ANGLE
MODULATION
Angle Modulation
· Remember, in amplitude modulation message signal varies the amplitude of
a sinusoidal carrier signal:
x(t) = m(t) cosfct)
Angle Modulation
· Remember, in amplitude modulation message signal varies the amplitude of
a sinusoidal carrier signal:
x(t) = m(t) cosfct)
· In angle modulation, message signal changes the angle component of the
carrier:
x(t) =
cos(o(t)) Ot =
g(m(t) , fc)
Angle Modulation
Basic definitions
-
Angle Modulation
Basic definitions
Instantaneous angle of a sinusoidal signal
x(t) = cos(0 + (t))
Oi (t) : Instantaneous angle
Angle Modulation
Basic definitions
Instantaneous angle of a sinusoidal signal
x(t) = cos(0 + (t))
Oi (t) : Instantaneous angle
Example: Pure carrier signal
X (t) = cos(2+ fct) Gilt)
Filt) =
2 fct t
Angle Modulation
Basic definitions
Instantaneous frequency of a sinusoidal signal
x(t) = cos(o(t)) Gilt) : Instantaneous angle
Fi(t) =
1 dOilt)
2 ot
Instantaneous frequency
Angle Modulation
Basic definitions
Instantaneous frequency of a sinusoidal signal
x(t) = cos(o(t)) Gilt) : Instantaneous angle
Fi(t) =
1 dOilt)
2π dt
Instantaneous frequency
Example: Pure carrier signal Eilt)
M
x(t) =
cos(etifct) Filt = 25 fct t
Angle Modulation
Basic definitions
Instantaneous frequency of a sinusoidal signal
x(t) = cos(o(t)) Gilt) : Instantaneous angle
Fi(t) =
1 dOilt)
2π dt
Instantaneous frequency
Example: Pure carrier signal Eilt)
M
x(t) =
cosCetifct) Filt =
2Tifct -
+
d Pilt)
Fi(t) =
24 d
Angle Modulation
Basic definitions
Instantaneous frequency of a sinusoidal signal
x(t) = cos(o(t)) Gilt) : Instantaneous angle
Fi(t) =
1 dOilt)
2π dt
Instantaneous frequency
Example: Pure carrier signal Eilt)
M
↓ (t) = cos(2+ fct) Filt) =
25fct it
-
Filt)
=
Angle Modulation
Basic definitions
Instantaneous frequency of a sinusoidal signal
x(t) = cos(o(t)) Gilt) : Instantaneous angle
Fi(t) =
1 dOilt)
2π dt
Instantaneous frequency
Example: Pure carrier signal Eilt)
M
↓ (t) = cos(2+ fct) Filt) =
2 fct t
Filt)
= ~
Filt)
#c
E
Angle Modulation
Basic definitions
Instantaneous frequency of a sinusoidal signal
x(t) = cos(o(t)) Gilt) : Instantaneous angle
Fi(t) =
1 dOilt)
2 ot
Instantaneous frequency
Example:
x(t) =
sin(2)fat + kmsin(2tfmt))
Angle Modulation
Basic definitions
Instantaneous frequency of a sinusoidal signal
x(t) = cos(o(t)) Gilt) : Instantaneous angle
Fi(t) =
1 dOilt)
2π dt
Instantaneous frequency
Example:
x(t) =
sin(2)fat + kmsin(2tfmt))
Gilt) =
25fct + kmsin (2Mfrt)
Angle Modulation
Basic definitions
Instantaneous frequency of a sinusoidal signal
x(t) = cos(o(t)) Gilt) : Instantaneous angle
Fi(t) =
1 dOilt)
2π dt
Instantaneous frequency
n
Example: Terifct
x(t) =
sin(2)fat + kmsin(2tfmt))
>
t
Gilt) =
25fct + kmsin (2Mfrt)
-
-
Angle Modulation
Basic definitions
Instantaneous frequency of a sinusoidal signal
x(t) = cos(o(t)) Gilt) : Instantaneous angle
Fi(t) =
1 dOilt)
2π dt
Instantaneous frequency
n
Example: Terifct
x(t) =
sin(2)fat + kmsin(2tfmt))
>
t
Gilt) =
25fct + kmsin (2Mfrt)
1 dOilt)
Filt) = =
24 dt
Angle Modulation
Basic definitions
Instantaneous frequency of a sinusoidal signal
x(t) = cos(o(t)) Gilt) : Instantaneous angle
Fi(t) =
1 dOilt)
Fin
2π dt
Instantaneous frequency
Example: M
Pict
u
Terifct
x(t) =
sin(2)fat + kmsin(2tfmt))
>
t
Gilt) =
25fct + kmsin (2Mfrt)
Fi(t)
1 dOilt)
Filt) = fe +
knfucosfetWin
=
2T) ot &
-
"t
-
Angle Modulation
Phase modulation
Angle Modulation
Phase modulation
Instantaneous angle is proportional to the message signal
Angle Modulation
Phase modulation
Instantaneous angle is proportional to the message signal
Fi(t) = 2Tfct + kpm(t)
Angle Modulation
Phase modulation
Instantaneous angle is proportional to the message signal
Fi(t) = 2Tfct + kpm(t)
x(t) =
Accos(2πfct + kpm(t))
Angle Modulation
Frequency modulation
Instantaneous frequency is proportional to the message signal
Angle Modulation
Frequency modulation
Instantaneous frequency is proportional to the message signal
Fi(t) =
fc + k = m(t)
Angle Modulation
Frequency modulation
Instantaneous frequency is proportional to the message signal
Fi(t) =
fc + k = m(t)
Filt) =
2 t(z)de
Angle Modulation
Frequency modulation
Instantaneous frequency is proportional to the message signal
Fi(t) =
fc + k = m(t)
Filt) =
2 t(z)de
= 2πfct2πkcelde
+
Angle Modulation
Frequency modulation
Instantaneous frequency is proportional to the message signal
Fi(t) =
fc + k = m(t)
Gilt) =
2π( - N
Fi(z)de
= 2πfct +
2πkcelde
x(t) =
Acos(2πfct +
2πkF(m()de)
Angle Modulation
Frequency modulation
Example:
m(t) = Am cos (zifmt)
Angle Modulation
Frequency modulation
Example:
m(t) = Am cos (zifmt)
From Wikipedia
Angle Modulation
Advantages of Frequency Modulation
Angle Modulation
Advantages of Frequency Modulation
& Always using peak power! P = A
2
Angle Modulation
Advantages of Frequency Modulation
& Always using peak power! P = A
2
⑧ Thanks to its constant amplitude, more robust against channel’s
amplitude distortions
Wi
1
·
↑
Transmitter Receiver
Tx Rx
~
- -
-
-
+
H
Angle Modulation
Advantages of Frequency Modulation
& Always using peak power! P = A
2
⑧ Thanks to its constant amplitude, more robust against channel’s
amplitude distortions
MM In
signot
Angle Modulation
Advantages of Frequency Modulation
& Always using peak power! P = A
2
⑧ Thanks to its constant amplitude, more robust against channel’s
amplitude distortions
MM In
signot
Channel
V
um
Angle Modulation
Advantages of Frequency Modulation
& Always using peak power! P = A
2
⑧ Thanks to its constant amplitude, more robust against channel’s
amplitude distortions
MM In
signot
Channel
V
um ·
um
Correction
at the receiver
Angle Modulation
Disadvantage of Frequency Modulation
8
Angle Modulation
Disadvantage of Frequency Modulation
Bandwidth consumption!!!
Angle Modulation
Bandwidth of FM
Angle Modulation
Bandwidth of FM
/zde)3
Fourier
FEAccos(2Tfnt + 2Tk
Transform =
is not trivial to find.
Angle Modulation
Bandwidth of FM
/zde)3
Fourier
FEAccos(2Tfnt + 2Tk
Transform =
is not trivial to find.
1. Narrowband FM (KE small
Angle Modulation
Bandwidth of FM
/zde)3
Fourier
FEAccos(2Tfnt + 2Tk
Transform =
is not trivial to find.
1. Narrowband FM (KE small
A cos (24fot + LikSceldz) =
Angle Modulation
Bandwidth of FM
/zde)3
Fourier
FEAccos(2Tfnt + 2Tk
Transform =
is not trivial to find.
1. Narrowband FM (KE small
Accos (24 fat +
LikSceldz)
-
-
Accos(ft) cos(cde) -
Asi (2fet) sin(thida)
Angle Modulation
Bandwidth of FM
/zde)3
Fourier
FEAccos(2Tfnt + 2Tk
Transform =
is not trivial to find.
1. Narrowband FM (KE small
Accos (24 fat +
LikSceldz)
-
-
Accos(ft) cos(cde) -
Asi (2fet) sin(thida)
-
-
SMOQ
~ I
Angle Modulation
Bandwidth of FM
CTkfmizide)3
Fourier
Transform
FEAccos(2Tft +
sind
A
is not trivial to find.
1. Narrowband FM (KE small
Accos (24 fat +
LikSceldz)
= Accos(ft) cos(cde) -
Asi (2fet) sin(thida)
-
-
SMOQ
~ I
~
Accos(fat) (Aczk(e)de) sin(2ft)
Angle Modulation
Bandwidth of FM
/zde)3
Fourier
FEAccos(2Tfnt + 2Tk
Transform =
is not trivial to find.
1. Narrowband FM (KE small
Accos (24 fat +
LikSceldz)
-
-
Accos(ft) cos(cde) -
Asi (2fet) sin(thida)
-
-
SMOQ
~ I
=
Accos(fat) (Aczk(e)de) sin(2ft)
Similar to AM :
Angle Modulation
Bandwidth of FM
/zde)3
Fourier
FEAccos(2Tfnt + 2Tk
Transform =
is not trivial to find.
1. Narrowband FM (KE small
Accos (24 fat +
LikSceldz)
-
-
Accos(ft) cos(cde) -
Asi (2fet) sin(thida)
-
-
SMOQ
~ I
=
Accos(fat) (Aczk(e)de) sin(2ft)
Similar to AM : BW-2B
Angle Modulation
Bandwidth of FM
/zde)3
Fourier
FEAccos(2Tfnt + 2Tk
Transform =
is not trivial to find.
2. Wideband FM (KE large) .
Angle Modulation
Bandwidth of FM
/zde)3
Fourier
FEAccos(2Tfnt + 2Tk
Transform =
is not trivial to find.
2. Wideband FM (KE large) 8-
- a
minm(t)
------ -mexmt)
=
Fc-mexim(t)
.
... - -
fatmaxmH)
Carson’s Rule -
>
-
>
= t
(t)/
Angle Modulation
Bandwidth of FM
/zde)3
Fourier
FEAccos(2Tfnt + 2Tk
Transform =
is not trivial to find.
Filt) -
fek = mct)
2. Wideband FM (KE large) .
Carson’s Rule BW = 2x
(max
/Fi(t) -
fl + B)
Fi(t) =
fc + k= MH)
Angle Modulation
Bandwidth of FM
/zde)3
Fourier
FEAccos(2Tfnt + 2Tk
Transform =
is not trivial to find.
2. Wideband FM (KE large) .
maximum frequency
deviation
Carson’s Rule BW = 2x(mmFilt)
fl -
+ B)
Angle Modulation
Bandwidth of FM
/zde)3
Fourier
FEAccos(2Tfnt + 2Tk
Transform =
is not trivial to find.
2. Wideband FM (KE large) .
maximum frequency
deviation
Carson’s Rule BW = 2x(mmFilt)
fl -
+ B)
max (Fict)-fel #M Deviation
D
Define =
Ratio
B
Angle Modulation
Bandwidth of FM
/zde)3
Fourier
FEAccos(2Tfnt + 2Tk
Transform =
is not trivial to find.
2. Wideband FM (KE large) .
maximum frequency
deviation
Carson’s Rule Bw =
2x)fl Filt) -
+ B)
DB + B =
(1H)B
-
(Fict)-fcl
=
max #M Deviation
D
Define =
Ratio
B
BW = 2 (D + 1) B (D + 1)B(D + 1)B
x))
=
*
N
Fo
Angle Modulation
Bandwidth of FM
/zde)3
Fourier
FEAccos(2Tfnt + 2Tk
Transform =
is not trivial to find.
2. Wideband FM (KE large) .
BW = 2 (D + 1) B
-
In FM Radio B = 15kHz
,
S
Angle Modulation
Bandwidth of FM
/zde)3
Fourier
FEAccos(2Tfnt + 2Tk
Transform =
is not trivial to find.
2. Wideband FM (KE large) .
BW = 2 (D + 1) B
-
In FM Radio B = 15kHz
,
Maximum Freq . Deviation = 75kHz
S
Angle Modulation
Bandwidth of FM
/zde)3
Fourier
FEAccos(2Tfnt + 2Tk
Transform =
is not trivial to find.
2. Wideband FM (KE large) .
BW = 2 (D + 1) B
-
In FM Radio B = 15kHz
,
Maximum Freq . Deviation = 75kHz
D =
45 = 5
Angle Modulation
Bandwidth of FM
/zde)3
Fourier
FEAccos(2Tfnt + 2Tk
Transform =
is not trivial to find.
2. Wideband FM (KE large) .
BW = 2 (D + 1) B
-
·
98 MHz
In FM Radio B = 15kHz 98 .
2
,
98 .
4
Maximum Freq . Deviation = 75kHz
D =
75 = 5
15
BW = 2 x(5 + 1) x 15 =
180kHz
Angle Modulation
FM Transmitter
g jo2 ?
Angle Modulation
FM Transmitter
n(t)
> VCO < Accos(2nfct + zide)
Voltage
Controlled
Oscillator
Angle Modulation
FM Transmitter
n(t)
> VCO < Accos(2nfct + zide)
Voltage
Controlled
Oscillator
FM Receiver
Differentiator
x() j t
>
Angle Modulation
FM Transmitter
n(t)
> VCO < Accos(2nfct + zide)
Voltage
Controlled
Oscillator
FM Receiver
Differentiator
x() j t
>
(Accos(2Tfct +
2TkF(med) =
Angle Modulation
FM Transmitter
n(t)
> VCO < Accos(2nfct + zide)
Voltage
Controlled
Oscillator
FM Receiver
Differentiator
x() j t
>
(Accos(zTfct +
2TkF(medz) = A(π(f
+ k=
m() cos(o(t)
Angle Modulation
FM Transmitter
n(t)
> VCO < Accos(2nfct + zide)
Voltage
Controlled
Oscillator
FM Receiver
Differentiator
x() j t
>
(Accos(zTfct +
2TkF(medz) = A(π(f
+ k=
m() cos(o(t)
AM Signal !
Angle Modulation
FM Transmitter
Kam
n(t)
> VCO < Accos(2nfct + zkF/mIzIde)
-
D
Voltage
Controlled
Oscillator
FM Receiver
Differentiator
x() j t
>
Envelope
Detector
< A =2
-
(fatkem()
H Komilt)
>
-
2TkF(m(c)dz) A(π(f k=
m()s(o(t)
os(2Tfct
= +
+
AM Signal !
↑
>
-
#F- Fion
Toe)
a >
-
-T
Rachem
gafa,
X (t) Ac , cos([5ff
+ nm,
JazzFMfce
=
T +
Acces(2 /McGiol)
fact
↓