NURSING CODE OF ETHICS

1. ETHICS

Ethics refers to two things. First, ethics to well based standards to right
and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do. Usually in terms of
rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues.
Ethics for example refers to those standards that impose the
reasonable obligations to refrain from rape, stealing, murder, assault,
slander and fraud. Ethical standards also include those that enjoin
virtues of honest, compassion, and loyalty. And, ethical standards
include standards relating to rights, such as the right to life, the right
to freedom from injury, and the right to privacy. Such standards are
adequate standards of ethics because they are supported by
consistent and well-founded reasons.

Second, ethics refers to the study and development of one’s ethical

standards. As mentioned above, feelings, laws, and social norms can
deviate from what is ethical. Hence, it is necessary to constantly
examine one’s standards to ensure that they are reasonable and well-
founded.

In a limited sense, is known as nursing etiquette; whereas, in a general

sense, it is concerned with moral principles governing the conduct of
nurses in her relationship with patients, physicians, colleagues, the
nursing profession and the public.

2. Nursing Ethics

Moral issues greet us each morning in the newspaper and bid us

farewell on the evening news. We are bombarded daily with questions
about the morality of surrogate motherhood, the legitimacy of
publicizing the names of AIDS victims, the ethics of exposing the
private lives of political candidates, the justice of welfare and the rights
of the homeless.

3. Thinking Ethically

The first step in analyzing moral issues is an obvious one; get all the
facts. Some moral issues create controversies simply because people
do not bother to check out the facts.

But having the facts is not enough. Facts by themselves only tell us
what is; they do not tell us what ought to be. Three kinds of value
system have been developed by philosophers to deal with moral
issues. One such system is called “utilitarianism”.

Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will
produce the greatest good for the greatest number. It is the only moral
framework that can be used to justify military force or war. It is also
the most common approach to moral reasoning used in business
because of the way in which it accounts for costs and benefits.

However, because we cannot predict the future, it’s difficult to know

with certainty whether the consequences of our actions will be good or
bad. This is one of the limitations of utilitarianism.
Utilitarianism also has trouble accounting for values such as justice
and individual rights. For example, assume a hospital has four people
whose lives depend upon receiving organ transplants: a heart, lungs, a
kidney, and a liver. If a healthy person wanders into the hospital, his
organs could be harvested to save four lives at the expense of one life.
This would arguably produce the greatest good for the greatest
number. But few would consider it an acceptable course of action, let
alone the most ethical one.
So, although utilitarianism is arguably the most reason-based approach
to determining right and wrong, it has obvious limitations.

Rights

The right to the truth

The right to privacy
The right not to be injured
The right to what is agreed

Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses

Section 9 of RA 9173 provides that the BON shall promulgate a Code
of Ethics in coordination of and consultation with the Accredited
Professional Organization of nurses which is the Philippine Nurses
Association within 1 year from November 20, 2002, its date of
effectivity.

Article I- PREAMBLE

Section 1. Health is a fundamental right of every individual. The Filipino

registered nurse, believing in the worth and dignity of each human
being, recognizes the primary responsibility to preserve health at all
cost. This responsibility encompasses promotion of health, prevention
of illness, alleviation of suffering, and restoration of health. However,
when the foregoing are not possible, assistance towards a peaceful
death shall be his/her obligation.

Section 2. To assume this responsibility, registered nurses have to

gain knowledge and understanding of man’s cultural, social, spiritual,
physiological, psychological, and ecological aspects of illness, utilizing
the therapeutic process. Cultural diversity and political and social-
economic status are inherent factors to effective nursing care.

Section 3. The desire for the respect and confidence of clientele,

colleagues, co-workers and the members of the community provides
the incentive to attain and maintain the highest possible degree of
ethical conduct.

Article II- Registered Nurses and People

Section 4. Ethical principles

1. Values, customs, and spiritual beliefs held by individuals shall be
respected.
2. individual freedom to make rational and unrestricted decisions shall
be respected.
3. personal information acquired in the process of giving nursing care
shall be held in strict confidence.
Section 5. Guidelines to be observed:
REGISTERED Nurses must
Consider the individuality and totality of patients when they administer
care.
Respect the spiritual beliefs and practices of patients regarding diet
and treatment.
Uphold the rights of individual.
Take into consideration the culture and values of patients in providing
nursing care. However, in the event of conflicts, their welfare and
safety must take precedence.

Article III- Registered Nurses and Practice

Section 6. Ethical Principle

Human life is inviolable.
Quality and excellence in the care of the patients are the goals of
nursing practice.
Accurate documentation of actions and outcomes of delivered care is
the hallmark of nursing accountability.

Section 7. Guidelines to be observed

REGISTERED Nurses must
Know the definition and scope of nursing practice which are in the
provisions of RA No. 9173, known as the “Philippine Nursing Act of
2002” and Board Resolution No. 425, Series of 2003, the “Rules and
Regulations Implementing the Philippine Nursing Act of 2002”.
Be aware of their duties and responsibilities in the practice of their
profession as defined in the “Philippine Nursing Act of 2002” and the
IRR.

Acquire and develop the necessary competence in knowledge, skills,

and attitudes to effectively render appropriate nursing services
through varied learning situations;
If they are administrators, be responsible in providing favorable
environment for the growth and developments of Registered Nurses in
their charge;
Be cognizant that professional programs for specialty certification by
BON are accredited through the Nursing specialty Certification Council
(NSCC).

See to it that quality nursing care and practice meet the optimum
standard of safe nursing practice;
Ensure that modification of practice shall consider the principles of safe
nursing practice;
If in position of authority in a work environment, be normally and
legally responsible for devising a system of minimizing occurrences of
ineffective and unlawful nursing practice; and
Ensure that patients’ records shall be available only if they are to be
issued to those who are professionally and directly involved in their
care and when they are required by law.

Section 8. Ethical Principle

4. Registered Nurses are the advocates of the patients. They shall take
appropriate steps to safeguard their rights and privileges.
Section 9. Guidelines to be observed
REGISTERED Nurses must
Respect the “Patients’ Bill of Rights” in the delivery of nursing care.
Provide the patients or their families with all pertinent information
except those which may be deemed harmful to their well-being.
Uphold the patients’ rights when conflict arises regarding management
of their care.

Section 10. Ethical Principle

5. Registered Nurses are aware that their actions have professional,
ethical, moral, and legal dimensions. They strive to perform their work
in the best interest of all concerned.

Section 11. Guidelines to be observed

REGISTERED Nurses must
Perform their professional duties in conformity with existing laws,
rules, regulations, measures, and generally accepted principles of
moral conduct and proper decorum.
Not allow themselves to be used in advertisement that should demean
the image of the profession (i.e., indecent exposure, violation of dress
code, seductive behavior, etc.)
Decline any gift, favor or hospitality which might be interpreted as
capitalizing on patients.

Not demand and receive any commission, fee or emolument for

recommending or referring a patient to a physician, a co-nurse or
another health care worker; not to pay any commission, fee or other
compensations to the one referring or recommending a patient to
them for nursing care.
Avoid any abuse of the privilege relationship which exists with patients
and of the privileged access allowed to their property, residence or
workplace.

Article IV- Registered Nurses and Co-workers

Section 12. Ethical Principles

The Registered Nurse is in solidarity with other members of the
healthcare team in working for the patient’s best interest.
The Registered Nurse maintains collegial (shared) and collaborative
working relationship with colleagues and other health care providers.

Section 13. Guidelines to be observed

REGISTERED Nurses must
Maintain their professional role/identity while working with other
members of the health team.
Conform with group activities as those of a health team should be
based on acceptable, ethico-legal standards.
Contribute to the professional growth and development of other
members of the health team.
Actively participate in professional organizations.

Not act in any manner prejudicial to other professions.

Honor and safeguard the reputation and dignity of the members of
nursing and other professions; refrain from making unfair and
unwarranted comments or criticisms on their competence, conduct,
and procedures; or not do anything that will bring discredit to a
colleague and to any member of the professions.
Respect the rights of their co-workers.

Article V- Registered Nurses, society, and environment

Section 14. Ethical Principles

The preservation of life, respect for human rights, and promotion of
healthy environment shall be a commitment of a Registered Nurse.
The establishment of linkages with the public in promoting local,
national, and international efforts to meet health and social needs of
the people as a contributing members of society is a noble concern of
a Registered Nurse.

Section 15. Guidelines to be observed

REGISTERED Nurses must
Be conscious of their obligations as citizens and, as such be involved in
community concerns;
Be equipped with knowledge of health resources within the
community, and take active roles in primary health care;

Actively participate in programs, projects, and activities that respond

to the problems of society;
Lead their lives in conformity with the principles of right conduct and
proper decorum; and
Project an image that will uplift the nursing profession at all times.

Article VI- Registered Nurses and The Profession

Section 16. Ethical Principles

Maintenance of loyalty to the nursing profession and preservation of its
integrity are ideal.
Compliance with the by-laws of the accredited professional
organization (PNA), and other professional organizations of which the
Registered Nurse is a member is a lofty duty.

Commitment to continual learning and active participation in the

development and growth of the profession are commendable
obligations.
Contribution to the improvement of the socio-economic conditions and
general welfare of nurses through appropriate legislation is a practice
and visionary mission.

Section 17. Guidelines to be observed

REGISTERED Nurses must
Be members of the Accredited Professional Organization (PNA);
Strictly adhere to the nursing standards;
Participate actively in the growth and development of the nursing
profession;

Strive to secure equitable socio-economic and work conditions in

nursing through appropriate legislation and other means; and
Assert for the implementation of labor and work standards.

Article VII- Administrative Penalties, Repealing Clause, and

Effectivity

Section 18. the certificate of Registration of Registered Nurse shall

either be revoked or suspended for violation of any provisions of this
Code pursuant to Section 23 (f), Article IV of R.A No. 9173 and section
23 (f), Rule III of Board Res. No. 425, series of 2003, the IRR.

Section 19. The Amended Code of Ethics promulgated pursuant

toR.A. No. 877 and P.D. No. 223 is accordingly repealed or superseded
by the herein Code.
Section 20. This Code of Ethics for Nurses shall take effect after
fifteen (15) days from its full and complete publication in the Official
Gazette or in any newspapers of general circulation.

Done in the City of Manila, this 14th day of July, 2004.

(original signed) EUFEMIA F. OCTAVIANO Chairman
(original signed) REMEDIOS L. FERNANDEZ LETTY G. KUAN Member
Member
(original signed) ANESIA B. DIONISIO Member
(original signed) FLORENCE C. CAWAON Member

ATTESTED:
(original signed) CARLOS G. ALMELOR Secretary, Professional
Regulatory Boards

APPROVED:
(original signed) ANTONIETA FORTUNA-IBE Chairperson
(original signed) AVELINA A. DELA REA Commissioner
(original signed) LEONOR TRIPON-ROSERO Commissioner

Registered Nurses and People

Registered Nurses must:

Consider the individuality and totality of the patients when they
administer care
Respect the spiritual beliefs and practice of patient regarding diet and
treatment
Uphold the rights of individuals
Take into the consideration the culture and values and providing
nursing care.

However, in the event of conflicts, their welfare and safety must take
the precedence. RNs must:
respect the “Patient’s Bill of Rights” in the delivery of nursing care.
provide the patients or their families with all pertinent information
except those with maybe deemed harmful to well being; and
uphold the patient rights when conflict arises regarding management
of their care.

Basic Nursing Services

Undertaking responsible nursing care of patients

Supervision of patients and those contributing to the nursing care of
patients.
Execution of nursing procedures and techniques
Application and execution of legitimate orders of physicians concerning
treatment and medication
Observation of symptoms of physical and mental conditions and need
of patients which require evaluation and application of principles based
on the biological, physical and behavioral sciences.
Responsibility to the Patient

A primary responsibility of the nurse is to carry out physicians orders

concerning patients treatments. The nurse make it a point to look for
ways to promote learning for the patient.
A primary consideration is assuming responsibility for the care of a
patient with genuine concern for his welfare or safety.

Forcing Pregnant Women to Do as they are told: Maternal vs.

Fetal Rights

Research in medicine continues to reveal more and more ways in

which a baby’s health care can be jeopardized by what a woman does
during pregnancy.
Developments in genetics and obstetrics continue to provide us with
more and more prenatal diagnostic tests and medical treatments that
enable us to prevent birth defects. Most women welcome these
developments.

Those opposed to forced treatment of pregnant women argue that

every person has a fundamental right to freedom of choice and control
over his or her own life.
Furthermore, forcing pregnant women to submit to medical treatment
for the sake of their fetuses is to impose an obligation on them that we
do not impose on others.

Assisted Suicide: A right or a wrong?

Rapid and dramatic developments in medicine and technology have

given us the power to save more lives than was ever possible in the
past. Medicine has put at our disposal the means to cure or to reduce
the suffering of people afflicted with diseases that were once fatal or
painful.
At the same time, however, medical technology has given us the
power to sustain the lives of patients whose physical and mental
capabilities cannot be restored, whose degenerating conditions cannot
be reversed, and whose pain cannot be eliminated.

Supporters of legislation legalizing assisted suicide claim that all

persons have a moral right to choose freely what they will do with their
lives as long as they inflict no harm on others. This right of free choice
includes the right to end ones life when we choose.
Furthermore, it is agreed, we argued have an obligation to relieve the
suffering of our fellow human beings and to respect their dignity.
Doctors and nurses might find themselves “pressured” to cooperate in
a patient’s suicide.

Guidelines or theories for the Nurses to Use to Be Able to

Respond to a Given Situation with Sound Moral Judgment

God is the author of life; therefore, no one has the right to take it
except Him.
Health is wealth.
The golden rule: Do unto others what you would like others to do unto
you.
Theory of double or two-fold effect- choose the lesser evil, which may
produce greater good effects.
The principle of totality- The whole is greater than any of its parts.
The greatest good for the greatest number – The result should be one
that benefits the most number of people.
One who acts as an agent may be himself responsible.
The end does not justify the means – is the action is bad, the result, no
matter how good, is not enough reason for his bad action.

Patients’ Bill of Rights

The patient has the right to considerate and respectful care.

The patients has the right to obtain from his physician complete
current information concerning his diagnosis, treatment and prognosis
in terms the patient can be reasonably expected to understand. When
it is not medically advisable to give such information to the patient, the
information should be made available to an appropriate person in his
behalf. He has the right to know the name of the physician responsible
for coordinating his care.

The patient has the right to receive from his physician information
necessary to give informed consent prior to the start of any procedure
and/or treatment and what to expect in emergencies. The patient also
has the right to know the name of the person responsible for the
procedure and/or treatment.
The patient has the right to refuse treatment to the extent permitted
by law; and to be informed of the medical consequences of his action.

The patient has the right to every consideration of his privacy

concerning his own medical care program. Case discussion,
consultation, examination and treatment are confidential and should
be conducted discreetly; those not directly involved in his care must
have the permission of the patient to be present.
The patient has the right to except that all communications and
records pertaining to his care should be treated as confidential.

The patient has the right to expect that, according to its capacity, a
hospital must make reasonable response to the request of a patient for
services. The hospital must provide evaluation, service and/or referral
as indicated by the urgency of the case.
When medically permissible, a patient may be transferred to another
facility only after he has received complete information and
explanation concerning the needs for and alternative to such transfer.
The institution to which the patient is to be transferred must first have
accepted the patient for transfer.

The patient has the right to obtain information as to any relationship of

his care is concerned. The patient has the right to obtain information
as to existence of any professional relationship among individuals, by
name, who are treating him.
The patient has the right to be advised if the hospital proposed to
engage in or perform human experimentation affecting his care or
treatment. The patient has the right to refuse to participate in such
research projects.

The patient has the right to expect reasonable continuity of care. He

has the right to know in advance what appointment times the
physician is available and where. The patient has the right to expect
that the hospital will provide a mechanism whereby he is informed by
his physician, of the patient’s continuing health care requirements
following discharge.

The patient has the right to examine and receive an explanation of his
bill regardless of source of payment.

The patient has the right to know what hospital rules and regulations
apply to his conduct as patient.

The Dying Patient’s Bill of Rights

I have the right to be treated as a living human being until I die.

I have the right to maintain a sense of hopefulness, however changing
its focus may be.
I have the right to be cared for by those who can maintain a sense of
hopefulness, however changing this might be.
I have the right to express my feelings and emotions about my
approaching death in my own way.

I have the right to participate in decisions concerning my care.

I have the right to expect continuing medical and nursing attention
even though “cure” goals must be changed to “comfort” goals.
I have the right not to die alone.
I have the right to be free from pain.
I have the right to have my questions answered honesty.
I have the right not to be deceived.

I have the right to have help from and for my family in accepting my
death.
I have the right to die in peace and dignity.
I have the right to retain my individuality and not be judged for my
decisions, which may be contrary to beliefs of others.
I have the right to discuss and enlarge my religious and/or spiritual
experiences, whatever these may mean to others.

I have the right to expect that the sanctity of the human body will be
respected after death.
I have the right to be cared for by caring, sensitive, knowledgeable
people who will attempt to understand my needs and will be able to
gain some satisfaction in helping me face my death.

13. Registered Nurses and Practice

14. Registered Nurses and Co-workers

15. Duty to Colleagues

Nurses should work together in harmony, each sharing with others

whatever experience and practical knowledge they may have acquired.

Rights of Nurses

Right to practice nursing in accordance with professionally-defined

standards.
Right to choose patient.
Right to limit the practice of one’s profession.
Right to intervene when necessary to protect clients.
Right to be trusted by the public and colleagues.
Right to participate in and promote growth and direction of the
profession.
Right to be compensated fairly for services.

Responsibility to the Physician

Should the physician make a mistake in the directions given, it is the

duty of the nurse to call the attention to the error before carrying out
us prescription. Otherwise, she may be held liable for the consequence
thereof.

In emergencies, a nurse may recommend or give medical treatment

without a physician’s order but in such case, he should report the
action he has taken to a physician at the first opportunity.

During epidemics or national emergencies, whenever the services of

duly registered physicians are not available, registered nurses may be
given limited and special authorization by the Secretary of health to
render medical services, but such authorization shall automatically
cease when the epidemic or national emergency is declared
terminated by the Secretary of Health.

Work-, Education- or Training-related Sexual Harassment

It is committed by an employee, manager, supervisor, agent of the

employer, teacher, instructor, professor, coach, trainer, or any other
person who, having authority, influence or moral ascendency over
another in a work or training or education environment, demands,
requests or otherwise requires any sexual favor from the other,
regardless of whether the demand, request or requirement for
submission is accepted by the object of said Act.

In a work-related or employment environment, sexual harassment is

committed when:
The sexual favor is made as a condition in the hiring or in the
employment, re-employment or continued employment of said
individual, or in granting said individual favorable compensation,
terms, conditions, promotions, or privileges; or the refusal to grant the
sexual favor results in limiting, segregating or classifying the employee
which in a way would discriminate, deprive or diminish employment
opportunities or otherwise adversely affect said employee;

2. The above acts would impair the employee’s rights or

privileges under existing labor laws; or
3. The above acts would results in an intimidating, hostile, or
offensive environment of the employee.

*** Any person who directs or induces another to commit any act of
sexual harassment as herein defined, or who cooperates in the
commission thereof by another without which it would not have been
committed, shall also be held liable under this Act.

Right to Self-Organization

Public health workers shall have the right to freely form, join or assist
organizations or unions for purposes not contrary to law in order to
defend and protect their mutual interests and to obtain redress of their
grievances through peaceful concerted activities.

However, while the State organizes the right of public health workers
to organize or join such organizations, public health workers on-duty
cannot declare, stage or join any strike or cessation of their service to
patients in the interest of public health, safety or survival of patients.

Freedom form Interference or Coercion

It shall be unlawful for any person to commit any of the following acts
of interference or coercion:

1. To require as a condition of employment that a public health worker

shall not join a health workers’ organization or union or shall relinquish
membership therein;

2. To discriminate in regard to hiring or tenure of employment or any

item or condition of employment in order to encourage or discourage
membership in any health workers’ organization or union;

3. To prevent a health worker from carrying out duties laid upon

him/her by his/her position in the organization or union, or to penalize
him/her for the action undertaken in such capacity;

4. To harass or interfere with the discharge of the functions of the

health worker when these are calculated to intimidate or to prevent
the performance of his/her duties and responsibilities; and
5. To otherwise interfere in the establishment, functioning, or
administration of health workers’ organizations or unions through acts
designed to place such organization or union under the control of
government authority.

Consultation with Health Workers’ Organizations

In the formulation of national policies governing the social security of

public health workers, professional and health workers’ organizations
or unions as well as other appropriate government agencies concerned
shall be consulted by the Secretary of Health. For this purpose,
Management-Health Worker’s Consultative Councils for national,
regional and other appropriate levels shall be established and
operationalized.

Normal hours of work

Health personnel in cities and municipalities with a population of at

least one million (1,000,000) or in-hospitals and clinics with a bed
capacity of at least on hundred (100) shall hold regular office hours for
eight (8) hours a day, for five (5) days a week, exclusive of time for
meals, except where the exigencies (needs) of the service require that
such personnel work for six (6) days or forty-eight hours, in which case,
they shall be entitled to an additional compensation of at least thirty
percent (30%) of their regular wage for work on the sixth day.
For purposes of this Article, “health personnel” shall include resident,
physicians, nurses, nutritionists. Dieticians, pharmacists, social
workers, laboratory technicians, paramedical technicians,
psychologists, midwives, attendants and all other hospital or clinic
personnel.

The night work prohibition on women prescribed in Art. 130 of the

Labor Code shall apply not where the woman employee holds a
responsible position of managerial or technical nature, or where the
woman employee has been engaged to provide health and welfare
services.

This means female executives, department managers, supervisors, or

specialized technical experts (like engineers or IT specialists) are
exempted.

The Rationale: These positions involve high levels of responsibility,

decision-making, and autonomy. Restricting their hours would severely
disrupt business operations.

Exception 2: Health and Welfare Services The prohibition does not

apply if the woman is hired to "provide health and welfare services."
This covers female doctors, nurses, pharmacists, social workers, and
hospital staff.
The Rationale: Public necessity. Medical emergencies and welfare
needs do not stop when the sun goes down, requiring 24/7 staffing.
In short, the text means: Women are barred from night work unless
they are managers, technical specialists, or healthcare/welfare
workers.

Registered Nurses, Society and Environment

24. Registered Nurses and the Profession

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES CODE OF ETHICS

Preamble
Nurses have four fundamental responsibilities: to promote health, to
prevent illness, to restore health and to alleviate suffering.
Inherent in nursing is respect for human rights, including cultural
rights, the right to life and choice, to dignity and to be treated with
respect. Nursing care is respectful of and unrestricted by
considerations of age, color, creed, culture, disability or illness, gender,
sexual orientation, nationality, politics, race and social status.
Nurses render health services to the individual, the family and the
community and coordinate with those related groups.

ELEMENTS OF THE CODE

1. NURSES and PEOPLE

The nurse’s primary professional responsibility is to people requiring
nursing care.
In providing care, the nurse promotes an environment in which the
human rights, values, customs and spiritual beliefs of the individual,
family and community are respected.
The nurses ensures that the individual receives accurate, sufficient and
timely information in a culturally appropriate manner on which to base
consent for care and related treatment. The nurse holds in confidence
personal information and uses judgment in sharing this information.
The nurse shares with society the responsibility for initiating and
supporting action to meet the health and social needs of the public, in
particular those of vulnerable populations.
The nurse advocates for equity and social justice in resource allocation,
access to health care, and other social and economic services.
The nurse demonstrates professional values such as respectfulness,
responsiveness, compassion, trustworthiness, and integrity.

2. NURSES and PRACTICE

The nurse carries personal responsibility and accountability for nursing
practice, and for maintaining competence by continual learning.
The nurse maintains a standard of personal health such that the ability
to provide care is not compromised.
The nurse uses judgement regarding individual competence when
accepting and delegating responsibility.

The nurse at all times maintains standards of personal conduct which

reflect well on the profession and enhance public confidence.
The nurse, in providing care, ensures that use of technology and
scientific advances are compatible with the safety, dignity, and rights
of people.
The nurse strives to foster and maintain a practice culture promoting
ethical behavior and open dialogue.

3. NURSES and THE PROFESSION

The nurse assumes the major role in determining and implementing
acceptable standards of clinical nursing practice, management,
research and education.
The nurse is active in developing a core of research-based professional
knowledge.
The nurse is active in developing and sustaining a core of professional
values.

The nurse, acting through the professional organization, participates in

creating and maintaining safe, equitable social and economic working
conditions in nursing.
The nurse practices to sustain and protect the natural environment and
is aware of its consequence on health.
The nurse contributes to an ethical organizational environment and
challenges unethical practice and settings.

4. NURSES and CO-WORKERS

The nurse sustains a co-operative relationship with coworkers in
nursing and other fields.
The nurse takes appropriate action to safeguard individuals, families
and communities when their health is endangered by a coworkers or
any other person.
The nurse takes appropriate action to support and guide coworkers to
advance ethical conduct.