CEE 6301
WATER TREATMENT AND PROCESS DESIGN
Design of Intake
ELEMENTS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
Surface Water Collection System
Sources of supply
A set of engineering works designed to convey
Collection system
water from a source to treatment plant
Treatment
Includes Intake, Suction Pipes, Delivery
Distribution system
Mains and Pumping Station.
2
INTAKES
A device placed in a surface water source to permit the withdrawal of water
from the source to the subsequent water works system.
Intakes are used to collect water from water sources for water works
Water sources are lakes, rivers, reservoirs or canals.
The intake work for each type of source is designed separately according to its
requirements and situations.
INTAKE
The purpose of intake is to selectively withdraw the best quality water while
excluding fish, floating debris, coarse sediment and other objectionable
suspended matter.
Types of Intake (Source) Types of Intake (Position of Intake)
River Intake • Floating
Lake Intake • Submerged
Reservoir Intake • Exposed or Tower (Wet intake or Dry Intake)
Canal Intake. • Shore
• Pier
RIVER INTAKE
Constructed well upstream from points of discharge of sewage and industrial
wastes
Preferable locations will have deep water, stable bottom and bank side and
good water quality.
Locations will have protection against floods, debris and river traffic.
For fluctuating river beds, intake pumps are mounted on carriages to move.
Masonry tower: 4 to 7 m dia
Tower Intake
Movable Intake
LAKE INTAKE
Submersible intakes are generally used.
Constructed in the bed of the lake below the low water level so as to withdraw
water in dry season
It essentially consists of a pipe laid in the bed of the river.
Bell mouth:
covered with mesh
Advantages
• No obstruction to the navigation
• No danger from floating bodies
and no trouble due to ice.
Flows under gravity to the bank, where
• If one pipe is not sufficient two or water is collected in a sump-well and
more pipes may be laid to get the pumped to the WTP.
required quantity of water.
LAKE INTAKE
Small scale water supply project
Stable water level.
Easy to construct and cheap.
Submergible Intake for lake or stream.
RESERVOIR INTAKE
Mostly used to draw the water from earthen dam reservoir.
It essentially consists of an intake tower constructed on the slope of the dam at
such place from where intake can draw sufficient quantity of water even in the
driest period.
Intake pipes are fixed at different level, to withdraw water under the variations of
water level.
Reservoir Intake: Tower Type
Reservoir Intake Constructed in the dam itself.
CANAL INTAKE
In canals, water level remains more or less constant, there is no necessity of
providing porters at various levels.
Canal intake is a very simple structure constructed on the bank.
It essentially consists of a pipe placed in a brick masonry chamber constructed
partly in the canal bank. On one side of the chamber, opening is provided with
coarse screen for the entrance of water.
FLOATING INTAKES
Relatively inexpensive method of constructing
an intake in an existing lake or reservoir.
Suitable for in water sources that have
unstable geological conditions and where
relatively little difference in water surface
elevation over time occurs.
Consists of a barge-type structure that float on
water surface and supports pumps, screens,
valves, electric switches, gears and other
equipment.
Anchored by mooring piers.
The structure is connected to the shore by a
bridge that supports the raw water discharge
pipe and electrical cables and provides access
to the structure.
SUBMERGED INTAKE
Used to withdraw water from streams or
lakes with relatively stable water level.
In lakes with heavy silting, the intake
opening is raised by 1 to 2 meters
above the bottom.
Simple, easy and relatively inexpensive
to construction.
Can withdraw water from a fixed
elevation near the bottom (poor water
quality).
TOWER INTAKES
Tower intake structures are generally used for large projects on rivers or
reservoirs with large water level fluctuation.
Gate control openings (ports) are generally placed at several levels to permit
selection of best quality of water.
Two Types: Wet intake and dry intake.
A wet intake is one in which water level is
practically the same as water level of the
source of water (also called Jack Well)
In dry intake, there is no water in the
intake tower. Water enters through the
ports to the conveyance pipes.
SHORE INTAKES
Used on rivers and lakes with a near-constant water
level or lakes and reservoirs with deep shorelines.
Concrete structures open on the water side.
The structure may be constructed to be an integral
with a pump station.
Pier Intake
Used when water depth at the shoreline is too
shallow.
Consists of a structural steel or concrete
platform resting on steel piles or concrete
piers.
This platform supports the pumps, piping
valves, electrical switchgear and other
equipment.
A bridge connects the platform to the shore,
providing access and a support for the raw
water pipeline.
INTAKE SITE SELECTION
Proximity to WTP: Site should be near
the treatment plant to reduce conveyance
cost.
Water Quality: Located at a place from
where it can withdraw best quality water
even during the driest period of the year.
Easily accessible during floods and
should not get flooded, protected against
floods,must
Intake debris and
not rivernear
locate traffic.
the navigation channels so as to reduce chances of
pollution due to waste discharge from ships.
In meandering rivers, the intakes should not be located on curves or at least on
sharp curves.
Constructed upstream from points of discharge of sewage and industrial waste.
Preferable locations will have deep water, a stable bottom and favorable water
quality.
Reservoir intakes lie close to the bank in the deepest part of the reservoir, often
incorporated in to the impounding structure itself.
The site should be such that intake work can draw more quantity of water if
required in the future (sufficient scope for future).
INTAKE SITE SELECTION
Water Depth: Can withdraw water from full range of water level (drought level
to extreme flood level)
Stream or current velocity: current velocity > 0.6 m/sec can cause eddy
currents that will affect the hydraulic performance of the intake.
Foundation stability:
Power availability:
Environmental Impact: Recreational uses of water body. A clear zone of
61m (200 ft) or more is required around intake site to protect boaters from
hazards of the intake and to protect water quality near the intake. Impacts on
wildlife habitats, endangered species and other.
Hazard to Navigation:
DESIGN OF INTAKE
General requirement of an Intake Structure:
Structural stability
Stable to resist external forces caused by heavy wind and current pressure, shock of
earthquakes, impact of floating and submerged bodies and ice pressures, etc. (sufficient
safety factor).
Sufficient self-weight, so not float by the up-thrust of water and current. To prevent floating
of intake structure massive masonry work should be done and broken stones should be
tilled in the bottom.
Foundations of intakes should be sufficiently deep to prevent overturn of the structure by
currents.
Screen should be provided on inlets sides to avoid entrance of large and medium objects
and fishes.
Hydraulic Stability
Smooth entry of water into the conveyance system to ensure gradual transformation of
static head to velocity head.
Velocity Limitation
Velocity through trash gates and ports will be within the safe limits.
Operational Efficiency
Intake and equipment are such as to prevent or minimize ice, floating trash and coarse
sediment entering the water conductor system to ensure good operational efficiency.
INTAKE VELOCITY AND DEPTH
Entrance should be lie 10 to 15 ft below the water surface, but 4 to 6 ft above
the floor of river, lake or reservoir.
Entrance velocity will be 3 to 4 inch/sec.
Gratings or screens of 2 to 8 mesh to an inch are provided at the entrance.
Intakes are connected by pipe lines or tunnels
Intake pipes are designed to operate at self cleaning velocity of 3-4 ft/sec at
gravitational flow or suction flow.
Determine the total length of suction and delivery mains, head losses due to
friction and bends, enlargement and reduction and others.
Determine the capacity of pumping unit based on total lift from source to the
WTP.
Install intake valves or port holes at 2 or 3 different levels to get the best quality
of water.
Determine the cost-benefit ratio, provision for future expansion and installation
of standby pumps.
TRASH RACKS
Place upstream of intake structures
to prevent entry of floating objects,
debris and ice, etc.
• Trash racks usually consists of
trash sections 1.5 to 2 m wide
and not too long for handling.
• Made of mild steel flats of edge
5 to 8 cm (spacing).
• Velocity through the coarse
screen should be less than 8.0
cm/sec
• Fine screen: wire mesh with 0.5
cm square opening, design
velocity through the effective
area = 0.4 to 0.8 m/sec
• Micro strainer: removal of
plankton and algae.