ENGLISH NOTES 60.

Amor con Amor se paga- Love begets love

61. Caveat emptor- Let the buyer decide
Vocabulary in Gen. Ed. 62. Coup de gráce - A death blow
1. Ambivalent- uncertain 63. Prodigy - Offspring
2. Ominous- threatening 64. Frivolous - worthless
3. Susceptible- inclined 65. Vexatious- annoying
4. Adamant- resolute
5. Futile- useless Writers and Literary Figures
6. Ostentatious-pretentious Rabindranath Tagore – First Asian writer to receive the Nobel
7. Grotesque-weird Prize.
8. Clandestine-secret
9. Fleeting moment- brief William Shakespeare – Greatest English writer, “Bard of
10. Sordid-dirty Avon.”
11. Euphoria- ecstasy
12. Blurb- teaser Edgar Allan Poe – Father of horror stories.
13. Labyrinth- maze
14. Mundane- worldly Francis Bacon – Father of Essays.
15. Penchant-fondness
16. Obsolete- outdated Nick Joaquin – Filipino writer depicting Filipino-Spanish
17. Vivaciously- lively cultural beliefs.
18. Dogmatic- assertive
19. Plethoric- excessive Jose Garcia Villa – First Filipino National Artist for Literature
20. Haphazard- disorganized (1973); “comma poet.”
21. Depravity- viciousness
22. Indulgent- generous Bienvenido Santos – Filipino migrant reflecting Filipino-
23. Ultimate- least(opposite) American culture.
24. Vindictive-forgiving(opposite)
25. The new teacher narrated with aplomb how she still can’t Kalidasa – Greatest Indian writer of all time.
believe that she topped the LET- Composure
26. Amorphous- formless/weightless/shapeless Geoffrey Chaucer – “Morning Star” of English literature.
27. Impertinent- irrelevant
28. Profanity- obscenity Matsuo Basho – Greatest haiku poet.
29. Transmuted- change
30. Read from cover to cover- voracious Washington Irving – Father of American literature.
31. Pulchritude- loveliness
32. Loquacious- verbose Homer – Mythical geographer, vivid descriptions in Odyssey.
33. Conflagration - Large fire
34. Baduy - Awkward-looking Charles Dickens – Master of “local color,” Pickwick Papers.
35. Profanity - Obscenity
36. Apocalyptic - Prophetic Elizabeth Barrett Browning – Sonnets from the Portuguese.
37. Impertinent - Irrelevant
38. Voracious - Very eager Yasunari Kawabata – Japanese Nobel Prize winner (1968).
39. Abandoned - Left behind
40. Volition - Will Christopher Marlowe – Father of Tragedy.
41. Esoteric - Understandable by few
42. Queue - line Wole Soyinka – First black Nigerian Nobel laureate (1986).
43. Docile - Easy to management
44. Erudite - Learned Manuel E. Arguilla – How My Brother Leon Brought Home a
45. Soiree - Evening party Wife.
46. Connoisseur- Expert in a matter of test
47. Chauffeur - Driver George Bernard Shaw – Excellence in characterization, clarity
48. Mesdames- Plural of madame of style.
49. Renaissance- Rebirth
50. Abase- Demoted Robert Frost – Modern American poet.
51. Despotic - Cruel
52. Persiflage - Praise glowingly Mark Twain – “Samuel Clemens.”
53. Dexterity - Manual skill
54. Transcendental - Supernatural Harriet Stowe – Uncle Tom’s Cabin.
55. Rancor - Bitterness
56. Carnal - sexual needs Samuel Johnson – Distinguished man of letters.
57. Sine qua non - Indispensable
58. Euphoria - Extreme happiness
59. Alter ego - Close and Inseparable Friend
 Cacophony – Harsh, discordant sounds for effect.

Composer 📖 Epics, Collections, and Texts

Luis San Pedro – Famous composer from Angono, Rizal, Mahabharata – Longest poem ever written, ~100,000
National Artist Awardee. couplets.

🧠 Philosopher Panchatantra – Indian beast fables in Sanskrit.

Thales of Melitus – First man to replace myth with natural
laws. Upanishad – Indian religious texts.

✍️Literary Terms and Concepts Rig Veda – Indian sacred hymns.

Comedy – Play written to entertain, ends happily.
Atin Cu Pung Singsing – Folk song from Pampanga.
Classical – Writing that conforms to old Greek and Latin rules.
Awit – Philippine secular poetry in dodecasyllabic quatrains.
Antithesis – Contrast or polarity in meaning.
Korido – Philippine secular poetry in octosyllabic quatrains.
Allusion – Reference outside the work.
Canterbury Tales – Pilgrimage poem by Chaucer.
Allegory – Work with implied meaning.
Biag Ni Lam-Ang – Epic of the Ilocanos.
Alliteration – Repetition of consonant sounds.
Hudhud – Epic of the Ifugao.
Ballad – Song telling a story.
Maragtas – Epic of the Visayas.
Blank Verse – Iambic pentameter without rhyme.
Dead Stars – First successful Filipino short story in English
Catharsis – Emotional release in tragedy. (1925).

Couplet – Two rhymed lines, often in sonnets. The King James Bible – Most influential book in English
civilization.
Epic – Long narrative poem, e.g. Paradise Lost.
Fathers of Literature by Country/Region
Fable – Brief story with moral.
1. Homer- Father of Western Literature (Ancient Greece)
Farce – Low comedy provoking laughter.
Works: The Iliad, The Odyssey
Fiction – Imaginative prose narrative. 2. Enheduanna - First Known Author in History (Sumer,
Mesopotamia)
Elegy – Poem mourning death.
Works: Hymns to Inanna
Genre – Category of literature.
Note: Though female, often referred to as the "Mother of
Hyperbole – Exaggeration. Literature" or earliest named literary figure.
3. Dante Alighieri- Father of Italian Literature
Lyric – Short poem expressing mood.
Works: The Divine Comedy
Melodrama – Sensational drama with happy ending.
4. Geoffrey Chaucer- Father of English Literature
Metaphor – Implicit comparison. Works: The Canterbury Tales
5. Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro)- Father of Roman Literature
Novel – Long prose narrative fiction.
Works: The Aeneid
Romanticism – Movement focusing on emotion.
6. Confucius- Father of Chinese Literary Tradition
Satire – Ridiculing vices/follies with corrective intent. Influenced Chinese prose, ethics, and philosophy
Works: The Analects (compiled by disciples)
Soliloquy – Speech revealing inner thoughts.
7. Valmiki- Father of Sanskrit Literature Indian Epic Poetry
Symbol – Anything that stands for something else.
Works: Ramayana
Sonnet – Lyric poem of 14 lines. 8. Firdawsi (Ferdowsi)- Father of Persian Literature
Works: Shahnameh (Book of Kings) 11. LITOTES- use a double negative to create a positive.
9. Murasaki Shikibu- Mother of Japanese Literature Example: You’re not wrong.
Often called the world's first novelist 12. ONOMATOPOEIA- word that sounds like what it means.
Work: The Tale of GenjiURE MAGISTER LPTS Example: “Sheesh!”, Ding dong
10. José Marti- Father of Cuban Literature 13. PARADOX- statement that appears to contradict itself but
Works: Versos Sencillos, political essays contains some truth, theme, or humor.
11. Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o- Often referred to as the Father of Example: “All animals are equal, but some animals are more
Modern African Literature equal than others.”- George Orwell, Animal Farm
Works: Weep Not, Child, Decolonising the Mind 14. EUPHEMISM - creating a positive connotation out of
12. Miguel de Cervantes- Father of Spanish Literature something negative.
Work: Don Quixote (the first modern novel) Example: Comfort women (prostitute)
13. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe- Father of German 15. ELLIPSIS - omission of words in a sentence.
Literature Example: She walked away and so the world turns....
Works: Faust, The Sorrows of Young Werther 16. ASYNDETON - not putting any connectors (conjunctions or
prepositions).
FIGURE OF SPEECH Example: No retreat, no surrender)
1. SYNECDOCHE - an association of some important part with
17. APOSTROPHE - a direct address to an abstract things or a
the whole it represents.
person who passed away.
Example: The face who launched a thousand ships.
Example: Love, please come and take me!✅Semantics- Study
2. SIMILE - an indirect association.
of meaning
Example: She is like a flower.
3. PERSONIFICATION - giving human attributes to an
✅Pragmatics- Study of context meaning
inanimate object (animal, idea, etc.) ✅Phonology- Study of arrangement of sounds
✅Morphology- Study of words
Example: The sun is looking down on me.
✅Morphemes- Smallest unit of words
4. OXYMORON - a self-contrasting statement. ✅Syntax- study of sentence structure.
✅Phonetics- study of production of sounds.
Example: Loud silence
5. METONYMY - an association wherein the name of 1. Intensive pronoun- I myself, she herself, he himself
something is substituted by something that represents it. 2. Reflexive Pronoun- myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
Example: Toothpaste is sometimes called Colgate. ourselves, yourselves, themselves
6. METAPHOR - a direct comparison. 3. Reciprocal Pronouns- each other, one another
Example: You are the sunshine of my life. 4. Subjective pronouns- I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they;
7. IRONY - the contrast between what was expected and before the verb
what actually happened. 5. Objective Pronoun- Her, him, it, me, them, us, and you;
Example: No smoking sign during a cigarette break. after the verb
8. HYPERBOLE - an [Link]: Cry me a river. 6. Possessive noun- Shows ownership; before the noun
9. ALLITERATION- repetition of consonant sounds right next 7. Transitive Verb- An action verb that has a direct object
to each other. 8. Intransitive Verb- An action verb that does not have a
Example: She sells seashells by the seashore. direct object
10. ANTITHESIS- places opposite things or ideas next to one 9. Interjection- A word that expresses emotion
another in order to draw out their contrast. 10. Syntax- The arrangement of words and phrases to create
Example: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of well-formed sentences in a language.
time...” – Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities
11. Predicate Nominative- A noun, group of nouns, or noun 30. Preliterate- Drawing, Scribbling
clause that renames the subject. Ex. VINA is the 31. Early Emergent- Letter-like forms
speaker. 32. Emergent- Random-letter or letter strings
12. Predicate Adjective- An adjective that follows a linking 33. Transitional- Writing via invented spelling
verb and describes the subject. Ex. Literature is an art. 34. Fluency-Conventional Spelling35. Pitch- Highness or
13. Object Complement- Renames the direct object. Ex. He lowness of the voice
called the cashier beautiful 36. Stress-Tension
14. Ad Hominem- A fallacy that attacks the person rather 37. Juncture- Pauses
than dealing with the real issue in dispute 38. Intonation- Rise or fall
15. Hasty Generalization- A fallacy in which a speaker jumps 39. Root Creation-Creation of a new root word. Ex.
to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient Carnivorous
evidence; stereotyping 40. Acronym-Abbreviations created from the first letter. Ex.
16. Emotional Appeal- Uses irrelevant emotion as the reason. ADHD
Ex. "He's hungry, we're not." 41. Abbreviation- Words in short form. Ex. Mr., DIY, P.S.,
17. Slippery Slope- A fallacy that assumes that taking the first ASAP
step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be 42. Bilabial- Both lips; p, b, m
prevented; advanced thinking 43. Labiodental- lips and teeth; f and v
18. Red Herring Fallacy- When a speaker introduces an 44. Dental- Tongue and teeth; th
irrelevant issue or piece of evidence to divert attention from 45. Alveolar- Tongue and alveolar ridge; n, t, d, s, z, l
the subject of the speech 46. Post-alveolar- Tongue behind alveolar ridge; sh, s, ch, j
19. Straw Man Fallacy- When a speaker ignores the actual 47. Palatal- Tongue and hard palate; y
position of an opponent and substitutes it with a distorted 48. Velar-Tongue and soft palate/ velum; n, k, g, w
and exaggerated position. 49. Glottal- Vocal folds; h
20. Tu Quoque- Responding to criticism by accusing the other 50. Fricatives- Sounds produced when the air stream is
person of the same error compressed and passes through a small opening creating
21. Loaded Question- A question that is biased because it friction.
contains a built-in assumption. 51. Bound Morpheme- Morpheme that always attaches to
22. Special Pleading- Using double standards to excuse an other morphemes, never existing as a word itself
individual or group; making an arbitrary exception when 52. Free Morpheme-A morpheme that can stand alone as a
your argument is shown to be wrong word Inflectional
23. Ambiguity- Using language or linguistic structures with 53. Morpheme- The morpheme which is added does not
more than one meaning to mislead or misrepresent the change the grammatical function of the word.
truth 54. Derivational Morpheme- A morpheme in which a
24. Active Voice- the subject of the sentence performs the meaningful unit combined with roots or stems to form new
action words with new meanings.
25. Passive Voice- the subject receives the action
26. Simple Sentence- 1 independent clause ACTIVE VOICE vs PASSIVE VOICE
Voice shows whether the subject does the action or receives
27. Compound Sentence- 2 or more independent clauses
it.
28. Complex Sentence- 1 independent clause and 1 or more
There are two types of voice:
dependent clauses
Active Voice- The subject does the action.
29. Compound-Complex Sentence- 2 or more independent
Example: He wrote a letter.
clauses and 1 or more dependent clauses
Passive Voice- The subject receives the action. Example Sentence:Wow! The big dog (adj + noun) ran (verb)
Example: A letter was written by him. quickly (adverb) into (preposition) the park and (conjunction)
Tip: barked.
Active = Focus on the doer. 1. Noun- A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or
Passive = Focus on the receiver. idea.
Why Grammar is Important? Types of Nouns:
 It gives structure to a language. o Proper Noun→ Specific (Ram, India, Ganga)
 It helps us avoid mistakes in speaking and writing. o Common Noun→ General (boy, country, river)
 It makes communication clear and professional. o Collective Noun→ Group (team, bunch, herd)
 It is the foundation for learning advanced English. o Abstract Noun→ Idea/quality (love, freedom, honesty)
1. Alphabet & Letters- The English language has 26 letters (A- o Material Noun→ Substances (gold, water, wood)
Z). Examples:
Two types of letters: Proper→ Sita lives in Delhi.
1. Vowels- a, e, i, o, u Abstract→ Honesty is the best policy.
2. Consonants- All the other letters. 2. Pronoun- A pronoun is used instead of a noun.
Use in grammar: Articles (a/an) and sounds depend on Types of Pronouns:
vowels & consonants. o Personal→ I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Example: o Possessive→ their My, your, his, her, our,
A cat (consonant sound) o Reflexive→ Myself, yourself, himself
An apple (vowel sound) o Relative→ Who, which, that
o Demonstrative→ This, that, these, those
2. Word & Sentence o Interrogative→ Who, what, whose
Word: A single meaningful unit. (e.g., book, run, happy) o Indefinite→ Someone, anybody, each, few
Sentence: A group of words arranged to express a complete Example:
thought. She is my friend.
Structure: Subject + Verb + Object This is the book that I bought.
Types of Sentences: 3. Verb- A verb is a word that shows action or state of being.
Declarative (Statement) → She is a doctor. Types of Verbs:
Interrogative (Question) → Is she a doctor? o Action verbs→ run, eat, play
Imperative (Command)→ Close the door. o Linking verbs→ is, am, are, seem
Exclamatory (Feeling) → What a nice day! o Helping verbs→ will, shall, have, can, may
3. Parts of Speech (8 types) o Transitive (needs object) → She reads a book.
Grammar is built on these 8 categories: o Intransitive (no object) → She sleeps.
 Noun→ Names (Ram, city, book) Examples:
 Pronoun→ Replaces nouns (he, she, it, they) He is a teacher. (linking)
 Verb→ Action/State (eat, play, is, are) She runs fast. (action)
 Adjective→ Describes noun (big, red, fast) I can swim. (helping)
 Adverb→ Describes verb/adjective (quickly, very, silently) 4. Adjective- A word that describes a noun.
 Preposition→ Shows relation (in, on, at, between) Types:
 Conjunction→ Joins words/sentences (and, but, because) o Quality→ beautiful girl
 Interjection→ Expresses feelings (Wow! Oh! Alas!) o Quantity→ some water
o Number→ five books
o Demonstrative→ this book, that car CLASSIFICATIONS OF POEM
o Possessive→ my pen, her bag 1. BALLAD – narrative, less folk tale/legend, to be sung
Example: 2. BLACK VERSE – with meter but no rhyme
She has two red cars. 3. DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE – written in form of speech for
5. Adverb- A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another individual character.
adverb. 4. ELEGY –death of individual
Types: 5. EPIC – tells a story about heroic figure
o Manner (how) → She speaks slowly. 6. EULOGY – message for the dead
o Time (when)→ He came yesterday. 7. FREE VERSE (vers libre) – without meter but with rhyme
o Place (where)→ They live here. 8. HAIKU – Japanese poem about nature. 5, 7, 5 (3 lines and
o Degree (how much)→ It is very hot. 17 syllables)
6. Preposition- A word that shows the relationship between 9. IDYLL (Idyl) – peaceful, idealized country scene
noun/pronoun and other words. 10. LYRICS - thoughts and feelings
Examples: in, on, at, by, over, under, between, among. 11. NARRATIVE – tells story
Example: 12. ODE -typically serious/meditative nature, type of Lyric
The cat is on the table. 13. PASTORAL –rural life in peaceful & romanticized way
He lives in Delhi. 14. SONNET – Lyric poem consists of 14 lines
7. Conjunction- Words used to join words, phrases, or 15. TANKA – Japanese poem: 5 lines, 31 syllables
sentences.
Types of Reading Models
Types:
1. TOP-DOWN READING MODEL
o Coordinating→ and, but, or
 Emphasizes what the reader brings to the text
o Subordinating→ because, although, if
 Says reading is driven by meaning
o Correlative→ either...or, neither... nor, not only...but also
 Proceeds from whole to part
Example:I like tea and coffee.
FEATURES OF TOP-DOWN APPROACH
She came because it was important.
1. Readers can comprehend a selection even though they do
8. Interjection- Words that express sudden feelings.
not recognize each word.
Examples:
2. Readers should use meaning and grammatical cues to
Wow! (surprise)
identify unrecognized words.
Alas! (sorrow)
3. Reading for meaning is the primary objective of reading,
Oh! (realization)
rather than mastery of letters, letters/sound
Hurray! (joy)
relationship and words.
Example:
4. Reading requires the use of meaning activities than the
Wow! What a performance!
mastery of series of word- recognition skills.
PROPER SEQUENCE OF WORDS IN A SENTENCE
5. The primary focus of instruction should be the reading of
1. ARTICLES – a, an, the
sentences, paragraphs, and whole selections
2. OPINION
6. The most important aspect about reading is the amount
3. SIZE
and kind of information gained through reading.
4. AGE
2. BOTTOM UP
5. SHAPE
 Emphasizes a single direction
6. COLOR
 Emphasizes the written or printed texts
7. MATERIAL
 Part to whole model
8. PURPOSE
 Reading is driven by a process that results in meaning ideas, beliefs, or feelings. Language gives shape to people's
PROPONENTS OF THE BOTTOM UP thoughts, as well as guides and controls their activity.
1. Flesch 1955 5. Language is creative. It enables native speakers to produce
2. Gough 1985 and understand sentences they have not heard nor used
before.
FEATURES OF BOTTOM-UP 6. Language is a mental phenomenon. It is not mechanical.
Believes the reader needs to: 7. Language is universal. All normal children the world over
1. Identify letter features acquire a mother tongue but it is also universal in the sense
2. Link these features to recognize letters that, at a highly abstract level, all languages must share key
3. Combine letter to recognize spelling patterns features of human languages, such as all languages have
4. Link spelling patterns to recognize words sounds; all languages have rules that form sounds into words,
5. Proceed to sentence, paragraph, and text level processing words into phrases and clauses; and all languages have
3. INTERACTIVE READING MODEL transformation rules that enable speakers to ask questions,
 It recognizes the interaction of bottom-up and top-down negate sentences, issue orders, defocus the doer of the
processes simultaneously throughout the reading process. action,
 Reading as an active process that depends on reader etc.
characteristics, the text, and the reading situation 8. Language is a dynamic system "undug" which members of
(Rumelhart, speech community exchange information. It is a vehicle
1985) for expressing one's emotions, persuading people, asking and
 Attempts to combine the valid insights of bottom-up and giving information, making people do things for others.
top-down models. 9. Language is a vehicle for establishing interpersonal
PROPONENTS OF THE INTERACTIVE READING MODEL relations and for performing social transactions between
1. Rumelhart, D. 1985 individuals. It is a tool for creating and maintaining social
2. Barr, Sadow, and Blachowicz 1990 relations through conversations.
3. Ruddell and Speaker 1985
LITERATURE NOTES
VIEWS ABOUT LANGUAGE PSEUDONYMS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE
1. Language is primarily vocal. Language is speech, primarily  Aeschylus - The Father of Tragedy
made up of vocal sounds produced by the speech  Alexander Pope - The Mock Heroic Poet
apparatus in the human body.  Christopher Marlowe - The Father of English Tragedy
2. Language is a system of systems. Sounds of a language are  Edgar Allan Poe - The Father of Short Story, The Father of
arranged in certain text or established, systematic order to Horror Stories
form meaningful units or words. For example, no word in  Edmund Spenser - The Poet's Poet (by Charles Lamb)
English starts with bz-, Ir- or zl combination, but there are  Eugene O'Neill - The Father of Modern Drama
those  Francis Bacon - The Father of English Essay
that begin with spr- and str- (as in spring and string).  Geoffrey Chaucer - The Father of English Literature, The
3. Language is arbitrary. There is no inherent relation Father of English Poetry, The Father of English
between the words of a language and their meanings or the Language, The Morning Star of the Renaissance, The First
ideas National Poet
conveyed by them.  William Shakespeare - The Bard of Avon, The Father of
4. Language is a means of communication. Language is an English Drama, The Sweet Swan of Avon, The exponent
important means of communicating between humans of their of tragicomedy
 William Wordsworth - The Worshipper of Nature, The High Recreational Plays
Priest of Nature, The Poet of Nature, The Lake Poet, 1. Tibag – search of St. Helena for the cross on which Jesus
The Poet of Childhood of Poetry, The Founder of Lake School died.
2. Cenaculo – dramatic performance to commemorate the
A. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE passion & death of Jesus Christ
1. Pre-Spanish Period – oral 3. Panunuluyan – presentation of the search of Virgin Mary &
- Own literature that reflects our own race St. Joseph for an inn to deliver the baby Jesus
- Shows our customs & traditions in everyday life 4. Salubong – Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the
- Own alphabet known as baybayin Risen Christ & his mother.
- Records were written on leaves & bamboo cylinder, bark of 5. Zarzuela – father of drama musical comedy/melodrama
trees and caves dealing with man’s passions & emotions.
- Legend, folk tales, epics, folk songs, riddles, chants, 6. Moro-moro – play about the fighting between Moros &
proverbs & saying Christians
- Epics –Hudhod & Alim- Ifugao 7. Duplo/Karagatan – played during wakes for the dead
1. Ybalon – Bikolano -princess who dropped her ring in the middle of the sea
2. Biag ni Lam-Ang – Ilokano 8. Balagtasan – Debate in poetic verse; created during the
3. Bidasari – Muslim American Colonization of the Philippines.
2. Spanish Period 9. Awit – Metrical romance that is sung or said in fast beat.
- Alibata was replaced by Roman alphabet Subject is mostly about legends and fantasy.
- Teachings of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of 10. Corrido or metrical romance- that tackles in narrative
religious practices form the life and adventures of persons.
- Spanish language gave many of its words to our language 3. Period of Enlightenment – nationalism
- European legends & traditions were assimilated in our - Filipinos demanded changes in the government and in the
songs, corridos, Moro-Moro church.
- Ancient literature was collected & translated to Tagalog &
other dialects 1. Propaganda Movement – leaders (Jose Rizal, Marcelo del
- Grammar books were printed in Filipino Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena)
- Periodicals gained a religious tone A. Jose Rizal – Laong Laan & Dimasalang
-Noli and Fili
First Books B. Marcelo H. del Pilar – Plaridel, pupdoh, Piping Dilat and
Doctrina Christiana – first book printed in the Phil. In 1593- Dolores Manapat
written by Fr. Juan de Placencia & Fr. Domingo Nieva -Pag- ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa, Dasalan at Tuksuhan
Barlaan at Josephat – first Tagalog novel published in the C. Graciano Lopez Jaena
Philippines. -first magazine – La Solidaridad
Pasion – life & sufferings of Jesus Christ -Ang Fray Botod
Urbana at Felisa – book by Modesto de Castro (Father of D. Other Propagandists
Classic Prose in Tagalog) -Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Pedro Paterno (Ninay-first
-Letters between two sisters dealing with good behavior. social novel in Spanish by a Filipino, Jose
-Vocabulario Dela Lengua Tagala – first Tagalog dictionary by Panganiban.)
Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura 4. Period of Active Revolution
-Reforms demanded by propagandists were not given
attention
-No other way except to revolt -Without Seeing the Dawn by Javellana
-Leaders were Andres Bonifacio -Palanca Award- Kuwento ni Mabuti- Genoveva Edroza (1950-
- father of Filipino Democracy, Father of Katipunan (KKK), 51) (first award)
Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa.
-Emilio Jacinto- Brains of the Katipunan, Kartilya ng 8. Period of Activism – because of the ills of society, the
Katipunan, Liwanag at dilim youth moved to seek reforms
-Apolinario Mabini – Sublime Paralytic brains of the -Martial Law
Revolution -Writings were rebellious
-Jose Palma – Phil. National Anthem -Placards in red bearing the sign MAKIBAKA
-Period of terror % wrath9. New Society
5. American Regime - Age of Ninoy Aquino’s martyrdom People’s Power
-Literature had the theme of nationalism but was stopped -Rebirth of newspapers, books
due to suppression done by the Americans -Songs – Handog ng Pilipino sa Mundo/Bayan Ko
-English became the medium literary pieces
*Writers- Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerero, Jesus B. AFRO- ASIAN LITERATURE
Balmori & Claro M. Recto, Lope K. Santos, Jose Corazon de 1. Chinese Literature – one of the major cultural heritage of
Jesus, Amado V. Hernandez, Inigo Ed Regalado the world
-Severino Reyes – Father of the Tagalog drama – Walang Poetry – characterized by compactness & brevity
Sugat Confucius or Kung Fu-tze – first sage of China who wanted to
-Pedro Bucaneg – Father of Ilocano Literature make education available to all men.
-Claro Caluya – Prince of Ilocano poets Great Techer – proponent of Chinese Literature SHIH CHING
-Leon Pichay – best Bukanegero – first anthology of Chinese poetry
-Sursum Corda (poem) first work to be published in English Five Books:
* In 1919 the UP College Folio published the literary 1. Yiking (Book of Chnges) divination
compositions of the first Filipino writers in English. 2. Liking (Book of Ceremonies) etiquette
-Short Story – Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez became [Link] (Book of Historical Documents) political ideas &
the model of perfection fundamentals of good government
4. Shiking (Book of Poetry) best poems
6. Japanese Literature 5. Chun Chiu (Spring & Autumn) history of Confucius native
-Newspaper in English were stopped by the Japanese province
LIWAYWAY was placed under strict surveillance Teachings:
- HAIKU, TANAGA - Principles of courage & prudence Filial duty
- Movie houses were closed showing American films Selecting friends:
-Writers were Jose Ma. Hernandez, Francisco Soc Rodrigo, - Good human relations
Julian Cruz Balmaceda, NVM Gonzales, Liwayway -Good government
Arceo, Carlos P. Romulo and Carlos Bulosan - Value of education & self-critics,
Analects – are selection or parts of literary works
7. Rebirth of Freedom Ex.
*1945 – American returned 1. If a man in the morning hear the right way, he may die in
- Proliferation of newspaper FREE PRESS, MORNING SUN, the evening without regret
Manila Times Philippine, Heral, Chronicle, Bulletin 2. I am not concerned that I am not know but I seek to ve
-Poems, novel, short stories worthy to be known.
3. When we see men of worth, we should think of equaling -David & Goliath
them, when we see men of Contrary character, we should -Ecclesiastes- To everything there is season and a time to
turn every purpose under heaven; a time to love and a time to
inwards & examine ourselves. hate, a
4. Give man a fish & you feed him for a day, teach man to fish time of war & a time of peace
and you feed him for life. - Psalm of David (Psalm 23)
2. Arabia Literature - The Lord is my shepherd I shall not want.
 A Thousand & One nights- a collection of stores and folk - Story of Joseph and Story of Ruth
tales compiled in Arabic. 5. Persian Literature – Iran
Ex. Aladdin, Ali Baba and Forty Thieves and Sinbad the Sailor Rubaiyat- Omar Khayyam (tent-maker) poem of high divine
- Kahlil Gibran – great poet and spiritual meaning. The beauty and simplicity of this
3. Indian Literature- oldest sacred literature is found in four poem is so immaculate that is why people of all faiths seek
VEDAS (knowledge) divine solace.
a. Rigveda- oldest- Veda of Praise 6. Egyptian Literature – Pharaoh, pyramids, mummies,
b. Brahmanas- rituals & prayers papyrus Book of the Dead,
c. Upanishads- discourses between teachers & pupils Hymns to the Sun- Rosetta Stone- reveals the antiquity of
d. Puranas- history of the Aryan race Egyptian writing – hieroglyphics
Mahabharata (Hindu Epic) – Cosmology, statecraft, Poem- To Whom Should I Speak Today
philosophy, science of war 7. Japanese Literature
-Longest poem in the world about the bitter quarrel of two 1. NOH DRAMA – dramatic dance with lyrical poetic texts and
brothers – Pandu & Karu (Pandavas are unjustly deprived masked actors2. HAIKU – 7 syllable poetic form usually about
of the ancestral kingdom of their woicked sons) nature
Hindu proverb – I weep because I have no shoes, unitl I saw a 3. WAKA – 31 syllable classical poetry
man without feet 4. KABUKI – Japanese dance drama
Ramayana (Hindu epic) – It depicts the duties of relationship 5. KOJIKI – (Record of Ancient Matters) earliest surving work
portraying ideal characters like the ideal servant, ideal in Japan
brother, ideal wife and ideal king
Kalidasa – poet know for Sakuntala/greatest Sanskrit
playwright ang poets
Rabindranath Tagore – best known of all recent writers in
India
- Masterpiece – Gitanjali

4. Hebrew Literature
Bible- book of all books, 39 books Old Testament/27 books-

New Testament
-Literature that provokes another literature
-Most famous works in the Hebrew literature is the Old
Testament
-Genesis
-Ten Commandments