples Only — Mathematics / Economics
Topics:
1. Linear Programming (5 examples)
2. Applications of Linear Programming — Geometric Method (5 examples)
3. Exponential Growth and Decay (5 examples)
4. Descriptive Statistics (5 examples)
5. Inventory Turnover (5 examples)
TOPIC 1: LINEAR PROGRAMMING — CALCULATION EXAMPLES
Example 1.1 — Maximise Z = 40x + 60y
Subject to: 2x + y ≤ 40, x + 3y ≤ 30, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
Solution
Solving 2x + y = 40 and x + 3y = 30 simultaneously gives x = 18, y = 4.
Corner Point (x, y) Calculation Z = 40x + 60y
(0, 0) 40(0)+60(0) 0
(20, 0) 40(20)+60(0) 800
(0, 10) 40(0)+60(10) 600
(18, 4) 40(18)+60(4) 960
Maximum Z = 960 at (18, 4)
Fig. 1.1 — Feasible region; optimum at (18, 4).
Example 1.2 — Maximise Z = 60x + 40y
Subject to: 2x + y ≤ 80, x + y ≤ 50, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
Solution
Solving 2x + y = 80 and x + y = 50 simultaneously gives x = 30, y = 20.
Corner Point (x, y) Calculation Z = 60x + 40y
(0, 0) 60(0)+40(0) 0
(40, 0) 60(40)+40(0) 2400
(0, 50) 60(0)+40(50) 2000
(30, 20) 60(30)+40(20) 2600
Maximum Z = 2,600 at (30, 20)
Fig. 1.2 — Feasible region; optimum at (30, 20).
Example 1.3 — Minimise C = 3x + 5y
Subject to: x + 2y ≥ 10, 3x + y ≥ 15, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
Solution
Solving x + 2y = 10 and 3x + y = 15 simultaneously gives x = 4, y = 3.
Corner Point (x, y) Calculation C = 3x + 5y
(10, 0) 3(10)+5(0) 30
(0, 15) 3(0)+5(15) 75
(4, 3) 3(4)+5(3) 27
Minimum C = 27 at (4, 3)
Fig. 1.3 — Feasible region; optimum at (4, 3).
Example 1.4 — Maximise Z = 5x + 4y
Subject to: 3x + 2y ≤ 12, x + 2y ≤ 6, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
Solution
Solving 3x + 2y = 12 and x + 2y = 6 simultaneously gives x = 3, y = 1.5.
Corner Point (x, y) Calculation Z = 5x + 4y
(0, 0) 5(0)+4(0) 0
(4, 0) 5(4)+4(0) 20
(0, 3) 5(0)+4(3) 12
(3, 1.5) 5(3)+4(1.5) 21
Maximum Z = 21 at (3, 1.5)
Fig. 1.4 — Feasible region; optimum at (3, 1.5).
Example 1.5 — Minimise C = 4x + 3y
Subject to: 2x + y ≥ 10, x + 3y ≥ 15, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
Solution
Solving 2x + y = 10 and x + 3y = 15 simultaneously gives x = 3, y = 4.
Corner Point (x, y) Calculation C = 4x + 3y
(15, 0) 4(15)+3(0) 60
(0, 10) 4(0)+3(10) 30
(3, 4) 4(3)+3(4) 24
Minimum C = 24 at (3, 4)
Fig. 1.5 — Feasible region; optimum at (3, 4).
TOPIC 2: APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING —
CALCULATION EXAMPLES
Example 2.1 — Diet Problem (Minimisation)
Minimise C = 3x + 5y subject to: x + 2y ≥ 10, 3x + y ≥ 15, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, where x = kg of feed X (₦3/kg), y = kg of feed Y
(₦5/kg).
Solution
Intersection of x + 2y = 10 and 3x + y = 15 gives x = 4, y = 3.
Corner Point (x, y) Calculation C = 3x + 5y
(10, 0) 3(10)+5(0) 30
(0, 15) 3(0)+5(15) 75
(4, 3) 3(4)+5(3) 27
Minimum cost C = ₦27, using 4 kg of X and 3 kg of Y
Fig. 2.1 — Diet-problem feasible region; optimum at (4, 3).
Example 2.2 — Iso-Profit Line Method (Maximisation)
Maximise Z = 5x + 4y subject to: 3x + 2y ≤ 12, x + 2y ≤ 6, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0.
Solution
Intersection of 3x + 2y = 12 and x + 2y = 6 gives x = 3, y = 1.5.
Corner Point (x, y) Calculation Z = 5x + 4y
(0, 0) 5(0)+4(0) 0
(4, 0) 5(4)+4(0) 20
(0, 3) 5(0)+4(3) 12
(3, 1.5) 5(3)+4(1.5) 21
Maximum profit Z = ₦21 at (3, 1.5)
Fig. 2.2 — Iso-profit lines Z = 10 and Z = 21; optimum at (3, 1.5).
Example 2.3 — Investment Allocation (Maximisation)
Maximise return R = 0.06x + 0.10y (₦'000) subject to: x + y ≤ 50, y ≤ 20, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, where x = ₦'000 in bonds (6%), y =
₦'000 in stocks (10%).
Solution
Intersection of x + y = 50 and y = 20 gives x = 30, y = 20.
Corner Point (x, y) Calculation R = 0.06x + 0.10y
(0, 0) 0.06(0)+0.10(0) 0
(50, 0) 0.06(50)+0.10(0) 3.0
(0, 20) 0.06(0)+0.10(20) 2.0
(30, 20) 0.06(30)+0.10(20) 3.8
Maximum return R = ₦3,800, investing ₦30,000 in bonds and ₦20,000 in stocks
Fig. 2.3 — Feasible region; optimum at (30, 20).
Example 2.4 — Farm Land Allocation (Maximisation)
Maximise profit P = 8000x + 5000y subject to: x + y ≤ 10, 2x + y ≤ 16, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, where x = hectares of maize, y =
hectares of beans.
Solution
Intersection of x + y = 10 and 2x + y = 16 gives x = 6, y = 4.
Corner Point (x, y) Calculation P = 8000x + 5000y
(0, 0) 8000(0)+5000(0) 0
(8, 0) 8000(8)+5000(0) 64,000
(0, 10) 8000(0)+5000(10) 50,000
(6, 4) 8000(6)+5000(4) 68,000
Maximum profit P = ₦68,000, planting 6 hectares of maize and 4 of beans
Fig. 2.4 — Feasible region; optimum at (6, 4).
Example 2.5 — Blending Problem (Minimisation)
Minimise C = 5x + 6y subject to: 2x + 3y ≥ 12, 4x + y ≥ 8, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, where x = kg of material P (₦5/kg), y = kg of
material Q (₦6/kg).
Solution
Intersection of 2x + 3y = 12 and 4x + y = 8 gives x = 1.2, y = 3.2.
Corner Point (x, y) Calculation C = 5x + 6y
(6, 0) 5(6)+6(0) 30
(0, 8) 5(0)+6(8) 48
(1.2, 3.2) 5(1.2)+6(3.2) 25.2
Minimum cost C = ₦25.20, using 1.2 kg of P and 3.2 kg of Q
Fig. 2.5 — Feasible region; optimum at (1.2, 3.2).
TOPIC 3: EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY — CALCULATION
EXAMPLES
Example 3.1 — Continuous Population Growth
A town's population is 5,000 and grows continuously at 3% per annum. Find the population after 10 years.
A(t) = A₀e^(kt) = 5000 × e^(0.03×10) = 5000 × e^0.3
A(10) = 5000 × 1.3499 ≈ 6,749
Example 3.2 — Radioactive Decay (Half-Life)
A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 8 days. If the initial mass is 100 g, find the mass remaining after 24 days.
A(t) = A₀(1/2)^(t/t½) = 100 × (1/2)^(24/8) = 100 × (1/2)³
A(24) = 100 × 1/8 = 12.5 g
Example 3.3 — Continuous Growth of a Bacteria Culture
A bacteria culture starts with 200 cells and grows continuously at a rate of 20% per hour (k = 0.2). Find the number of cells
after 5 hours.
A(t) = A₀e^(kt) = 200 × e^(0.2×5) = 200 × e^1
A(5) = 200 × 2.71828 ≈ 544 cells
Example 3.4 — Depreciation (Exponential Decay by Rate)
A vehicle purchased for ₦2,000,000 depreciates at 15% per annum. Find its value after 6 years.
A(t) = A₀(1 − r)^t = 2,000,000 × (0.85)^6
A(6) = 2,000,000 × 0.37715 ≈ ₦754,300
Example 3.5 — Finding Half-Life from a Decay Constant
A substance decays according to A(t) = A₀e^(−0.05t), where t is in days. Find its half-life.
t½ = ln 2 / k = 0.6931 / 0.05
t½ ≈ 13.86 days
TOPIC 4: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS — CALCULATION
EXAMPLES
Example 4.1 — Mean, Median, Mode, Variance, SD (Grouped Data)
Marks scored by 50 students in a test:
Class Interval f x (mid) fx x² fx²
1 – 10 5 5.5 27.5 30.25 151.25
11 – 20 8 15.5 124.0 240.25 1922.0
21 – 30 15 25.5 382.5 650.25 9753.75
31 – 40 12 35.5 426.0 1260.25 15123.0
41 – 50 10 45.5 455.0 2070.25 20702.5
Total N=50 — Σfx=1415 — Σfx²=47652.5
Mean x̄ = Σfx/N = 1415/50 = 28.3
Median = 20.5 + [(25−13)/15]×10 = 28.5 Mode = 20.5 + [7/10]×10 = 27.5
σ² = (47652.5/50) − 28.3² = 152.16 σ = √152.16 ≈ 12.34
Example 4.2 — Comparing Consistency (Coefficient of Variation)
Scores of two students across 5 tests (both have mean = 60):
Test 1 2 3 4 5
Student A 60 62 58 61 59
Student B 40 80 50 70 60
Student A: σ² = 10/5 = 2, σ ≈ 1.41, CV = (1.41/60)×100 ≈ 2.36%
Student B: σ² = 1000/5 = 200, σ ≈ 14.14, CV = (14.14/60)×100 ≈ 23.57%
Student A is far more consistent (lower CV).
Example 4.3 — Mean, Median, Mode, Range (Ungrouped Data)
Data: 12, 15, 12, 18, 20, 15, 12, 22, 19, 15. Sorted: 12, 12, 12, 15, 15, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22.
Mean = Σx/n = 160/10 = 16
Median = (5th + 6th)/2 = (15+15)/2 = 15
Mode = 12 and 15 (bimodal, each occurs 3 times) Range = 22 − 12 = 10
Example 4.4 — Variance and Standard Deviation (Raw Data)
Weights (kg) of 5 items: 4, 8, 6, 5, 7.
Mean = (4+8+6+5+7)/5 = 30/5 = 6
Deviations: −2, 2, 0, −1, 1; Squares: 4, 4, 0, 1, 1; Σ(x−x̄ )² = 10
Variance = 10/5 = 2 SD = √2 ≈ 1.41
Example 4.5 — Weighted Mean (Grade Point Average)
A student's results (credit units and grade points):
Course Credit Units (w) Grade Point (x) w×x
A 3 4 12
B 2 3 6
C 4 5 20
D 3 2 6
Total Σw=12 — Σwx=44
Weighted Mean (GPA) = Σ(wx)/Σw = 44/12 ≈ 3.67
TOPIC 5: INVENTORY TURNOVER — CALCULATION EXAMPLES
Example 5.1 — Basic Inventory Turnover
COGS = ₦1,200,000; Opening Inventory = ₦150,000; Closing Inventory = ₦250,000.
Average Inventory = (150,000+250,000)/2 = ₦200,000
Turnover Ratio = 1,200,000/200,000 = 6 times Days = 365/6 ≈ 61 days
Example 5.2 — Comparing Turnover Across Two Years
Year 1: COGS=₦800,000, Opening=₦100,000, Closing=₦140,000. Year 2: COGS=₦950,000, Opening=₦140,000,
Closing=₦110,000.
Year 1: Avg Inv = ₦120,000; Turnover = 800,000/120,000 = 6.67 times; Days ≈ 55
Year 2: Avg Inv = ₦125,000; Turnover = 950,000/125,000 = 7.60 times; Days ≈ 48
Efficiency improved from Year 1 to Year 2 (higher turnover, fewer days).
Example 5.3 — Turnover Using Quarterly Average Inventory
COGS for the year = ₦950,000. Inventory recorded at the end of each quarter:
Quarter Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Inventory (₦) 80,000 100,000 90,000 110,000
Average Inventory = (80,000+100,000+90,000+110,000)/4 = ₦95,000
Turnover Ratio = 950,000/95,000 = 10 times Days = 365/10 = 36.5 days
Example 5.4 — Finding COGS from a Given Turnover Ratio (Reverse Calculation)
A firm's inventory turnover ratio is 8 times, with average inventory of ₦75,000. Find the Cost of Goods Sold.
COGS = Turnover Ratio × Average Inventory = 8 × 75,000
COGS = ₦600,000
Example 5.5 — Stock Turnover in Units
A store sold 4,800 units of a product in a year. Opening stock = 600 units, Closing stock = 1,000 units.
Average Stock = (600+1000)/2 = 800 units
Stock Turnover Rate = 4800/800 = 6 times Average Stock Period = 365/6 ≈ 61 days