Electric Motors- BEE401

2023-24

[Link] C S
Asst. Professor
Department of EEE,
SJBIT
 2
14.08.2023
ELECTRIC MOTORS Semester IV
Course Code BEE401 CIE Marks 50
Teaching Hours/Week (L:T:P: S) 3:0:0:0 SEE Marks 50
Total Hours of Pedagogy 40 Total Marks 100
Credits 03 Exam Hours 03
Examination nature (SEE) Theory

Course objectives:
1 To study the constructional features of Motors and select a suitable drive for specific
Application.
2 To study the constructional features of Three Phase and Single phase induction Motors.
3 To study different test to be conducted for the assessment of the performance
characteristics of motors.
4 To study the speed control of motor by a different methods.
5 Explain the construction and operation of Synchronous motor and special motors.

Module-1
DC Motors: Construction and working principle. Back E.M.F and its significance, Torque
equation, Classification, Characteristics of shunt, series & compound motors, Speed control of
shunt motor, Application of motors.
Losses and Efficiency- Losses in DC motors, power flow diagram, efficiency, condition for
maximum efficiency.
Testing of DC Motors: Direct & indirect methods of testing of DC motors- Swinburne’s test,
Field’s test, merits and demerits of tests. (numerical as applicable)
Module-2
Three Phase Induction Motors: Concept and generation of rotating magnetic field, Principle of
operation, construction, classification and types; squirrel-cage, slip-ring. Slip and its significance,
Torque equation, torque-slip characteristic covering motoring, generating and braking regions
of operation, Maximum torque, (numerical as applicable)
Module-3
Performance of Three-Phase Induction Motor: Phasor diagram of induction motor on no-load
and on load, equivalent circuit, losses, efficiency, No-load and blocked rotor tests. Performance
of the motor from the equivalent circuit. Cogging and crawling. High torque rotors-double cage
and deep rotor bars. Induction motor working as induction generator, construction and working
of doubly fed induction generator. (numerical as applicable)
Module-4
Starting and Speed Control of Three-Phase Induction Motors: Necessity of starter. Direct on
line, Star-Delta, and autotransformer starting. Rotor resistance starting. Speed control by
frequency.
Single-Phase Induction Motor: Double revolving field theory and principle of operation.
Construction and operation of split-phase, capacitor start and capacitor run and shaded pole
motors. Comparison of single phase motors and applications. (numerical as applicable)
Module-5
Synchronous Motor: Principle of operation, phasor diagrams, torque and torque angle, effect of
change in load, effect of change in excitation. V and inverted V curves. Synchronous condenser,
Other Motors: Construction and operation of Universal motor, AC servomotor, Linear induction
motor, PMSM, SRM and BLDC.
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Assessment Details (both CIE and SEE)

The weightage of Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE) is 50% and for Semester End Exam
(SEE) is 50%. The minimum passing mark for the CIE is 40% of the maximum marks (20 marks
out of 50) and for the SEE minimum passing mark is 35% of the maximum marks (18 out of 50
marks). A student shall be deemed to have satisfied the academic requirements and earned the
credits allotted to each subject/ course if the student secures a minimum of 40% (40 marks out of
100) in the sum total of the CIE (Continuous Internal Evaluation) and SEE (Semester End
Examination) taken together.
Continuous Internal Evaluation:
 For the Assignment component of the CIE, there are 25 marks and for the Internal
Assessment Test component, there are 25 marks.
 The first test will be administered after 40-50% of the syllabus has been covered, and the
second test will be administered after 85-90% of the syllabus has been covered
 Any two assignment methods mentioned in the 22OB2.4, if an assignment is project-based
then only one assignment for the course shall be planned. The teacher should not conduct two
assignments at the end of the semester if two assignments are planned.
 For the course, CIE marks will be based on a scaled-down sum of two tests and other methods
of assessment.
Internal Assessment Test question paper is designed to attain the different levels of Bloom’s
taxonomy as per the outcome defined for the course.
Semester-End Examination:
Theory SEE will be conducted by University as per the scheduled timetable, with common
question papers for the course (duration 03 hours).
1. The question paper will have ten questions. Each question is set for 20 marks.
2. There will be 2 questions from each module. Each of the two questions under a module (with
a maximum of 3 sub-questions), should have a mix of topics under that module.

Suggested Learning Resources:

Text Books
1. Electric Machines, D. P. Kothari, I. J. Nagrath, McGraw Hill, 4th edition, 2011.
2. Theory of Alternating Current Machines, Alexander Langsdorf, McGraw Hill, 2nd
Edition, 2001.
3. Electric Machines, AshfaqHussain, DhanpatRai& Co, 2nd Edition, 2013.

Reference Books
1. Electrical Machines, Drives and Power systems, Theodore Wildi, Pearson, 6th Edition,
2014
2. Electrical Machines, M.V. Deshpande, PHI Learning, 2013
3. Electric Machinery and Transformers, Bhag S. Guru at el, Oxford University Press, 3rd
Edition, 2012
4. Electric Machinery and Transformers, Irving Kosow, Pearson, 2nd Edition, 2012
5. Principles of Electric Machines and power Electronic, [Link], Wiley, 2nd Edition, 2013
6. Electrical Machines, R.K. Srivastava, Cengage Learning, 2nd Edition, 2013
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Module 3: Performance Of Three-Phase Induction Motor

Table of Contents

Sl. No Topics Page No

1 Equivalent Circuit 7
2 The no-load test 8
3 Blocked-Rotor Test 9
4 Circle Diagram 11

5 Crawling & Cogging 13

6 Deep bar Rotor 15
7 Double cage Rotor 15
8 References 20

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Module-3
PERFORMANCE OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Equivalent Circuit
It is often required to make quantitative predictions about the behavior of the induction
machine, under various operating conditions. For this purpose, it is convenient to represent the
machine as an equivalent circuit under sinusoidal steady state operating conditions. Since the
operation is balanced, a single-phase equivalent circuit is sufficient for most purposes. In order to
derive the equivalent circuit, let us consider a machine with an open circuited rotor. Since no
current can ow and as a consequence no torque can be produced, the situation is like a transformer
open-circuited on the secondary (rotor). The equivalent circuit under this condition can be drawn
as shown in fig.
Approximate Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor
As in case of a transformer, the approximate equivalent circuit of an induction motor is
obtained by shifting the shunt branch (Rc - Xm) to the input terminals as shown in Fig. This step
has been taken on the assumption that voltage drop in R1 and X1 is small and the terminal voltage
V1 does not appreciably differ from the induced voltage E1. Fig shows the approximate equivalent
circuit per phase of an induction motor where all values have been referred to primary (i.e., stator).

Figure 1: Induction Motor can be represented as a Transformer

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Figure 2: Equivalent Circuit

Figure 3: Approximate equivalent circuit of Induction Motor

The above approximate circuit of induction motor is not so readily justified as with the
transformer. This is due to the following reasons:
(i) Unlike that of a power transformer, the magnetic circuit of the induction motor has an air-gap.
Therefore, the exciting current of induction motor (30 to 40% of full-load current) is much higher
than that of the power transformer. Consequently, the exact equivalent circuit must be used for
accurate results.

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(ii) The relative values of X1 and X2 in an induction motor are larger than the corresponding ones
to be found in the transformer. This fact does not justify the use of approximate equivalent circuit
(iii) In a transformer, the windings are concentrated whereas in an induction motor, the windings
are distributed. This affects the transformation ratio.

In spite of the above drawbacks of approximate equivalent circuit, it yields results that are
satisfactory for large motors. However, approximate equivalent circuit is not justified for small
motors.

The no-load test

The behavior of the machine may be judged from the equivalent circuit of fig. The current
drawn by the machine causes a stator-impedance drop and the balance voltage is applied across
the magnetizing branch. However, since the magnetizing branch impedance is large, the current
drawn is small and hence the stator impedance drop is small compared to the applied voltage (rated
value). This drop and the power dissipated in the stator resistance are therefore neglected and the
total power drawn is assumed to be consumed entirely as core loss. This can also be seen from the
approximate equivalent circuit, the use of which is justified by theforegoing arguments. This test
therefore enables us to compute the resistance and inductance of the magnetizing branch in the
following manner.
Let applied voltage = Vs. Then current drawn is given by

The power drawn is given by

Vs; Is and Ps are measured with appropriate meters. With Rm known from eqn, Xm can be found
from eqn. The current drawn is at low power factor and hence a suitable wattmeter should be used

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Figure 4: No load test

Blocked-rotor Test

In this test the rotor is prevented from rotation by mechanical means and hence the name.
Since there is no rotation, slip of operation is unity, s = 1. The equivalent circuit valid under these
conditions is shown in fig. 21(b). Since the current drawn is decided by the resistance and leakage
impedances alone, the magnitude can be very high when rated voltage is [Link] in this
test, only small voltages are applied | just enough to cause rated current to flow. While the current
magnitude depends on the resistance and the reactance, the power drawn depends on the resistance
The parameters may then be determined as follows. The source current and power drawn may be
written as

In the test Vs; Is and Ps are measured with appropriate meters. Above equation enables
us to compute(Rs + R0r). Once this is known, (Xs + X0r) may be computed from the equation
Note that this test only enables us to determine the series combination of the resistance and the
reactance only and not the individual values. Generally, the individual values are assumed to be
equal; the assumption Rs = R'r, and Xs = X'r suffices for most purposes. In practice, there are
differences. If more accurate estimates are required IEEE guidelines may be followed which
depend on the size of the machine.

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Note that these two tests determine the equivalent circuit parameters in a `Stator-referred'
sense, i.e., the rotor resistance and leakage inductance are not the actual values but what they
'appear to be' when looked at from the stator. This is sufficient for most purposes as
interconnections to the external world are generally done at the stator terminals.

Figure 5: Blocked Rotor Test

Circle Diagram
Circle diagram of an IM is very useful to study its performance under all operating conditions.
From the data obtained from No load and Blocked rotor test we can draw circle diagram.

400V, 11KW, 3-phase,50Hz 4 poles Delta connected induction motor gave the following test data:
No Load test: 400V, 8A, 1000W
Locked rotor test: 100V, 25A, 1750W
Construct the circle diagram and determine
i) Full load current and power factor.
ii) Maximum possible power output.
iii) The best possible operating factor

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Figure 6: Circle Diagram

Crawling
Crawling is a phenomenon in which Induction Motor operates at very low speed. Crawling is
caused by the presence of space harmonics in the air gap flux.
For understanding Crawling, there are some points which are very important to know. Those
points are as follows:
 Speed of Rotating magnetic flux = 2f/P, where f is frequency of Supply and P is the
number of Poles
 Harmonic magnetic flux travel at a speed of 1/k time that of fundamental magnetic flux.
 Harmonic magnetic flux rotates in the direction of rotation of fundamental magnetic flux
if k = (6m+1), where m = 1,2,3……
 Therefore, 7th,13th, 19th etc. harmonic magnetic flux will rotate in the direction of rotation
of fundamental magnetic flux.
 Harmonic magnetic flux rotates in the opposite direction of rotation of fundamental
magnetic flux if k = (6m-1), where m = 1,2,3……
Therefore, 5th,11th17th etc. harmonic magnetic flux will rotate in the opposite direction of rotation
of fundamental magnetic flux. Keeping all the above mentioned facts in mind

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Crawling:
As stated earlier, Crawling is caused by the presence of space harmonics in the air gap flux.
Following are the reason for the presence of space harmonics in the air gap flux:
Air gap harmonics due to uneven distribution of Stator winding.
Due to variation in air gap reluctance because of Stator and Rotor Slots. Space
Harmonics due to this is also called Slot or Tooth Harmonics.
The analysis of Stator MMF wave by Fourier Series shows that it consists of fundamental and
other odd harmonic MMF wave. As the sum of Triplen (multiple of 3) harmonic MMF wave due
to all three phases sum up to zero therefore resultant air gap flux is free from 3rd and Triplen
harmonics.

The most predominant space harmonics are 5th and 7th, therefore in our discussion only these two
harmonics will be considered

Figure 7: Crawling in Induction Motor

The phenomenon of Magnetic Locking between the stator and the rotor teeth is
called Cogging or Teeth Locking. Even after applying full voltage to the stator winding, the rotor

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of a 3 phase induction motor fails to start. This condition is known as Cogging or Magnetic
locking.

Deep bar Rotor

The Deep Bar Rotor in an induction motor is used to obtain high rotor resistance at starting and
low rotor resistance at the running condition. The figure below shows a deep bar
cage rotor with deep and narrow bars: A bar may be assumed to be made up of a numberof
narrow layers connected in parallel

Figure 8: Deep bar Rotor

Double Squirrel-Cage Motors
One of the advantages of the slip-ring motor is that resistance may be inserted in the rotor
circuit to obtain high starting torque (at low starting current) and then cut out to obtain optimum
running conditions. However, such a procedure cannot be adopted for a squirrel cage motor
because its cage is permanently short-circuited. In order to provide high starting torque at low
starting current, double-cage construction is used.
Construction
As the name suggests, the rotor of this motor has two squirrel-cage windings located one above
the other as shown in Fig.(i).

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(i) The outer winding consists of bars of smaller cross-section short-circuited by end rings.
Therefore, the resistance of this winding is high. Since the 224 outer winding has relatively open
slots and a poorer flux path around its bars [See Fig.(ii)], it has a low inductance. Thus the
resistance of the outer squirrel-cage winding is high and its inductance is low.
(ii) The inner winding consists of bars of greater cross-section short-circuited by end rings.
Therefore, the resistance of this winding is low. Since the bars of the inner winding are thoroughly
buried in iron, it has a high inductance [See Fig. (8.35 (ii))]. Thus the resistance of theinner squirrel
cage winding is low and its inductance is high.

Figure 9: Double cage Rotor

Working
When a rotating magnetic field sweeps across the two windings, equal e.m.f.s are induced in
each.
(i) At starting, the rotor frequency is the same as that of the line (i.e., 50 Hz), making the reactance
of the lower winding much higher than that of the upper winding. Because of the high reactance of
the lower winding, nearly all the rotor current flows in the high-resistance outer cagewinding. This
provides the good starting characteristics of a high-resistance cage winding. Thus theouter winding
gives high starting torque at low starting current.
(ii) As the motor accelerates, the rotor frequency decreases, thereby lowering the reactance of the
inner winding, allowing it to carry a larger proportion of the total rotor current At the normal
operating speed of the motor, the rotor frequency is so low (2 to 3 Hz) that nearly all the rotor

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current flows in the low-resistance inner cage winding. This results in good operating efficiency
and speed regulation. Fig. (a) shows the operating characteristics of double squirrel-cage motor.

The starting torque of this motor ranges from 200 to 250 percent of full-load torque with
a starting current of 4 to 6 times the full-load value. It is classed as a high-torque, low starting
current motor.

Equivalent Circuit of Double Squirrel-Cage Motor

Fig. shows a section of the double squirrel cage motor. Here Ro and Ri are the per phase
resistances of the outer cage winding and inner cage winding whereas Xo and Xi are the
corresponding per phase standstill reactance. For the outer cage, the resistance is made
intentionally high, giving a high starting torque. For the inner cage winding, the resistance is low
and the leakage reactance is high, giving a low starting torque but high efficiency on load. Note
that in a double squirrel cage motor, the outer winding produces the high starting and accelerating
torque while the inner winding provides the running torque at good efficiency. Fig.
(i) shows the equivalent circuit for one phase of double cage motor referred to stator. The two cage
impedances are effectively in parallel. The resistances and reactances of the outer and inner rotors
are referred to the stator. The exciting circuit is accounted for as in a single cage motor. If the
magnetizing current (I0) is neglected, then the circuit is simplified to that shown in Fig. (ii).

Figure 10: Equivalent circuit of Double cage rotor

From the equivalent circuit, the performance of the motor can be predicted. Total impedance as
referred to stator is

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Self-excited induction generator

This type of generator is also known as self excited generator. Now why it is called self excited?
It is because it uses capacitor bank which is connected across its stator terminals as shown in the
diagram given below,

Figure 11: Induction Generator

The function of the capacitor bank is to provide the lagging reactive power to the induction
generator as well as load. So mathematically we can write total reactive power provided by the
capacitor bank is equals to the summation of the reactive power consumed by the induction
generator as well as the load. There is generation of small terminal voltage oa (as in figure given
below) across the stator terminal due the residual magnetism when the rotor of the induction
machine runs at the required speed. Due to this voltage oa the capacitor current ob is produced.
The current bc sends current od which generates the voltage de.

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Figure 12: Torque-slip characteristic covering motoring, Generating and braking regions

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References
1) D. P. Kothari, I. J. Nagrath, “Electric Machines”, Mc Graw Hill, 4th edition, 2011
2) B L Theraja, Electrical Technology, S Chand & Company Ltd., Volume 2, 2005

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