Electric Motors- BEE401

2023-24

Mrs. Vimala C S
Asst. Professor
Department of EEE,
SJBIT
 2
14.08.2023
ELECTRIC MOTORS Semester IV
Course Code BEE401 CIE Marks 50
Teaching Hours/Week (L:T:P: S) 3:0:0:0 SEE Marks 50
Total Hours of Pedagogy 40 Total Marks 100
Credits 03 Exam Hours 03
Examination nature (SEE) Theory

Course objectives:
1 To study the constructional features of Motors and select a suitable drive for specific
Application.
2 To study the constructional features of Three Phase and Single phase induction Motors.
3 To study different test to be conducted for the assessment of the performance
characteristics of motors.
4 To study the speed control of motor by a different methods.
5 Explain the construction and operation of Synchronous motor and special motors.

Module-1
DC Motors: Construction and working principle. Back E.M.F and its significance, Torque
equation, Classification, Characteristics of shunt, series & compound motors, Speed control of
shunt motor, Application of motors.
Losses and Efficiency- Losses in DC motors, power flow diagram, efficiency, condition for
maximum efficiency.
Testing of DC Motors: Direct & indirect methods of testing of DC motors- Swinburne’s test,
Field’s test, merits and demerits of tests. (numerical as applicable)
Module-2
Three Phase Induction Motors: Concept and generation of rotating magnetic field, Principle of
operation, construction, classification and types; squirrel-cage, slip-ring. Slip and its significance,
Torque equation, torque-slip characteristic covering motoring, generating and braking regions
of operation, Maximum torque, (numerical as applicable)
Module-3
Performance of Three-Phase Induction Motor: Phasor diagram of induction motor on no-load
and on load, equivalent circuit, losses, efficiency, No-load and blocked rotor tests. Performance
of the motor from the equivalent circuit. Cogging and crawling. High torque rotors-double cage
and deep rotor bars. Induction motor working as induction generator, construction and working
of doubly fed induction generator. (numerical as applicable)
Module-4
Starting and Speed Control of Three-Phase Induction Motors: Necessity of starter. Direct on
line, Star-Delta, and autotransformer starting. Rotor resistance starting. Speed control by
frequency.
Single-Phase Induction Motor: Double revolving field theory and principle of operation.
Construction and operation of split-phase, capacitor start and capacitor run and shaded pole
motors. Comparison of single phase motors and applications. (numerical as applicable)
Module-5
Synchronous Motor: Principle of operation, phasor diagrams, torque and torque angle, effect of
change in load, effect of change in excitation. V and inverted V curves. Synchronous condenser,
Other Motors: Construction and operation of Universal motor, AC servomotor, Linear induction
motor, PMSM, SRM and BLDC.
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Assessment Details (both CIE and SEE)

The weightage of Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE) is 50% and for Semester End Exam
(SEE) is 50%. The minimum passing mark for the CIE is 40% of the maximum marks (20 marks
out of 50) and for the SEE minimum passing mark is 35% of the maximum marks (18 out of 50
marks). A student shall be deemed to have satisfied the academic requirements and earned the
credits allotted to each subject/ course if the student secures a minimum of 40% (40 marks out of
100) in the sum total of the CIE (Continuous Internal Evaluation) and SEE (Semester End
Examination) taken together.
Continuous Internal Evaluation:
 For the Assignment component of the CIE, there are 25 marks and for the Internal
Assessment Test component, there are 25 marks.
 The first test will be administered after 40-50% of the syllabus has been covered, and the
second test will be administered after 85-90% of the syllabus has been covered
 Any two assignment methods mentioned in the 22OB2.4, if an assignment is project-based
then only one assignment for the course shall be planned. The teacher should not conduct two
assignments at the end of the semester if two assignments are planned.
 For the course, CIE marks will be based on a scaled-down sum of two tests and other methods
of assessment.
Internal Assessment Test question paper is designed to attain the different levels of Bloom’s
taxonomy as per the outcome defined for the course.
Semester-End Examination:
Theory SEE will be conducted by University as per the scheduled timetable, with common
question papers for the course (duration 03 hours).
1. The question paper will have ten questions. Each question is set for 20 marks.
2. There will be 2 questions from each module. Each of the two questions under a module (with
a maximum of 3 sub-questions), should have a mix of topics under that module.

Suggested Learning Resources:

Text Books
1. Electric Machines, D. P. Kothari, I. J. Nagrath, McGraw Hill, 4th edition, 2011.
2. Theory of Alternating Current Machines, Alexander Langsdorf, McGraw Hill, 2nd
Edition, 2001.
3. Electric Machines, AshfaqHussain, DhanpatRai& Co, 2nd Edition, 2013.

Reference Books
1. Electrical Machines, Drives and Power systems, Theodore Wildi, Pearson, 6th Edition,
2014
2. Electrical Machines, M.V. Deshpande, PHI Learning, 2013
3. Electric Machinery and Transformers, Bhag S. Guru at el, Oxford University Press, 3rd
Edition, 2012
4. Electric Machinery and Transformers, Irving Kosow, Pearson, 2nd Edition, 2012
5. Principles of Electric Machines and power Electronic, [Link], Wiley, 2nd Edition, 2013
6. Electrical Machines, R.K. Srivastava, Cengage Learning, 2nd Edition, 2013

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Module 4: STARTING AND SPEED CONTROL OF THREE-PHASE

INDUCTION MOTORS, SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTIONMOTOR:
Table of Contents

Sl. No Topics Page No

1 Starters of 3phase Induction Motor 7
2 Direct on Line Starter 8
3 Autotransformer starter 11
4 Star Delta Starter 12

5 Methods of Starting 3-Phase Induction Motors 15

6 Single Phase Induction Motor 25
7 Starting Of Single Phase Induction Motors 29
8 References 30

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MODULE-4
STARTING AND SPEED CONTROL OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION
MOTORS, SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR:

Starting of 3-Phase Induction Motors

The induction motor is fundamentally a transformer in which the stator is the primary and
the rotor is short-circuited secondary. At starting, the voltage induced in the induction motor rotor
is maximum (Q s = 1). Since the rotor impedance is low, the rotor current is excessively large.
This large rotor current is reflected in the stator because of transformer action. This results in high
starting current (4 to 10 times the full-load current) in the stator at low power factor and
consequently the value of starting torque is low. Because of the short duration, this value of large
current does not harm the motor if the motor accelerates normally. However, this large starting
current will produce large line-voltage drop. This will adversely affect the operation of other
electrical equipment connected to the same lines. Therefore, it is desirable and necessary to reduce
the magnitude of stator current at starting and several methods are available for this purpose.

Starters for Poly Phase Induction Motors

If motor is started with full voltage, the starting torque is good but very large currents, of the order
of 5-7 times the full-load current flow which causes objectionable voltage drop in the power
supply lines and hence undesirable dip in the supply line voltage. Consequently, the operation of
other equipment connected to the same supply line is affected considerably.
If the motor is started with reduced voltage, there is no problem of high currents but it produces
an objectionable reduction in the starting torque, on account of the fact that motor torque is
proportional to the square of the applied voltage.

Methods of Starting Squirrel Cage I.M

There are basic four methods of starting the squirrel cage induction motor using
(a) Direct online starters

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(b) Stator Resistor (or reactor) Starters

(c) Auto-transformer Starters
(d ) Star-Delta Starters

Fig: Direct online starters

Methods of Starting Slip-Ring (Wound Rotor) I.M.
Though all the above methods, except D.O.L. where the high currents may damage the
rotor windings, can also be employed for starting slip-ring motors, but it is usually not done
because the advantages of such motors can’t be fully realized. So the method of adding resistance
to the rotor circuit is the most common method for rotor wound I.M. starting.

D.O.L. Starters
The above Figure shows a contactor type D.O.L. starter connected to a motor. As soon as
the push-button S1 is pressed, the contactor coil is energized closing its contacts M1, M2 and M3

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. Then, the motor windings get full supply through back-up fuses e1, e¢2, e²1and bimetallic
relays O1, O2 and O3 and the motor starts running. An auxiliary contact A in C1 retains the
contactor in closed position after the release of start switch S1. An overload tripping device e1,
working in conjunction with bimetallic relays, is placed in series with the contactor coil, so that
during sustained overload, this opens and the motor stops automatically. For stopping the motor
any time, a stop button is provided in series with the contactor coil.

Primary Resistor Starter and Reactor Starter

This method consists of connecting the motor to the line voltage through a series resistance
in each phase. The resistors are short-circuited when the motor accelerates to the desired speed.
Sequence of operation of switches shown in Figure below is :
(a) Initially all switches are open.
(b) Switches 1, 2 and 3 are closed simultaneously and motor starts running with full resistances
in series.
(c) Switches 4, 5 and 6 are closed when motor speed picks up and current becomes constant.
Finally switches 7, 7, and 9 are closed to cut all resistances and motors attains final steady state
speed.

Fig: Series Resistance Starting

Advantages :
(a) It provides closed transition starting, resulting in smooth starting without any transition high
current.
(b) A higher p.f. than auto-transformer starters.

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Sometimes as an alternative to resistor starting, reactor starting is used. This method is mainly used
for large motors.
Auto-Transformer in the First Step Starters
In this type of starter, (A. T.) it attains the reduced voltage by means of an auto transformer
at the start. After a definite time interval (about 15 sec.), and after the motoraccelerates, it
is transferred from the reduced voltage to 133 the full voltage in the second step.
A. T. are generally provided with voltage drops to give 40%, 60%, 75% and 100% line voltage.
The starting current and starting torque depends on the tapping selected. In the third step, the
change-over switch may be hand operated or automatic through time relay
which connects the motor finally to the line by changing over from position A to B.

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Fig: Simple Diagram of Auto-transformer Starter

Advantages of A.T. Starters
(i) Greater efficiency.
(ii) Taps on the transformer allow adjustment of starting torque to meet the particular
requirement.

Disadvantages of A. T. Starters
(i) It opens the circuit before the motor is connected directly to the line, thus producing transient
current and stresses.

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(ii) It reduces the p.f. of the circuit.

(iii) The torque remains constant for the second step, resulting in acceleration which is not
smooth.
These disadvantages of open transition in A. T. may be overcome by the use of
Korndorfer connection, which introduces another step in starting. On the second step, part of the
A. T. remains in series with the stator windings. The third step involves the transfer of the full-
voltage without open transition.

Star-Delta Starter
It is cheaper as compared to A. T. starter. This method of starting is used for motors designed to
operate normally in delta. The six terminals from the three phases of the stator must be available
:
a, A : Terminals of phase A
b, B : Terminals of phase B
c, C : Terminals of phase C
Commercially, the terminals are marked A1, A2; B1, B2 and C1, C2 respectively. The motor is
started with TPDT switch in position 1 and subsequently switched to position 2.
Position 1 : Starting-windings connected in Y
Position 2 : Running-windings get connected in D

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Fig: Star-Delta Starter

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Methods of Starting 3-Phase Induction Motors

The method to be employed in starting a given induction motor depends upon the size of the
motor and the type of the motor. The common methods used to start induction motors are:
(i) Direct-on-line starting (ii) Stator resistance starting (iii) Autotransformer starting
(iv) Star-delta starting (v) Rotor resistance starting
Methods (i) to (iv) are applicable to both squirrel-cage and slip ring motors. However, method
(v) is applicable only to slip ring motors. In practice, any one of the first four methods is used for
starting squirrel cage motors, depending upon ,the size of the motor. But slip ring motors are
invariably started by rotor resistance starting.

Methods of Starting Squirrel-Cage Motors

Except direct-on-line starting, all other methods of starting squirrel-cage motors employ reduced
voltage across motor terminals at starting.

(i) Direct-on-line starting

This method of starting in just what the name implies—the motor is started by connecting it
directly to 3-phase supply. The impedance of the motor at standstill is relatively low and when it
is directly connected to the supply system, the starting current will be high (4 to 10 times the full-
load current) and at a low power factor. Consequently, this method of starting is suitable for
relatively small (up to 7.5 kW) machines.

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Note that starting current is as large as five times the full-load current but starting torque is
just equal to the full-load torque. Therefore, starting current is very high and the starting torqueis
comparatively low. If this large starting current flows for a long time, it may overheat the motor
and damage the insulation.

(ii) Autotransformer starting

This method also aims at connecting the induction motor to a reduced supply at starting
and then connecting it to the full voltage as the motor picks up sufficient speed. Fig. shows the
circuit arrangement for autotransformer starting. The tapping on the autotransformer is so set that
when it is in the circuit, 65% to 80% of line voltage is applied to the motor.

At the instant of starting, the change-over switch is thrown to “start” position. This puts the
autotransformer in the circuit and thus reduced voltage is applied to the circuit. Consequently,
starting current is limited to safe value. When the motor attains about 80% of normal speed, the
changeover switch is thrown to 220 “run” position. This takes out the autotransformer from the
circuit and puts the motor to full line voltage. Autotransformer starting has several advantages viz
low power loss, low starting current and less radiated heat. For large

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machines (over 25 H.P.), this method of starting is often used. This method can be used for both
star and delta connected motors.

(iii) Star-delta starting

The stator winding of the motor is designed for delta operation and is connected in star
during the starting period. When the machine is up to speed, the connections are changed to delta.
The circuit arrangement for star-delta starting is shown in Fig. The six leads of the stator windings
are connected to the changeover switch as shown. At the instant of starting, thechangeover
switch is thrown to “Start” position which connects the stator windings in star. Therefore, each
stator phase gets V 3 volts where V is the line voltage. This reduces the starting current. When the
motor picks up speed, the changeover switch is thrown to “Run” position which connects the stator
windings in delta. Now each stator phase gets full line voltage V.
The disadvantages of this method are:
(a) With star-connection during starting, stator phase voltage is 1/root3 times the line voltage.
Consequently, starting torque is (1/root3 )2 or 1/3 times the value it would have with D-connection.
This is rather a large reduction in starting torque.
(b) The reduction in voltage is fixed.
This method of starting is used for medium-size machines (upto about 25 H.P.).

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Starting of Slip-Ring Motors

Slip-ring motors are invariably started by rotor resistance starting. In this method, a variable star-
connected rheostat is connected in the rotor circuit through slip rings and full voltage is applied
to the stator winding as shown in Fig.

(i) At starting, the handle of rheostat is set in the OFF position so that maximum resistance is
placed in each phase of the rotor circuit. This reduces the starting current and at the same time
starting torque is increased.
(ii) As the motor picks up speed, the handle of rheostat is gradually moved in clockwise direction
and cuts out the external resistance in each phase of the rotor circuit. When the motor attains
normal speed, the change-over switch is in the ON position and the whole external resistance is
cut out from the rotor circuit.

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Slip-Ring Motors Versus Squirrel Cage Motors

The slip-ring induction motors have the following advantages over the squirrel cage motors:
(i) High starting torque with low starting current.
(ii) Smooth acceleration under heavy loads.
(iii) No abnormal heating during starting.
(iv) Good running characteristics after external rotor resistances are cut out.
(v) Adjustable speed.

The disadvantages of slip-ring motors are:

(i) The initial and maintenance costs are greater than those of squirrel cage motors.
(ii) The speed regulation is poor when run with resistance in the rotor circuit

Speed control of Induction Machines

We have seen the speed torque characteristic of the machine. In the stable region of
operation in themotoring mode, the curve is rather steep and goes from zero torque at synchronous
speed to the stall torque at a value of slip s = ^s. Normally ^s may be such that stall torque is about
three times that of the rated operating torque of the machine, and hence may be about 0.3 or less.
This means that in the entire loading range of the machine, the speed change is quite small. The
machine speed is quite sti_ with respect to load changes. The entire speed variation is only in the
range ns to (1 - ^s)ns, ns being dependent on supply
frequency and number of poles.
The foregoing discussion shows that the induction machine, when operating from mains
is essentially a constant speed machine. Many industrial drives, typically for fan or pump
applications, have typically constant speed requirements and hence the induction machine is
ideally suited for these. However, the induction machine, especially the squirrel cage type, is quite
rugged and has a simple construction. Therefore it is good candidate for variable speed applications
if it can be achieve
1. Speed control by changing applied voltage
From the torque equation of the induction machine given in eqn. 16, we can see that the
torque depends on the square of the applied voltage. The variation of speed torque curves with
respect to the applied voltage is shown in fig. These curves show that the slip at maximum torque

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^s remains same, while the value of stall torque comes down with decrease in applied voltage. The
speed range for stable operation remains the same. Further, we also note that the starting torque is
also lower at lower voltages. Thus, even if a given voltage level is sufficient for achieving the
running torque, the machine may not start. This method of trying to control the speed is best suited
for loads that require very little starting torque, but their torque requirement may increase with
speed.

Figure : Speed-torque curves: voltage variation

Above figure also shows a load torque characteristic | one that is typical of a fan type of
load. In a fan (blower) type of load, the variation of torque with speed is such that T / w2. Here one
can see that it may be possible to run the motor to lower speeds within the range ns to (1 -
^s)ns. Further, since the load torque at zero speed is zero, the machine can start even at reduced
voltages. This will not be possible with constant torque type of loads. One may note that if the
applied voltage is reduced, the voltage across the magnetising branch also comes down. This in
turn means that the magnetizing current and hence flux level are reduced. Reduction in the ux level
in the machine impairs torque production (recall explantions on torque production), whichis
primarily the explanation for above fig. If, however, the machine is running under lightly loaded
conditions, then operating under rated flux levels is not required. Under such conditions, reduction
in magnetizing current improves the power factor of operation. Some amount of energy saving
may also be achieved.

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Voltage control may be achieved by adding series resistors (a lossy, inefficient

proposition), or a series inductor / autotransformer (a bulky solution) or a more modern solution
using semiconductor devices. A typical solid state circuit used for this purpose is the AC voltage
controller or AC chopper. Another use of voltage control is in the so-called `soft-start' of the
machine. This is discussed in the section on starting methods.

2 Rotor resistance control

The expression for the torque of the induction machine. Clearly, it is dependent on the rotor
resistance. Further, eqn. 18 shows that the maximum value is independent of the rotor resistance.
The slip at maximum torque eqn. 17 is dependent on the rotor resistance. Therefore, we may expect
that if the rotor resistance is changed, the maximum torque point shifts to higher slip values, while
retaining a constant torque. Figure shows a family of torque-speed characteristic obtained by
changing the rotor resistance.

Note that while the maximum torque and synchronous speed remain constant, the slip at
which maximum torque occurs increases with increase in rotor resistance, and so does the starting
torque. whether the load is of constant torque type or fan-type, it is evident that the speedcontrol
range is more with this method. Further, rotor resistance control could also be used as a means of
generating high starting torque.

For all its advantages, the scheme has two serious drawbacks. Firstly, in order to vary the
rotor resistance, it is necessary to connect external variable resistors (winding resistance itself
cannot be changed). This, therefore necessitates a slip-ring machine, since only in that case rotor
terminals are available outside. For cage rotor machines, there are no rotor terminals. Secondly,
the method is not very e_cient since the additional resistance and
operation at high slips entails dissipation.
The resistors connected to the slip-ring brushes should have good power dissipation
capability. Water based rheostats may be used for this. A `solid-state' alternative to a rheostat is a
chopper controlled resistance where the duty ratio control of of the chopper presents a variable
resistance load to the rotor of the induction machine.

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Figure : Speed-torque curves : rotor resistance variation

3 Stator frequency control
The expression for the synchronous speed indicates that by changing the stator frequency also it
can be changed. This can be achieved by using power electronic circuits called inverters which
convert dc to ac of desired frequency. Depending on the type of control scheme of the inverter, the
ac generated may be variable-frequency-_xed-amplitude or variable-frequency- variable-
amplitude type. Power electronic control achieves smooth variation of voltage and frequency of
the ac output. This when fed to the machine is capable of running at a controlled [Link],
consider the equation for the induced emf in the induction machine.

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where N is the number of the turns per phase, _m is the peak ux in the air gap and f is the frequency.
Note that in order to reduce the speed, frequency has to be reduced. If the frequency is reduced
while the voltage is kept constant, thereby requiring the amplitude of induced emf to remain the
same, ux has to increase. This is not advisable since the machine constant which implies that
voltage must be reduced along with frequency. The ratio is held constant in order to maintain the
ux level for maximum torque capability. Actually, it is the voltage across the magnetizing branch
of the exact equivalent circuit that must be maintained constant, for it is that which determines the
induced emf. Under conditions where the stator voltage drop is negligible compared the applied
voltage, from above eqn. is valid.
In this mode of operation, the voltage across the magnetizing inductance in the 'exact'
equivalent circuit reduces in amplitude with reduction in frequency and so does the inductive
reactance. This implies that the current through the inductance and the ux in the machine remains
constant. The speed torque characteristics at any frequency may be estimated as before. There is
one curve for every excitation frequency considered corresponding to every value of synchronous
speed. The curves are shown below. It may be seen that the maximum torque remains constant.

Figure : Torque-speed curves with E=f held constant

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Equation 24 shows that this maximum value is independent of the frequency. Further ^s! is
independent of frequency. This means that the maximum torque always occurs at a speed lower
than synchronous speed by a fixed difference, independent of frequency. The overall effect is an
apparent shift of the torque-speed characteristic as shown in fig.

Though this is the aim, E is an internal voltage which is not accessible. It is only the
terminal voltage V which we have access to and can control. For a fixed V, E changes with
operating slip (rotor branch impedance changes) and further due to the stator impedance drop.
Thus if we approximate E=f as V=f, the resulting torque-speed characteristic shown in fig. is far
from desirable.

Figure : Torque-speed curves with V=f constant

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Single Phase Induction Motor

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The characteristics of single phase induction motors are identical to 3-phase induction motors
except that single phase induction motor has no inherent starting torque and some special
arrangements have to be made for making it self starting. It follows that during starting period the
single phase induction motor must be converted to a type which is not a single phase induction
motor in the sense in which the term is ordinarily used and it becomes a true single phase induction
motor when it is running and after the speed and torque have been raised to a point beyond which
the additionaldevice may be dispensed with. For these reasons, it isnecessary to distinguish clearly
between the starting period when the motor is not a single phase induction motor and the normal
running condition when it is a single phase induction motor. The starting device adds to the cost
of the motor and also requires more space. For the same output a 1-phase motor is about 30%
larger than a corresponding 3-phase motor.

The single phase induction motor in its simplest form is structurally the same as a poly-
phase induction motor having a squirrel cage rotor, the only difference is that the single phase
induction motor has single winding on the stator which produces mmf stationary in space but
alternating in time, a poly phase stator winding carrying balanced currents produces mmf rotating
in space around the air gap and constant in time with respect to an observer moving withthe mmf.
The stator winding of the single phase motor is disposed in slots around the inner periphery of a
laminated ring similar to the 3-phase motor.

Fig. . Elementary single phase induction motor.

An induction motor with a cage rotor and single phase stator winding is shown schematically in
Fig. The actual stator winding as mentioned earlier is distributed in slots so as to produce an
approximately sinusoidal space distribution of mmf.

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PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Suppose the rotor is at rest and 1-phase supply is given to stator winding. The
current flowing in the stator winding gives rise to an mmf whose axis is along the winding and it
is a pulsating mmf, stationary in space and varying in magnitude, as a function of time, varying
from positive maxi-mum to zero to negative maximum and this pulsating mmf induces currents
in the short-circuited rotor of the motor which gives rise to an mmf. The currents in the rotor are
induced due to transformer action and the direction of the currents is such that the mmf so
developed opposes the stator mmf. The axis of the rotor mmf is same as that of the stator mmf.
Since the torque developed is proportional to sine of the angle between the two mmf and sincethe
angle is zero, the net torque acting on the rotor is zero and hence the rotor remains stationary.

For analytical purposes a pulsating field can be resolved into two revolving fields
of constant magnitude and rotating in opposite directions as shown in Fig. and each field has a
magnitude equal to half the maximum length of the original pulsating phasor.

Fig. Representation of the pulsating field by space phasors.

These component waves rotate in opposite direction at synchronous speed. The forward
(anticlockwise) and backward-rotating (clockwise) mmf waves f and b are shown in Fig. In case
of 3-phase induction motor there is only one forward rotating magnetic field and hence torque is
developed and the motor is self-starting. However, in single phase induction motor each of these
component mmf waves produces induction motor action but the corresponding torques are in
opposite direction. With the rotor at rest the forward and backward field produce equal torques but
opposite in direction and hence no net torque is developed on the motor and the motor remains
stationary. If the forward and backward air gap fields remained equal when the rotor is

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revolving, each of the component fields would produce a torque-speed characteristic similar to that
of a poly phase induction motor with negligible leakage impedance as shown by the dashed curves
f and b in Fig.
The resultant torque-speed characteristic which is the algebraic sum of the two
component curves shows that if the motor were started by auxiliary means it would produce torque
in what-ever direction it was started.

Fig. . Torque-speed characteristic of a 1-phase induction motor based on constant

forward and backward flux waves.

In reality the two fields, forward and backward do not remain constant in the air gap and
also the effect of stator leakage impedance can’t be ignored. In the above qualitative analysis the
effects of induced rotor currents have not been properly accounted for.
When single phase supply is connected to the stator and the rotor is given a push along the
forward rotating field, the relative speed between the rotor and the forward rotating magnetic field
goes on decreasing and hence the magnitude of induced currents also decreases and hence the mmf
due to the induced current in the rotor decreases and its opposing effect to the forward rotating
field decreases which means the forward rotating field becomes stronger as the rotor speeds up.
However for the backward rotating field the relative speed between the rotor and the backward
field increases as the rotor rotates and hence the rotor emf increases and hence the mmf due to
this component of current increases and its opposing effect to the backward rotating field increases
and the net backward rotating field weakens as the rotor rotates along the forward rotating field.
However, the sum of the two fields remains constant since it must induce the statorcounter emf
which is approximately constant if the stator leakage impedance drop is negligible.

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Hence, with the rotor in motion the torque of the forward field is greater and that of the
backward field is less than what is shown in Fig. The true situation being as is shown in Fig.

STARTING OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

The single phase induction motors are classified based on the method of starting method
and in fact are known by the same name descriptive of the method. Appropriate selection of these
motors depends upon the starting and running torque requirements of the load, the duty cycle and
limitations on starting and running current drawn from the supply by these motors. The cost of
single phase induction motor increases with the size of the motor and with the performance such
as starting torque to current ratio (higher ratio is desirable), hence, the userwill like to go in for
a smaller size (hp) motor with minimum cost, of course, meeting all the operational requirements.
However, if a very large no. of fractional horsepower motors are required, a specific design can
always be worked out which might give minimum cost for a givenperformance requirements.
Following are the starting methods.

(a) Split-phase induction motor. The stator of a split phase induction motor has two
windings, the main winding and the auxiliary winding. These windings are displaced in space by
90 electrical degrees as shown in Fig. 9.5 (a). The auxiliary winding is made of thin wire (super
enamel copper wire) so that it has a high R/X ratio as compared to the main winding which has
thick super enamel copper wire. Since the two windings are connected across the supply the current
Im and Ia in the main winding and auxiliary winding lag behind the supply voltage V, I a leading the
current Im Fig. 9.5(b). This means the current through auxiliary winding reaches maximum value
first and the mmf or flux due to Ia lies along the axis of the auxiliary winding and after some time
(t = θ/w) the current Im reaches maximum value and the mmf or flux due to Im lies along the main
winding axis. Thus the motor becomes a 2-phase unbalanced motor. It is unbalanced since the two
currents are not exactly 90 degrees apart. Because of these two fields a starting

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Split phase induction motor (=) Connection

(>) Phasor diagram at starting (?) Typical torque-speed characteristic.

The capacitor start induction motor is also a split phase motor. The capacitor of suitable value is
connected in series with the auxiliary coil through a switch such that Ia the current in the
auxiliary coil leads the current Im in the main coil by 90 electrical degrees in time phase so that the
starting torque is maximum for certain values of Ia and Im. This becomes a balanced 2-phase motor
if the magnitude of Ia and Im are equal and are displaced in time phase by 90° electrical degrees.
Since the two windings are displaced in space by 90 electrical degrees as shown in Fig.
9.6 maximum torque is developed at start. However, the auxiliary winding and capacitor are
disconnected after the motor has picked up 75 per cent of the synchronous speed. The motor will
start without any humming noise. However, after the auxiliary winding is disconnected, there
will be some humming noise.

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References
1) D. P. Kothari, I. J. Nagrath, “Electric Machines”, Mc Graw Hill, 4th edition, 2011
2) B L Theraja, Electrical Technology, S Chand & Company Ltd., Volume 2, 2005

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