Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition
Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala McGraw-Hill, 2010
Chapter 4
FLUIDS KINEMATICS
Fluid Mechanics Overview
Fluid Mechanics
Gas Liquids Statics Dynamics
F 0 F 0 Flows
i i ,
Water, Oils, Stability
Air, He, Ar, N2, Buoyancy
Alcohols, etc. Pressure Compressible/
etc.
Incompressible
Laminar/
Surface
Turbulent
Tension
Steady/Unsteady
Compressibility Density Viscosity Vapor Viscous/Inviscid
Pressure
Chapter 1: Introduction Fluid Dynamics:
Chapter 2: Fluid Statics
Rest of Course
Fluid Mechanics
1. METHOD OF DESCRIPTION FLUID MOTION
2. TYPES OF FLOWS
3. DISCHARGE OR RATE OF FLOW
4. CONTINUITY EQUATION
5. PIPE’S BRANCHES
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Fluid Kinematics
Fluid Kinematics deals with the fluid in motion
without considering the forces that either cause or result from the motion
it deals with discharge, velocity, acceleration, …………….etc.
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Tracks the position & velocity
of individual particles
1. METHODS OF FLUID MOTION DESCRIPTION
The fluid motion could be descripted by two methods:
• Lagrange method
Any individual fluid particle is selected and
analyzed about the behavior of this particle during its
motion through space ( Control Mass Approach).
• Eulerian method
Any point in the space occupied by the fluid is
selected in flow field and analyzed about changes of
velocity, density, pressure which takes place at that point
(Control volume approach).
Flow domain or control volume is 6
defined by which flows in & out
2. TYPES OF FLOWS
• Open channel and Closed pipe flows:
Open channel flow
It is the type of fluid flow, in which the fluid is
exposed to atmospheric pressure, which mean the
fluid has a free surface, and the fluid moves by
Gravity.
Closed pipe flow
It is the type of fluid flow, in which flow pass within a
closed conduit, which mean the fluid has no free
surface, and the fluid moves by Pressure.
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• Steady and unsteady flows:
Steady flow
It is the type of flow, in which the fluid characteristics
like velocity at a point do not change with time. Thus,
for steady flow
𝜕𝑉
=0
𝜕𝑡 𝑥,𝑦,𝑧
Unsteady flow
It is the type of flow, in which the fluid characteristics
like velocity at a point change with time. Thus, for
unsteady flow
𝜕𝑉
≠0
𝜕𝑡 𝑥,𝑦,𝑧
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• Uniform and non-uniform flows:
Uniform flow
It is the type of flow, in which the velocity of
flow at any given time does not change with
respect to space. Thus, for steady flow
𝜕𝑉
=0
𝜕𝑠 𝑡
Non-uniform flow
It is the type of flow, in which the velocity of flow
at any given time change with respect to
space. Thus, for steady flow
𝜕𝑉
≠0
𝜕𝑠 𝑡
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• Laminar and Turbulent flows:
Laminar flow
It is the type of flow, in which the fluid particles
move along straight and parallel streamlines.
There are different names for this type as
viscous flow or stream-lines flow
Turbulent flow
It is the type of flow, in which the fluid particles
move in zig-zag ways, so eddies are formed
causing high energy loss.
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• Reynolds experiment
• The previous classification is determined by
Reynolds experiment in 1883, His apparatus is
shown in the following figure
• The idea of the experiment is to allow a discharge of
water from the tank to flow through the glass tube.
• The velocity of flow was varied by a valve.
• A liquid dye having same specific weight as water was introduced
into glass tube as shown in previous figure.
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• Observations of the flow shows that three types could be found according
to the velocity of flow.
a) Laminar flow for the low velocity, Rn<2000
b) Transition velocity for moderate velocity, Rn =(2000→4000)
c) Turbulent flow for high velocity, Rn>4000
𝜌 v𝐷 𝑣𝐷
𝑅𝑛 = =
𝜇 𝜐
𝑅𝑛: 𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠′𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝜌 ∶ 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
v: 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜w D: diameter of pipe
𝜇: 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜐: 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
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Example (4.1)
Determine the type of flow in a 15.00 mm diameter pipe contain a liquid flows at a rate of
2.50 lit/min, the liquid has a density of 1260 Kg/m3 and dynamic viscosity of 0.90 N.S/m2
Solution
𝜋 𝜋 15
∵𝐴= 𝐷2 = ( )2 = 17.67 × 10−5 𝑚2
4 4 1000
∵ 𝑄= 𝐴 . v
2.50 × 10−3
∴ = 17.67 × 10−5 × 𝑣
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∴ v= 23.58 × 10−2 𝑚⁄𝑠
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𝜌 v 𝐷 1260 × 23.58 × 10−2 × ( 1000)
∵ 𝑅𝑛 = = = 4.95 < 2000
𝜇 0.9
∴ The flow is Laminar flow
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• Compressible and Incompressible flows
Compressible flow
It is the type of flow, in which the density of the
fluid changes from a point to another, such as
gases flows. Thus, for compressible fluid
Incompressible flow
It is the type of flow, in which the density of the
fluid does not change from a point to another,
such as liquid flows. Thus, for incompressible
fluid
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• Rotational and Irrotational flows
Rotational flow
It is the type of flow, in which the fluid particles
while flowing along streamlines also rotate
about their own axis.
Irrotational flow
It is the type of flow, in which the fluid particles
while flowing along streamlines do not rotate
about their own axis, but flowing in longitudinal
streamlines.
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• One-Dimensional, Two-Dimensional, and Three-Dimensional flows
One-Dimensional flow
It is the type of flow, in which the velocity is
considered in only one space co-ordinate axis, while
the other two perpendicular axes are negligible. For
example; the velocity is studied in x-axis, while in y-
axis and z-axis are negligible. Thus, for one-
dimensional flow:
𝑢= 𝑓 𝑥 & 𝑣=0 & 𝑤= 0
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Two-Dimensional flow
It is the type of flow, in which the velocity is considered in two space co-ordinates
axes, while the third perpendicular axis is negligible. For example; the velocity is
studied in x-axis and y - axis, while in z-axis is negligible. Thus, for two-dimensional
flow:
𝑢 = 𝑓1 𝑥, 𝑦 & 𝑣 = 𝑓2 𝑥, 𝑦 & w=0
Three-Dimensional flow
It is the type of flow, in which the velocity is considered in the three space co-
ordinates axes. For example; the velocity is studied in x-axis, y - axis, and z-axis.
Thus, for Three-dimensional flow:
𝑢 = 𝑓1 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 & 𝑣 = 𝑓2 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 & w = 𝑓3 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
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3. DISCHARGE OR RATE OF FLOW (Q)
the quantity of a fluid flowing per second through a section of a pipe
𝑉
Q= = 𝐴 .v
𝑡
Q=𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜w V: collected volume of flow
T: time of collected volume 𝐴 ∶ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 v: 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜w
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4. CONTINUITY EQUATION
For any fluid flowing through a pipe, at all cross section the
quantity of fluid per second is constant .
𝐴1. V1 = 𝐴2. V2
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5. PIPE’S BRANCHES
𝑸𝟐𝟐
𝑸1
𝑸1 = 𝑸𝟐𝟐 + 𝑸𝟑𝟑 𝑸𝟑𝟑
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Chapter Four: Fluid Kinematics
1. METHOD OF DESCRIPTION FLUID MOTION
2. TYPES OF FLOWS
3. DISCHARGE OR RATE OF FLOW
4. CONTINUITY EQUATION
5. PIPE’S BRANCHES
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