Introduction:
Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor
Networks
Prof. K. Sreenivasa Rao
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur
Course Contents
Introduction
Adhoc Wireless Networks (AWNs)
MAC Protocols
Routing Protocols
Multicast Routing Protocols
Transport Layer Protocols
Security in AWNs
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
Introduction
MAC Protocols
Routing Protocols
Broadcasting, Multicasting & Geocasting
Transport Layer Protocols
QoS
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Text Books & Slides
Adhoc Wireless Networks Architectures and Protocols, C. Siva
Ram Murthy and B S Manoj, Pearson Publishers.
Wireless Sensor Networks: A Network Perspective, Edited by
Jun Zheng and Abbas Jamalipour, Wiley Publishers.
Slides & Announcements: will be uploaded at CSE Moodle. You
can access with the following keys:
Student: W@SN8TU
TA: T@12$tu
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Text Books
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Course Evaluation
Class Test – 1 = 15%
Class Test – 2 = 15%
Midsem = 30%
Endsem = 30%
Attendance = 10%
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Wireless Networks
• Two types:
– Infrastructure-based
• Relies on fixed infrastructure
• Base stations or access points
are fixed and centralized
• E.g., WLANs, cellular
networks
– Infrastructureless
• No centralized access points
• Ad Hoc networks
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Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
• Multi-hop network that does not require any fixed infrastructure
• Peer nodes take part in relaying information
• Self-organizing and self-configuring
• Homogeneous vs Heterogeneous
• Dynamic topology
• Situations in which useful:
– Need to setup a network fast, e.g., times of emergency, relief operations.
– No access to network infrastructure
– Not much planning can be afforded to setup the network
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History
• Adhoc Voice Communication (522-486 BC) : King of Persia
• ALOHA project at University of Hawaii (Norman Abramson, 1970)
– Single-hop wireless packet switching & Multiple access over single shared channel
• DARPA packet radio network project (1972)
– Communication in the battlefield by different wireless devices.
– Several terminals could communicate with one another.
• MANET (1980)
– Advantages: rapidly deployable, self-initializing, self-organizing, no network management and
administration problems.
– Disadvantages: Problems with media access, error and flow control, routing, etc.
• Bluetooth (1994)
– Connectivity among heterogeneous devices, short-range, low-power, low-cost inexpensive radio
interface with single-hop
• MCN : Multi-hop Cellular N/W & Hybrid N/W
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Cellular & Adhoc Wireless N/Ws
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Cellular Network
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Adhoc Wireless Network
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Cellular vs Adhoc Wireless N/Ws
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Cellular vs Adhoc Wireless N/Ws
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Applications of Adhoc Wireless N/Ws
• Military Applications
• Collaborative and Distributed Computing
• Emergency Operations
• Wireless Mesh Networks
• Wireless Sensor Networks
• Hybrid Wireless Networks
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Applications of Adhoc Wireless N/Ws
• Military Applications
– Communication among group of soldiers in enemy territories
and inhospitable terrains
– Coordination among military objects using quick and reliable
communication
– Quick, secure, efficient & reliable multicast communication
with support to real-time traffic
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Applications of Adhoc Wireless N/Ws
• Collaborative and Distributed Computing
– Group of researchers want to discuss in a conference
– Teacher distributing notes in a class on fly
– Streaming multimedia vs Reliable transmission
– Presence of heterogeneous terminals
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Applications of Adhoc Wireless N/Ws
• Emergency Operations
– Search & Rescue, crowd control and Commando operations
– Self-configuration with minimal overhead
– Independent of fixed/centralized infrastructure
– Complex terrains
– Freedom, flexibility of mobility and lack of conventional
infrastructure
– Distributed and Scalable
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Applications of Adhoc Wireless N/Ws
• Wireless Mesh Networks
– Wireless mesh networks are ad hoc wireless networks that are formed
to provide an alternate communication infrastructure for mobile or
fixed nodes/users, without the spectrum reuse constraints and the
requirements of network planning of cellular networks.
– Provides many alternate paths & quick reconfiguration in case of
path-breaks
– Overcome single & multiple node failures resulting from disasters
– High data rates, quick & low-cost deployment, enhanced services,
scalability, extendibility, high availability, low-cost perbit
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Applications of Adhoc Wireless N/Ws
Wireless mesh network covering a highway. 19
Applications of Adhoc Wireless N/Ws
Wireless mesh network operating in a residential zone. 20
Applications of Adhoc Wireless N/Ws
• Wireless Sensor Networks
– Sensing, processing & communicating
– Sensing may be periodic or sporadic
– Application domains: Military, healthcare, home security &
environmental monitoring
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Applications of Adhoc Wireless N/Ws
• Wireless Sensor Networks (Specific Characteristics)
– Mobility of nodes
– Size of the network
– Density of deployment
– Power constraints (replenishable/non-replenishable/regenerative
power source)
– Data/information fusion
– Traffic distribution
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Wireless Sensor Networks
• Consists of a large number of sensor nodes, densely deployed over an area.
• Sensor nodes are capable of collaborating with one another and measuring
the condition of their surrounding environments (i.e. light, temperature,
sound, vibration).
• The sensed measurements are then transformed into digital signals and
processed to reveal some properties of the phenomena around sensors.
• Due to the fact that the sensor nodes in WSN have short radio transmission
range, intermediate nodes act as relay nodes to transmit data towards the
sink node using a multi-hop path.
• WSN types:
– Stationary
– Mobile
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Applications of Adhoc Wireless N/Ws
• Hybrid Wireless Networks
– Multi-hop Cellular Network (MCN)
– integrated cellular ad hoc relay (iCAR) networks
– Advantages
• Higher capacity than conventional cellular n/ws
• Increased flexibility and reliability in routing.
• Better coverage and connectivity in holes
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Applications of Adhoc Wireless N/Ws
Hybrid Wireless N/W : MCN Architecture 25
General Concepts
Ad hoc networks are a type of Distributed Wireless Networks
Ad hoc networks operate in the Time Division Duplex (TDD) mode
– it is not possible to receive and transmit at the same time instant
Neighbor nodes communicate with one another using single-hop
wireless technology like Bluetooth, ZigBee and IEEE 802.11 (Ad hoc
mode)
Nodes which are distant from each other (outside direct
transmission range of each other) communicate using a sequence
of intermediate nodes which co-operate to forward the traffic to
the destination.
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Enabling Technologies
Basic building blocks of ad hoc network communications that
enable single hop communication between devices in the direct
communication range of each other
Wireless Ad-Hoc Communication Technologies
ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) – Short Range (~100m) Low Data Rate (<250 kb/s)
Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1) – for Personal Area Networks (PAN)
IEEE 802.11 (in Ad-Hoc Mode) - High Speed Medium range MANETs
IEEE 802.16 – High Speed Wide Range
Wide availability of 802.11 NICs have made this the most widely
used technology
802.11, not being originally designed for ad hoc networks, suffers
from various performance issues.
However, technologies such as directional antennae, MIMO technologies, OFDM etc.
somewhat ameliorate these problems
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Comparison of Enabling Technologies
Technology Application Data Rate Range Configuration Other features
Focus
ZigBee Home Up to 250 10m Master Slave Long Battery
(IEEE 802.15.4) Automation, Kbps nominal (Up to 256 Life
Smart Grid up to Devices)
100m Peer-to-Peer
Bluetooth Wireless 1 Mbps 100m 8 Active Device Authentication
(IEEE 802.15.1) alternative to Pico net Encryption
RS-232 Scatter net
Cables
IEEE 802.11 Single Hop 54 Mbps 100-200m Peer-to -Peer Inexpensive
(Ad Hoc Mode) Ad hoc (802.11g) hardware
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Networking Technologies
Use the one-hop direct communication capabilities provided by
the underlying enabling technologies to provide end-to-end
reliable communication from sender (one or more) to receiver
(one or more), not in the direct communication range
Functions
Routing – Identifying the path from sender to receiver
Forwarding – Using the previously identified path to actually forward the packets
Designing Routing Protocols for MANETs is one of the main research challenges.
On top of these, MANETs use Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
But inherent challenges of Ad-Hoc networks make ill-suited for
MANETs
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Classification of Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
Wireless Ad Hoc Mobile Ad Hoc Vehicular Ad
Wireless Sensor
Networks Networks Hoc Networks
Networks (WSN)
(WMN) (MANET) (VANET)
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Types of Ad Hoc Network (cont.)
Fig: Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET)
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Mobile Ad Hoc Network
Infrastructure-less network of mobile devices connected wirelessly
which follow the self-CHOP properties
Self-Configure
Self-Heal
Self-Optimize
Self-Protect
Highly dynamic topology which frequent link changes
Nodes act as routers to forward other nodes’ packets
MANETs enable spatial spectrum re-use due to limited bandwidth
of each node
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Types of Ad Hoc Network (cont.)
Road Side Access Point
Vehicle to RSU
Co
mm V2V Communication
un
ica
tio
n
V2
VC
om
mu
n ica
tio
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Road Side Access Point
Fig: Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET)
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Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
Spontaneous data exchange between vehicles
Key component of Intelligent Vehicle System (ITS)
Uses variety of communication technologies
Short range technologies like WLAN ( Bluetooth or Wi-Fi)
Cellular technologies like LTE
Consists of both inter-vehicle (V2V) communication and vehicle to
infrastructure (V2I) communication
Different than MANET in that they follow predictable patterns e.g.
along a road
Very high mobility, much greater than those found in MANETs
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Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (cont.)
Advantages and Applications of VANETs
Co-operative Driving
Information Sharing and Media Streaming
Value added services like Internet Access and Navigation
Components of VANET
On Board Unit (OBU) – Responsible for data collection from different sensors and
communication with other OBUs
Road Side Unit (RSU) - Infrastructure which enables communication to the outside
network
Communication Technology – Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE)
supports multi-hop communication between vehicles
IEEE 1609.2 standard commonly known as DSRC 802.11p
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Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (cont.)
TPM: Trusted Platform Module, OBU: On-Board Unit, RSU: Road-Side Unit
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MANET vs VANET
Metric MANET VANET
Cost of Deployment Comparatively cheap Comparatively high
Mobility Scenario Low Very High
Frequency 2.4 GHz ( 802.11 ad-Hoc) 5.9 GHz (WAVE)
Range 100m 1000m
Partitioning of Network Low Frequent
Mode of operation Infrastructure Less Both Infrastructure
and Infrastructure less
Movement Pattern of Random Constrained by Road
Nodes
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Wireless Sensor Networks
Consists of a large number of sensor nodes, densely deployed over an area.
Sensor nodes are capable of collaborating with one another and measuring the
condition of their surrounding environments (i.e. light, temperature, sound,
vibration).
The sensed measurements are then transformed into digital signals and
processed to reveal some properties of the phenomena around sensors.
Due to the fact that the sensor nodes in WSN have short radio transmission
range, intermediate nodes act as relay nodes to transmit data towards the sink
node using a multi-hop path.
Small size, typically less than a cubic cm and has embedded OS like TinyOS
Must consume extremely low power
Should be autonomous i.e. operate on an unattended manner in a highly dense
area.
WSNs can be either mobile or stationary
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Sensor Nodes
(a) Xbow mica mote [ZESS]
(b) Eco [CHOU]
(c) Eco [MOTE]
(d) dots [BERK]
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Applications of WSNs include :
Temperature measurement
Humidity level
Lighting condition
Sink Node
Air pressure Sensor
Soil makeup Field
Noise level
Vibration
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Wireless Mesh Networks
Wireless Mesh Network
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Wireless Mesh Networks (Cont.)
Composed of mesh routers and mesh clients
WMNs have multiple redundant links in the network. Upon link
failure traffic is routed through alternate links. This increases
robustness of the network
Mesh routers can have same coverage range as a traditional router
but with less transmission power through multi-hop
communication
Integration and Interoperation with older legacy networks can be
easily achieved since WMNs are IP based.
Application scenarios include Broadband Home Networking,
Enterprise networking, Metropolitan Area Networks, Building
Automation, Transportation Systems etc.
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Ad Hoc Networks & Internet
Internet
IP Backbone
Gateway
MANETs connected to the Internet
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Constraints in Ad-Hoc Networks
Infrastructure-less
Lack of centralized entity dictates that network management has to be
distributed over the network leading to a host of problems
Dynamically changing Network Topology
Unpredictability, frequent route changes and packet losses
Physical Layer Limitation
Radios used generally in broadcast mode and are limited in power and range. This
leads to issues like hidden and exposed problems.
Limited Link Bandwidth
Nodes communicate with each other over bandwidth constrained and error
prone channel which causes delay and congestion issues at the nodes to be much
more pronounced.
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Common Challenges
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Device Heterogeneity
Heterogeneous mobility devices
Palm pilot, laptop, tablet PC, mobile phone, etc.
Differences in powerfulness and capacity of devices.
Different storage and processing power.
Different battery power, lifetime.
Cooperation in forwarding packets
Differential dissipation of limited energy by devices.
Problems further complicated.
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End of Module I
Thank you!
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