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Idea mapping: It is a brainstorming technique that is a favorite among students because

it allows you to represent your ideas in an easy-to-follow map. Idea mapping is
sometimes referred to as cluster mapping because as you brainstorm, you use clusters
of ideas and lines to keep track of the ideas and the relationships among them.

Research: Sometimes research is considered a separate step in the writing process, and
sometimes it is part of prewriting/invention. Of course, depending on the nature of your
project, there might be a considerable amount of research or very little research involved.
We explore some strategies for conducting research in more detail in Chapter 5.

Drafting: At the drafting stage, you get ideas down on paper or screen. You might already
realize that these stages don’t happen in isolation in most cases; drafting might occur
while you’re doing prewriting/invention and research, and you might go back and forth
between different stages as you work.

Peer Review: Writers often benefit from seeking the feedback of others before
considering a project complete. This is called peer review, which is only one stage in your
writing process, so be sure to consider the point at which it will be the most beneficial to
you.

Revising: At the revision stage, a writer takes another look at his or her writing and makes
content-level and organizational changes. This is different from the final step of
editing/proofreading.

Editing/Proofreading: Finally, the writer focuses on correcting grammatical, mechanical,

stylistic, and referential problems in the text.

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 Multiple Drafts
5

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Sample peer
review is given
at the end of
this chapter

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 7

Responding to Peer Review Feedback: It can be difficult to read feedback from others on your writing, especially
if you thought your draft was close to final and your peer reviewers raise big concerns. Responding to peer review
feedback is a moment in the writing process that helps you develop flexibility. You are not required to do
everything that a peer reviewer suggests, nor do you have to answer every question that is posed. If you have
multiple peer reviewers, you might even find that they contradict one another. Your job is to take their feedback
seriously, however, and weigh how to respond in a way that improves your project.

Professional writers usually welcome the chance to find out how readers react to their work before it is published,
and they use the feedback to see their work through a reader’s eyes. They ignore feedback that goes against
what they are trying to accomplish, but they use it to focus on places where their readers aren’t understanding
them or where their readers offer good ideas. Often writers use feedback from peers or teachers to develop a
revision plan, which maps out the kinds of big picture changes the writer would like to make and the necessary
steps to make those changes. For example, after peer review, a writer might see the need for more evidence to
support a particular point and make notes about further library research in the revision plan. Having such a plan
makes the revision process more manageable and focused.

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Chapter 2 Tip Sheet

Writing: Process and Reflection

You should work to achieve specific goals related to your writing process during your writing
classes:

– Develop a writing project through multiple drafts.

– Develop flexible strategies for reading, drafting, reviewing, collaborating, revising,

rewriting, rereading, and editing.

– Learn to give and to act on productive feedback to works in progress.

– Use composing processes and tools as a means to discover and reconsider ideas.

– Reflect on the development of composing practices and how those practices influence
your work.

Revision is an important stage in the writing process. Feedback from peer reviewers can
help writers see their drafts through readers’ eyes.

Your purpose in using reflective writing is to process experiences you’ve had in order to
better understand how those experiences shape you and your writing. It is helpful to reflect
on what you are learning about yourself as a writer throughout your writing life.
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