★ These identities are strengthened by
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION globalization and cannot, in any way,
Religion is one of the cultural forces that intermingle or hybridize
spread globally. It established norms and
value systems that became dominant to all
SCHOLTE (2005)
members around the world. ★ Because religion seeks to assert its
1. Christianity identity in the light of globalization,
a. Catholic different religious identities come to
i. Roman the fore and assert themselves
ii. Orthodox ○ Results in a defensive reaction
2. Islam to globalization
3. Judaism ★ “At the same time as being pursued
4. Hinduism through global channels, assertions of
5. Buddhism religious identity have, nationalists
6. Confucianism strivings, often also been partly a
7. Taoism defensive reaction to globalization”
***Origins: Middle East
★ Religion struggles to cope with values
***Origins: South Asia
***Origins: Eastern Philosophy that accompany globalization (i.e.
liberalism, consumerism, rationalism)
TURNER (2007) ○ Since they advocate scientism
★ Today, most religions are not relegated and secularism
to the countries where they Scientism - belief that science and the
began—they have spread and scientific method are the best or only way to
scattered globally render truth about the world and reality
★ Globalization provided religions a Secularism - worldview or political principle
fertile milieu to spread and thrive as a that separates religion from other realms of
non-territorial touchstone of identity human existence (politics—religion<politics)
★ Globalization transforms the generic ★ Spoke of anti-rationalist faiths
“religion” into a world system of ○ Equated rationalism with
competing and conflicting religions globalization
○ Has transformed local, diverse, ○ Considered religion
and fragmented cultural anti-rationalist—religion is
practices into recognizable anti-globalization
systems of religion ★ “Transplanetary relations helped to
○ Made religions more stimulate and sustain some renewals
self-conscious of themselves as of anti-rationalists faith, but global
being “world religions”, networks have more usually promoted
reinforcing their respective activities involving rationalist
specific identities knowledge. Contemporary revivalist
★ Conflicts among world religions exhibit movements have largely replayed a
solid proof confirming the erosion and long-term tendency – one that well
the failure of hybridization predates contemporary accelerated
globalization – whereby certain
religious circles have from time to time
CYCLES
revolted against modern secularism (SCHOLTE, 2005)
and scientism.”
★ Globalization is a long-term cyclical
★ ”Accelerated globalization of recent
times has enabled co-religionists process—makes finding its origin a
across the planet to have greater daunting task
direct contact with one another. ★ What is important is the cycles that
Global communications, global globalization has gone through
organizations, global finance, and the ○ Other global ages have
like have allowed ideas of the Muslims
appeared
and the universal Christian Church to
○ Points of globalization disappear
be given concrete shape as never
before.” and reappear
ORIGINS AND HISTORY EPOCH
(THERBORN, 2000) CITED BY (RITZER, 2015)
★ Some theorists attribute the start of
★ Also called “waves”
globalization to the period of Western
***Imagine the movement of waves to understand what an
discoveries, some to the onset of the
epoch is
Industrial Age
○ Each has its own origin
FIVE PERSPECTIVES OF GLOBALIZATION
SEQUENTIAL OCCURRENCE:
1. Hardwired
2. Cycles 1. Globalization of Religion (4th - 7th
3. Epoch centuries)
4. Events 2. European Colonial Conquests (late
5. Broad Changes 15th century)
HARDWIRED 3. Intra-European Wars (late 18th to early
(CHANDA, 2007) 19th centuries)
★ Globalization is traced to ancestors in 4. Heyday of European Imperialism
Africa in the late Ice Age (mid-19th century to 1918)
○ Because of the basic human 5. Post-World War II (1939-1945) Period
need to make lives better (1945 onwards)
○ Led them to all-known 6. Post-Cold War (1947-1991) Period (1991
continents today, roughly 50,000 onwards)
years ago
EVENTS
★ Commerce, religion, politics, and (GIBBON, 1998) AND (ROSENTHAL, 2007)
warfare are the “urges” of people
★ Gibbon argued that Roman conquests
toward a better life
centuries before Christ is the origin of
○ i.e. trade, missionary work,
Globalization
adventures, conquest
★ Rosenthal claims it was the voyages of
discovery
○ Christopher Columbus’ human experience and multiplicity of
discovery of America in 1492 perspectives
○ Vasco de Gama in Cape of
GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
Good Hope in 1498
○ Ferdinand Magellan’s ★ Affected by rapid global migration
from different parts of the
circumnavigation of the globe in
world—caused by several factors,
1522
including political and economical
★ Recent years could also be regarded
as the beginning of globalization DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
○ With reference to specific ★ A singular historical period during
technological advances in which mortality and fertility rates
transportation and decline from high to low levels in a
communication particular country or region
■ First transatlantic ★ Transition is similar globally, but the
telephone cable (1956) place and timing vary considerably
■ First transatlantic
MADDISON (2001)
television broadcasts
(1962) ★ Started in mid or late 1700s in Europe
■ Founding of the modern ○ Death rates and fertility began
Internet (1988) to decline
■ Terrorist attacks on the ★ High to low fertility happened 200
Twin Towers in New York years in France, 100 years in the US
(2001) ○ In other parts of the world, it
began later
BROADER, MORE RECENT CHANGES ★ In the 20th century, the mortality rate
★ Happened in the last of the 20th declined in Africa and Asia, sans Japan
century ★ Life expectancy in India was only 24
1. The emergence of the United years in the 20th century—the same
States as the global power happened in China from 1929 to 1931
(post-World War II)
SHIGEYUKI, ET. AL. (2002)
2. The emergence of
multi-national corporations ★ Fertility decline in Asia began in 1950s
and so on
(MNCs)
★ It was until 1930s that Japan’s total
3. The demise of the Soviet Union
fertility rate did not drop below five
and the end of the Cold War
births per woman
Post-Modernism - rejects concepts of ○ Resulted in rapid population
rationality, objectivity, and universal growth after WW2, affecting the
truth—instead emphasizes the diversity of
structure and development of
Asia
★ The baby boom was caused by the
decline in infant and child mortality
★ The West experienced baby boom
from rising birth rates
★ Demographic transition made an GLOBAL MIGRATION
enormous gap in life expectancy and
★ A cause-and-effect relationship
emerged between Japan and the West
★ People move across international
on one hand and the rest of the world
borders for a variety of reasons,
on the other
including (though not limited to)
★ By 1820, the life expectancy at birth in
economic, political conflict, education,
Japan and the West was 12 years
war, and natural disaster
greater than in other countries
★ One of the key factors of globalization
★ A reverse in global population shares
★ Migrants are categorized as
occurred during the 20th century
“vagabonds” and “tourists” based on
○ When Africa, Asia, Latin America,
their movements (Bauman, 1998)
and Oceania had high levels of
population growth rates
MIGRANT CATEGORIES
★ The UN estimated that by 2150, Africa’s
share to the world population would be Vagabonds - are on the move because they
almost 20% have to be
○ This is greater than its share in ❖ Not faring well in the home countries
1820 (7%) and 1900 (6%) ❖ Forced to move in the hope that their
○ They also projected an increase circumstances will improve
of two billion when the ❖ Still, it is their choice to move, not
populations of Asia, Latin necessarily forced by anyone, just by
America, and Oceania are individual circumstances and the
combined desire for better lives
Tourists - on the move because they want to
GLOBAL POPULATION be and can afford it
Refugees - vagabonds forced to flee their
★ In demographics, the world population
home countries due to safety concerns
is the total number of humans
❖ It is beyond their control and is a
currently living, and was estimated to
necessity for survival
have reached 7,800,000,000 people as
Asylum Seekers - refugees who seek to
of March 2020
remain in the country to which they flee
★ It took over 200,000 years of human
❖ Instead of returning to their country
history for the world's population to
once available (i.e. war is finished),
reach 1 billion, and only 200 years more
they still choose to stay in the country
to reach 7 billion
in which they sought asylum in during
the conflict
remittances ($14.7 billion), next to India
LABOR MIGRATION
($24.5 billion), and China ($21.1 billion)
★ Those who migrate to find work ★ Diasporization and globalization are
★ Driven by push and pull factors interconnected—the expansion of the
★ Mainly involves the flow of less-skilled latter will lead to an increase in the
and unskilled workers, as well as illegal former
immigrants who live on the margins of ○ Expansion of globalization =
the host society Increase of diasporization
Virtual Diasporas - utilize technology such as
PUSH FACTORS
the Internet to maintain the community
★ The aspects of a country that force network
someone to leave
○ Political persecution THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
○ Economic depression ★ First reported in Wuhan, China, in
○ War November 2019
○ Famine ★ Spread globally to become the fifth
documented pandemic since the 1918
PULL FACTORS
flu
★ The aspect of a country that makes ★ By September 2021, there had been
someone want to move there more than 300 million confirmed cases
○ Favorable immigration policy and over 4.6 million deaths
○ Labor shortage
○ Similarity of language and FIRST REPORTED CASE & INITIAL
culture in the country of REACTION
destination ★ First official cases were recorded on
○ Global factors, which facilitate December 31, 2019
easy access to information ○ WHO was informed of cases of
about the country of destination, pneumonia in Wuhan with no
also exert a significant influence known cause
○ On January 7, 2020 Chinese
DIASPORA
authorities identified a novel
★ The dispersion or spread of a people coronavirus, temporarily named
from their original homeland 2019-nCoV as the cause
★ A scattered population whose origin ★ On January 30, 2020, WHO declared
lies in a separate geographic the rapid spread of 2019-nCoV and
locale—originally used for the Jews declared it a Public Health Emergency
★ Used to describe migrant communities of Internationa Concern
★ A transnational process that involves ★ On February 11, 2020, COVID-19 got
dialogue with both imagined and real officially named
locales ★ On February 20, 2020, the CDC
★ The Philippines is one of the leaders confirmed the first person to die from
when it comes to the flow of COVID-19 in the US—a man in his fifties
living in Washington
★ On March 17, 2020, the first vaccine
DECLARING COVID-19 A PANDEMIC
began with the Moderna mRNA
★ In the first few months of COVID, the vaccine
world was unsure of how the disease ★ Restrictions became harsher when the
would spread and its impact on spread continued
everyday life ○ On March 26, 2020, the UK
★ On March 1, 2020 the UN released $15 enforced a stay-at-home
million to support the global response rule—so did many European
★ On March 7, 2020, COVID cases countries
reached 100,000 ★ By April 2, 2020, there had been 1
★ On March 11, 2020, COVID was declared million total global cases
a pandemic by WHO ★ On April 6, 2020, WHO released a
○ Seemingly, it went from a guidance on mask-wearing
confined epidemic in China to a ○ Evidence of the role of aerosols
pandemic almost overnight in the spread of the disease was
○ The situation in Wuhan had highlighted
been diffused following the
introduction of unprecedented NEW VARIANTS CHANGE THE COURSE
measures to contain the virus ★ Over the summer, many countries saw
★ At the beginning of the outbreak, China a drop in cases, hospitalizations, and
was reporting thousands of new cases deaths due to the restrictions their
per day, which had reduced to dozens citizens had endured to prevent the
by March spread of the virus
○ In Europe, cases rose ★ In August 2020, the Lambda variant
rapidly—Italy recorded 250 was discovered in Peru
deaths in 24 hours between ○ To date, this variant has since
March 12 and 13 spread to at least 29 countries
★ On March 13, 2020, Europe became the ★ In September 2020, the Alpha variant
epicenter of the epidemic was identified in the UK
○ On the same day, the US ○ The virus was
declared a state of emergency evolving—symptoms and
disease outcomes were
THE RACE TO DEVELOP A VACCINE
changing
★ Strict measures were put in place ○ This variant was evidenced to
worldwide starting March pose a heightened risk
○ Social distancing ★ On September 29, 2020, there had
○ Travel restriction been 1 million deaths
○ Advice on proper handwashing
techniques IMPACT
★ They only slowed the virus and ★ Dramatic loss of human life worldwide
scientists understood that a vaccine ★ Unprecedented challenges to public
was needed health, food systems, and work
★ Economic and social preserving the marginalized right to
destruction—millions were at risk of live with dignity
poverty and an estimated 690 million ★ Some people were more affected than
were undernourished, which rose to 132 others—policies should be made
million by the end of 2020 ★ Real progress is beyond more than just
★ Half of the world’s 3.3 billion global basic needs
workforce were at risk of losing their ★ Cooperation between nations is key to
livelihoods success
○ Informal economy workers were
particularly vulnerable
★ Border closures, trade restrictions, and
confinement measures
○ Prevented farmers from
accessing markets and
harvesting crops, disrupting
domestic and international food
supply chains
★ Low-income countries and
marginalized people, including
small-scale farmers and Indigenous
people—were hit the hardest
○ Due to financial circumstances,
they were forced to continue
working in unsafe conditions
○ They resorted to negative
coping strategies such as
distress sale of assets, predatory
loans, and child labor
★ Migrant agricultural workers faced risks
in transport, working, and living
conditions, and struggled to support
measures put in place
THE POST-PANDEMIC ERA
★ A transitional period when the global
and national economy will return to
normal and full-scale business
operations after the devastating
disruption of workplaces and
businesses by the COVID-19 pandemic
★ The minimum threshold isn’t good
enough because it doesn’t consider
Talavera