FTP uses the services of TCP.
It needs two TCP connections.
The well-known port 21 is used for the
control connection and the well-known
port 20 for the data connection.
FTP
Opening the control connection
Creating
the data
connection
Using the control connection
Using the data connection
File Type – ASCII & EBCDIC - (Nonprint,
Telnet – Printable), Image
Data Structure – File, Record, Page
Transmission Mode – Stream, Block,
Compressed
Command processing
File transfer
ANONYMOUS
FTP
Anonymous FTP
Used to access public files in the server
User Name : anonymous
Password : guest
TFTP uses the services of UDP on the
well-known port 69.
Message categories
RRQ
Read Request
Mode: netascii or octet – Binary file
WRQ
Write Request
DATA format
ACK format
ERROR format
CONNECTION
Connection establishment
DATA
TRANSFER
Flow Control
Retrieve a File
Store a File
Error Control
Damaged Message
Lost Message
Lost Acknowledgement
Duplicate Message
Sorcerer’s Apprentice Bug
UDP port numbers used by TFTP
Use of TFTP with BOOTP
Distributed Services
BROWSER
ARCHITECTURE
Browser Architecture
Categories of Web Documents
Static Document
Boldface Tags
Effect of Boldface Tags
Beginning and Ending Tags
Dynamic
Document
COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE
(CGI)
Common – Common Set of Rules
Gateway – Can access other resources
Interface – Predefined terms, variables,
calls, etc.
Scripting
[Link] Preprocessor (PHP)
[Link] Server Page (JSP)
[Link] Server Pages (ASP)
Active
Document
HTTP uses the services of TCP on well-
known port 80.
HTTP Transaction
Message Categories
Messages
Request Line
URL
[Link]
Status Line
Status code: Same format as FTP
responses (three digits)
Header Format
General, Request, Response & Entity
HTTP
HTTP
Nonpersistent Connection - one TCP
connection is made for each
request/response.
Persistent Connection - the server leaves
the connection open for more requests
after sending a response.
HTTP version 1.1 specifies a persistent
connection by default.
UA, MTA, MAA
USER
AGENT
(UA)
User Agent
Services provided by User Agent
Composing Message
Reading Message
Replaying to Message
Forwarding Message
Handling Mailbox
Format
Address
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension
(MIME)
MIME Header
MTA - SMTP
Commands and Responses
SMTP uses commands and responses to transfer
messages between an MTA client and an MTA
server.
Each command or reply is terminated by a two-
character (carriage return and line feed) end-of-line
token.
Command Format
Response Format – A three-digit code
MAIL
TRANSFER
PHASES
Connection Establishment
Server use the well-known port 25 for TCP connection
Message
Transfer
Connection Termination
MAIL ACCESS
PROTOCOLS
Post Office Protocol (POP3)
Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP)
POP3
Internet Mail Access Protocol version4
(IMAP4)
A user can check the e-mail header prior to
downloading.
A user can search the contents of the e-mail for a
specific string of characters prior to downloading.
A user can partially download e-mail.
A user can create, delete, or rename mailboxes on
the mail server.
A user can create a hierarchy of mailboxes in a
folder for e-mail storage.
Web-Based Mail
WEB BASED MAIL
Yahoo mail, gmail, hotmail etc.
Mail transfer from sender’s browser to mail
server through HTTP.
Transfer of message from sending mail server
to receiving server still through SMTP.
Message from receiving server (web server) to
receiver’s browser through HTTP.
Instead of IMAP4 and POP3, HTTP is used as
MAA.
IPv6 ADDRESSES
IPv6 address
Colon Hexadecimal Notation
128 bits are divided into eight sections, each 2
bytes in length.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
Larger Address Space - Huge increase - 296 times.
Better Header Format - Options are separated from
the base header and inserted, when needed
New Options - Allow additional functionalities.
Allowance for Extension - allow the extension of the
protocol if required by new technologies or
applications.
Support for Resource Allocation - traffic class and
flow label have been added to enable the source to
request special handling of the packet.
Support for More Security - The encryption and
authentication options provide confidentiality and
integrity of the packet.
Abbreviated address
Abbreviated address with
consecutive zeros
Mixed Notation
FDEC:14AB:2311:BBFE:AAAA:BBBB:[Link]
CIDR-Classless Inter Domain Routing
Address
Address Types
Unicast Address - defines a single interface
(computer or router).
Anycast Address - An anycast address
defines a group of computers that all share
a single address. A packet with an anycast
address is delivered to only one member of
the group, the most reachable one.
Multicast Address - A multicast address
also defines a group of computers in which
each member of the group receives a copy.
Address Space Allocation
Address structure
Provider-based address
Unspecified Address
Used during bootstrap when a host does not know
its own address and wants to send an inquiry to find
it.
Loopback address
Used by a host to test itself without going into the
network. A message is created in the application
layer, sent to the transport layer, and passed to the
network layer then it returns to the transport layer
and then passes to the application layer.
Compatible Address
Used when a computer using IPv6 wants to send a
message to another computer using IPv6 however,
the packet passes through a region where the
networks are still using IPv4.
Mapped Address
Used when a computer that has migrated to IPv6
wants to send a packet to a computer still using
IPv4 and the packet travels mostly through IPv6
networks.
Local Unicast Address
Site Address has the block identifier 1111 110, the
next bit can be 0 or 1 to define how the address is
selected (locally or by an authority).
Link Local Address
Multicast Address
Auto Configuration
Host creates a link local address by taking the 10-bit
link local prefix (1111 1110 10), adding 54 zeros, and
adding the 64-bit interface identifier.
Host sends a neighbor solicitation message and waits
for neighbor advertisement message. If any host is
using this address, the process fails.
Host stores this address as its link-local address and
sends a router solicitation message. If there is a router
running on the network, the host receives a router
advertisement message that includes the global
unicast prefix and the subnet prefix that the host
needs to add to its interface identifier to generate its
global unicast address.
IPv6 Packet Format
Base Header Format
Extension Headers Format
Extension Headers
Options in a Hop-by-Hop
Option Header
Options
Pad1 - 1 byte long and is designed for alignment
purposes. Pad1 contains neither the option length field
nor the option data field.
PadN – Used when 2 or more bytes are needed for
alignment. Consists of 1 byte of option code, 1 byte of
the option length, and a variable number of zero
padding bytes.
Jumbo payload - Start at a multiple of 4 bytes plus 2.
Destination Option
Used when the source needs to pass
information to the destination
Source Routing
Fragmentation
Source must use a Path MTU Discovery
technique to find the smallest MTU supported by
any network on the path.
The source then fragments using this knowledge.
Authentication
It validates the message sender and ensures the
integrity of data.
Encrypted Security Payload
Provides confidentiality and guards against
eavesdropping
Transition From IPv4 to IPv6
Dual Stack
Station must run IPv4 and IPv6 simultaneously
until all the Internet uses IPv6.
Source host queries the DNS. If the DNS returns
an IPv4 address, the source host sends an IPv4
packet else IPv6 packet.
Tunneling
IPv6 packet is encapsulated in an IPv4 packet
when it enters the region, and it leaves its capsule
when it exits the region.
Header Translation
Translation is necessary when the majority of the
Internet has moved to IPv6 but some systems still
use IPv4.
Header translation uses the mapped address to
translate an IPv6 address to an IPv4 address.