Chapter 4

Graphical User Interfaces using Java FX

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 JavaFX vs Swing and AWT
❑ Swing and AWT are replaced by the JavaFX platform
for developing rich Internet applications.
❑ When Java was introduced, the GUI classes were
bundled in a library known as the Abstract Windows
Toolkit (AWT).
❑ AWT is fine for developing simple graphical user
interfaces
❑ but not for developing comprehensive GUI projects.

❑ In addition, AWT is prone to platform-specific bugs.

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 JavaFX vs Swing and AWT
❑The AWT user-interface components were replaced by a
more robust, versatile, and flexible library known as
Swing components.
❑ Swing components are painted directly on canvases
using Java code.
❑ Swing components depend less on the target platform
and use less of the native GUI resource.
❑ Swing is designed for developing desktop GUI
applications
❑ With the release of Java 8, Swing is replaced by a
completely new GUI platform known as JavaFX.
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 JavaFX
❑ JavaFX is a new framework for developing Java GUI
programs. It is an excellent example of how the object-
oriented principle is applied.
❑JavaFX incorporates modern GUI technologies to enable
you to develop rich GUI applications.
❑In addition, JavaFX provides a multitouch support for
touch-enabled devices such as tablets and smart phones.
❑JavaFX has a built-in 2D, 3D, animation support, and
video and audio playback.
❑Using third-party software, you can develop JavaFX
programs to be deployed on devices running iOS or
Android.

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 Basic Structure of JavaFX
▪ Application

▪ Override the start(Stage) method

▪ Stage, Scene, and Nodes
Stage
Scene

Button

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 Stage

Scene

Button

by the JVM when the application is launched.

from resizing the stage, invoke [Link](false)

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window no matter how you resize it

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 Terms
❑ A node is a visual component such as a shape,
an image view, a UI control, a group, or a pane.
❑A shape refers to a text, line, circle, ellipse,
rectangle, arc, polygon, polyline, and so on.
❑A UI control refers to a label, button, check
box, radio button, text field, text area, and so
on.
❑A group is a container that groups a collection
of nodes.

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 Panes, UI Controls, and Shapes

controls, and shapes

are subtypes of Node.

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 Relationship Among Stage, Scene,
Node, Control, Group, and Pane

The relationship is illustrated in the UML diagram

shown in the previous slide.
❑Note a Scene can contain a Control, Group, or a Pane,
but not a Shape or an ImageView contained in a node.
❑A Pane or a Group can contain any subtype of Node.
❑You can create a Scene using the constructor
Scene(Parent, width, height) or Scene(Parent).

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 Display a Shape
This example displays a circle in the center of the pane.

x
Y Axis
(0, 0) X Axis

y
(x, y)
(0, 0)
X Axis
Java Conventional
Coordinate Coordinate
System
Y Axis System

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 Binding Properties
❑ JavaFX introduces a new concept called binding property
that enables a target object to be bound to a source object.
❑ If the value in the source object changes, the target property
is also changed automatically.
❑ The target object is simply called a binding object or a
binding property.
❑ A target listens to the changes in the source and
automatically updates itself once a change is made in the
source.
❑ A target binds with a source using the bind method
as follows:
[Link](source);
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 Binding Property:
getter, setter, and property getter

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 Uni/Bidirectional Binding
❑ The bind method is defined in the
[Link] interface.
❑ A binding property is an instance of
[Link].
❑ An observable source object is an instance of the
[Link] interface.
❑ An ObservableValue is an entity that wraps a value and
allows to observe the value for changes.

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❑ The syntax for setting a style is styleName:value.
❑ Multiple style properties for a node can be set together separated
by semicolon (;).
a style property is defined with a prefix -fx-

❑ For example, the following statement:

[Link]("−fx−stroke: black; −fx−fill: red;");
sets two JavaFX CSS properties for a circle.
❑ The above statement is equivalent to the following two
statements:
[Link]([Link]);
[Link]([Link]);

❑ If an incorrect JavaFX CSS is used, your program will still

compile and run, but the style will be ignored.
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 The Color Class

range from 0.0 (completely transparent) to 1.0 (completely opaque)

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 The Font Class

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 The Image Class

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 The ImageView Class

is a node for displaying an image.

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it is shared by three ImageView.
However, a node such as ImageView cannot be shared. You cannot
place an ImageView multiple times into a pane or scene.

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 Layout Panes
❑Panes and groups are the containers for holding nodes.
❑The Group class is often used to group nodes and to
perform transformation and scale as a group.
❑Panes and UI control objects are resizable, but group,
shape, and text objects are not resizable.
❑ A Pane is usually used as a canvas for displaying shapes.
❑Pane is the base class for all specialized panes.
❑Each pane contains a list for holding nodes in the pane.
❑This list is an instance of ObservableList, which can be
obtained using pane’s getChildren() method.
❑You can use add(node) to add an element to the list and
addAll(node1, node2, ...) to add a variable number of
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 Layout Panes
❑ JavaFX provides many types of panes for organizing
nodes in a container.

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 FlowPane

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 GridPane

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 BorderPane

top, bottom, left, right, and center, using the

setTop(node), setBottom(node), setLeft(node),
setRight(node), and setCenter(node) methods
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 HBox

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 VBox

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 Shapes
JavaFX provides many shape classes for drawing texts,
lines, circles, rectangles, ellipses, arcs, polygons, and
polylines.

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 Text

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 Text Example

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 Line

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 Rectangle

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 Rectangle Example

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 Circle

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 Ellipse

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 Arc

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 Arc Examples

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 -30, -20);
new Arc(x, y, radiusX, radiusY, -50, 20);

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 Polygon and Polyline
❑ The Polygon class defines a polygon that connects a sequence of
points,
❑ The Polyline class is similar to the Polygon class except that the
Polyline class is not automatically closed

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 Polygon
The getter and setter methods for property values and a getter for property
[Link] itself are provided in the class, but omitted in the UML diagram for brevity.

+Polygon() Creates an empty polygon.

+Polygon(double... points) Creates a polygon with the given points.
+getPoints(): Returns a list of double values as x- and y-coordinates of the points.
ObservableList<Double>

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 Event Handling
Suppose you want to write a GUI
program that lets the user enter a
loan amount, annual interest rate,
and number of years and click the
Compute Payment button to obtain
the monthly payment and total
payment. How do you accomplish
the task? You have to use event-
driven programming to write the
code to respond to the button-
clicking event.
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 Procedural vs. Event-Driven
Programming
▪ Procedural programming is executed in procedural
order.
▪ are sequences of instructions to be executed.

▪In event-driven programming, code is executed

upon activation of events.

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Taste of Event-Driven Programming

The example displays a button in the frame. A

message is displayed on the console when a
button is clicked.

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 Handling GUI Events
Source object (e.g., button)
Listener object contains a method for
processing the event.

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HBox pane = new HBox(); //H can be replaced by V
[Link](Pos.CENTER_LEFT);
Button btOK = new Button("OK");

OKHandlerClass1 handler1 = new OKHandlerClass1();

[Link](handler1);

[Link]().add(btOK);// addAll(btOk)

class OKHandlerClass1 implements

EventHandler<ActionEvent> {
@Override
public void handle(ActionEvent a) {
[Link]("OK button clicked");
}
public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
……
// Create a scene and place it in the stage
Scene scene = new Scene(pane);

// Set the stage title

[Link]("HandleEvent");

// Place the scene in the stage

[Link](scene);
// Display the stage
[Link]();
 Events
❑ An event can be defined as a type of signal
to the program that something has
happened.

❑ The event is generated by external user

actions such as mouse movements, mouse
clicks, or keystrokes.

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 Event Classes

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 Event Information
An event object contains whatever properties are
related to the event.
You can identify the source object(button,txtbox)
of the event using the getSource() instance method
in the EventObject class.

The subclasses of EventObject deal with special

types of events, such as button actions, window
events, component events, mouse movements, and
keystrokes.

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Selected User Actions and Handlers

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 Inner Class Listeners
A listener class is designed specifically to
create a listener object for a GUI
component (e.g., a button).
It will not be shared by other applications.
So, it is appropriate to define the listener
class inside the frame class as an inner
class.

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 Inner Classes
Inner class: A class is a member of another class.
Advantages: In some applications, you can use an inner
class to make programs simple.
An inner class can reference the data and methods
defined in the outer class in which it nests, so you do
not need to pass the reference of the outer class to the
constructor of the inner class.

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 Inner Classes, cont.

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 Inner Classes (cont.)
Inner classes can make programs simple and
concise.
An inner class supports the work of its
containing outer class and is compiled into a
class named
OuterClassName$[Link].
For example, the inner class InnerClass in
OuterClass is compiled into
OuterClass$[Link].
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 Inner Classes (cont.)
❑ An inner class can be declared public, protected,
or private subject to the same visibility rules
applied to a member of the class.
❑ An inner class can be declared static. A static
inner class can be accessed using the outer class
name.
❑ A static
inner class cannot access nonstatic
members of the outer class

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 Anonymous Inner Classes
❑ An anonymous inner class must always extend a superclass or
implement an interface, but it cannot have an explicit extends or
implements clause.
❑ An anonymous inner class must implement all the abstract
methods in the superclass or in the interface.
❑ An anonymous inner class always uses the no-arg constructor
from its superclass to create an instance. If an anonymous inner
class implements an interface, the constructor is Object().
❑ An anonymous inner class is compiled into a class named
OuterClassName$[Link]. For example, if the outer class Test
has two anonymous inner classes, these two classes are
compiled into Test$[Link] and Test$[Link].

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 Anonymous Inner Classes (cont.)
Inner class listeners can be shortened using anonymous
inner classes.
An anonymous inner class is an inner class without a
name. It combines declaring an inner class and creating an
instance of the class in one step.
An anonymous inner class is declared as follows:
new SuperClassName/InterfaceName() {
// Implement or override methods in superclass or interface
// Other methods if necessary
}

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Anonymous Inner Classes (cont.)

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 Simplifying Event Handing Using
Lambda Expressions
Lambda expression is a new feature in Java 8. Lambda
expressions can be viewed as an anonymous method with a
concise syntax. For example, the following code in (a) can
be greatly simplified using a lambda expression in (b) in
three lines.
[Link]( [Link](e -> {
new EventHandler<ActionEvent>() { // Code for processing event e
@Override });
public void handle(ActionEvent e) {
// Code for processing event e
}
}
});

(a) Anonymous inner class event handler (b) Lambda expression event handler

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 Basic Syntax for a Lambda Expression
The basic syntax for a lambda expression is either
(type1 param1, type2 param2, ...) -> expression
or
(type1 param1, type2 param2, ...) -> { statements; }

The data type for a parameter may be explicitly

declared or implicitly inferred by the compiler. The
parentheses can be omitted if there is only one
parameter without an explicit data type.
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Single Abstract Method Interface (SAM)
The statements in the lambda expression is all for
that method. If it contains multiple methods, the
compiler will not be able to compile the lambda
expression. So, for the compiler to understand
lambda expressions, the interface must contain
exactly one abstract method. Such an interface is
known as a functional interface, or a Single Abstract
Method (SAM) interface.

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 MouseEvent

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 The KeyEvent Class

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The KeyCode Constants

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 User Interface Controls
A graphical user interface (GUI) makes a system
user-friendly and easy to use.
Creating a GUI requires creativity and knowledge
of how GUI components work.
Since the GUI components in Java are very
flexible and versatile, you can create a wide
assortment of useful user interfaces.

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 Frequently Used UI Controls

The prefixes lbl, bt, chk, rb, tf, pf, ta, cbo, lv, scb, sld, and mp are
used to name reference variables for Label, Button, CheckBox,
RadioButton, TextField, PasswordField, TextArea, ComboBox,
ListView, ScrollBar, Slider, and MediaPlayer.

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 Labeled
A label is a display area for a short text, a node, or both. It is often
used to label other controls (usually text fields). Labels and buttons
share many common properties. These common properties are
defined in the Labeled class.

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 Label
The Label class defines labels.

Run

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 ButtonBase and Button
A button is a control that triggers an action event when clicked.
JavaFX provides regular buttons, toggle buttons, check box
buttons, and radio buttons. The common features of these buttons
are defined in ButtonBase and Labeled classes.

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 Button Example

Run

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 CheckBox
A CheckBox is used for the user to make a selection. Like Button,
CheckBox inherits all the properties such as onAction, text,
graphic, alignment, graphicTextGap, textFill, contentDisplay
from ButtonBase and Labeled.

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 CheckBox Example

Run

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 RadioButton
Radio buttons, also known as option buttons, enable you to
choose a single item from a group of choices. In appearance
radio buttons resemble check boxes, but check boxes display a
square that is either checked or blank, whereas radio buttons
display a circle that is either filled (if selected) or blank (if not

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 RadioButton Example

Run

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 TextField
A text field can be used to enter or display a string. TextField is a
subclass of TextInputControl.

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 TextField Example

Run

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 TextArea
A TextArea enables the user to enter multiple lines of text.

m
m

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 TextArea Example

Run
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 ComboBox
A combo box, also known as a choice list or drop-down list,
contains a list of items from which the user can choose.

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 ComboBox Example

FThis example lets users view an image and a

description of a country's flag by selecting the
country from a combo box.

Run

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 ListView
A list view is a component that performs basically the same function as a
combo box, but it enables the user to choose a single value or multiple
values.

m
m

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 Example: Using ListView
This example gives
a program that lets
users select
countries in a list
and display the flags
of the selected
countries in the
labels.

Run

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 ScrollBar
A scroll bar is a control that enables the user to select from a range of values. The
scrollbar appears in two styles: horizontal and vertical.

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 Scroll Bar Properties

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 Example: Using Scrollbars
This example uses
horizontal and vertical
scrollbars to control a
message displayed on a
panel. The horizontal
scrollbar is used to move
the message to the left or
the right, and the vertical
scrollbar to move it up and
down.
Run

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 Slider
Slider is similar to
ScrollBar, but Slider has
more properties and can
appear in many forms.

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 Example: Using Sliders
Rewrite the preceding
program using the sliders
to control a message
displayed on a panel
instead of using scroll
bars.

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 Media
You can use the Media class to obtain the source of the media, the MediaPlayer
class to play and control the media, and the MediaView class to display the video.

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 MediaPlayer
The MediaPlayer class playes and controls the media with properties such as
autoPlay, currentCount, cycleCount, mute, volume, and totalDuration.

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 MediaView
The MediaView class is a subclass of Node that provides a view of the Media
being played by a MediaPlayer. The MediaView class provides the properties for
viewing the media.

m
m

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 Example: Using Media
This example displays a
video in a view. You can use
the play/pause button to
play or pause the video and
use the rewind button to
restart the video, and use the
slider to control the volume
of the audio.

Run

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