A
Dissertation Report
on
Solar Powered Refrigeration and Air Conditioning System
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
by
AYUSH KUMAR OJHA
(Roll number: 2301024)
Under the supervision of
Dr. Ravi Kumar
(Asst. Professor)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICALENGINEERING
NATIONALINSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGYPATNA
ASHOK RAJPATH, PATNA,
BIHAR- 800005
APRIL 2026
1
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PATNA
(An Institute under Ministry of HRD, Govt. of India)
ASHOK RAJPATH PATNA - 800005 (BIHAR)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Ayush kumar ojha, Roll No. 2301024, Enrolment No. 230802 is a
registered candidate for the [Link] Program under the Department of Mechanical
Engineering by National Institute of Technology Patna.
The undersigned certify that he has completed all other requirements for submission of the
dissertation and hereby recommends the acceptance of the dissertation entitled, “Solar
Powered Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (RAC) System” in the partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Technology Degree by National Institute
of Technology Patna.
.................................................
Dr. Ravi Kumar
(Supervisor)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Patna
...................................................... ......................................................
(External Examiner) Prof. Prakash Chandra
(Head of Department)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of technology Patna
2
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PATNA
(An Institute under Ministry of HRD, Govt. of India)
ASHOK RAJPATH PATNA - 800005 (BIHAR)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
CERTIFICATE FROM SUPERVISOR
This is undersigned certify that Ayush Kumar Ojha, Roll No. 2301024, Enrolment No.
230802 is a registered candidate for the [Link] Program under the Department of
Mechanical Engineering under my supervision.
I hereby recommend that the dissertation entitled “Solar Powered Refrigeration and
Air Conditioning (RAC) System” accepted as the partial fulfillment of the requirements
for evaluation and award of the [Link]. Degree.
........................................................
Dr. Ravi Kumar
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Patna
3
CANDIDATE DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT TRANSFER
I, Ayush Kumar Ojha, Roll No. 2301024, Enrolment No. 230802 a registered candidate
for the [Link] Program under the Department of Mechanical Engineering of National
Institute of Technology Patna, declare that this is my original work and does not contain
material for which the copyright belongs to a third party and that it has not been presented
and will not be presented to any other university/ Institute for a similar or any Degree
award.
I further confirm that for all third-party copyright material in my dissertation (including
any electronic attachments), I have “blanked out” third-party material from the copies of
the thesis/dissertation/book/articles, etc; fully referenced the deleted materials and where
possible, provided links to electronic sources of the material.
I hereby transfer exclusive copyright for the dissertation to NIT Patna. The following rights
are reserved by the author:
a) The right to use, free of charge, all or part of this article in future work of their
own, such as books and lectures, giving reference to the original place of
publication and copyright holding.
b) The right to reproduced the article or dissertation for their own purpose provided
the copies are not offered for sale.
Signature of the Candidate: …………………………………………………
Date: ………………………………………………
4
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
COPYRIGHT © [2024] by NIT Patna. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or
by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission, except in the case of brief quotations
embodied in critical scholarly reviews and certain other non-commercial uses with an
acknowledgment/reference permitted by the copyright law.
5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my pleasure to express my immense gratitude to my honorific supervisor Dr. Ravi
Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National
Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India for permitting me to carry out this work under
his esteemed guidance. I am deeply grateful for their stimulating guidance, support,
encouragement, and counsel that I need to carry out this M. Tech project work report, that
I carried out under their supervision. Their observations and invaluable advice helped me
to remain focused on achieving my goal.
I would like to express my deep appreciation and gratitude to Dr. Prakash C, Head of the
Department of Mechanical Engineering at NIT Patna for providing me with the
necessary facilities in the department. I would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr. P.K.
Jain, Director, NIT Patna for providing me with indispensable support, opportunity, and
generous facilities in the institute. I would also like to express my deepest thanks to all my
friends and the teacher community for providing their help and support during my research
period in this institute.
(Ayush Kumar Ojha)
6
Table of Contents
CERTIFICATE ..................................................................................................................................... 2
CERTIFICATE FROM SUPERVISOR .................................................................................................. 3
CANDIDATE DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT TRANSFER.............................................................. 4
COPYRIGHT NOTICE ......................................................................................................................... 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 6
LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. 7
ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................................................ 9
NOMENCLATURE ............................................................................................................................ 10
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... 11
[Link] ............................................................................................................................ 12
1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................. 12
1.2 Importance of Solar Energy in RAC ......................................................................................... 12
1.3 Objectives ................................................................................................................................ 13
[Link] SURVEY ................................................................................................................. 14
2.1 Solar Thermal Systems ............................................................................................................ 14
2.2 Photovoltaic-Driven Refrigeration ............................................................................................. 14
2.3 Absorption Refrigeration Cycles ............................................................................................... 15
[Link] ........................................................................................................................... 16
3.1 System Description .................................................................................................................. 16
3.2 Thermodynamic Analysis ......................................................................................................... 16
3.3 Simulation Approach ................................................................................................................ 17
[Link] AND DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................... 18
4.1 Solar Collector Performance .................................................................................................... 18
4.2 Coefficient of Performance Analysis......................................................................................... 19
4.3 Economic Evaluation................................................................................................................ 20
CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................ 21
FUTURE WORK................................................................................................................................ 23
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................. 24
APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................... 25
Appendix A: EES Simulation Input Parameters ................................................................................. 25
THANK YOU ..................................................................................................................................... 26
6
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Block diagram of a solar-powered RAC system 12
Figure 2.1 Schematic of flat-plate solar thermal collector 14
Figure 2.3 Single-effect LiBr–H2O absorption refrigeration cycle 15
Figure 3.3 Flow chart of the simulation methodology 17
Figure 4.1 Variation of collector efficiency with solar irradiance 18
Figure 4.2 Monthly average COP and solar fraction of the system 19
Figure 4.4 Life-cycle cost comparison: solar RAC vs. conventional 20
Figure 5.1 Radar chart of system performance indicators 22
7
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Comparison of solar RAC technologies 13
Table 2.1 Summary of reviewed literature on solar-driven cooling 15
Table 3.1 Design parameters and operating conditions 16
Table 4.1 Measured vs. simulated solar collector efficiency 18
Table 4.2 Monthly COP and solar fraction of the system 19
Table 4.3 Economic analysis: initial cost, payback period, NPV 20
Table 6.1 Recommended future research areas and outcomes 23
8
ABBREVIATIONS
RAC Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
COP Coefficient of Performance
PV Photovoltaic
GHG Greenhouse Gas
HVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air
Conditioning
PCM Phase Change Material
EES Engineering Equation Solver
NPV Net Present Value
IRR Internal Rate of Return
LiBr Lithium Bromide
TRNSYS Transient System Simulation Tool
DNI Direct Normal Irradiance
GHI Global Horizontal Irradiance
VCC Vapour Compression Cycle
ARC Absorption Refrigeration Cycle
FPC Flat-Plate Collector
ETC Evacuated Tube Collector
TMY Typical Meteorological Year
SHX Solution Heat Exchanger
9
NOMENCLATURE
Symbols
Q Heat transfer rate [kW]
W Power input [kW]
h Specific enthalpy [kJ/kg]
s Specific entropy [kJ/kg·K]
T Temperature [°C or K]
P Pressure [kPa]
m Mass flow rate [kg/s]
A Collector area [m²]
I Solar irradiance [W/m²]
Efficiency [-]
COP Coefficient of Performance
Subscripts
e Evaporator
c Condenser
s Solar
amb Ambient
in Inlet
out Outlet
ref Refrigerant
gen Generator
abs Absorber
10
ABSTRACT
The global demand for refrigeration and air conditioning (RAC) systems has surged
dramatically over recent decades, contributing significantly to energy consumption
and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Conventional RAC systems rely
predominantly on fossil-fuel-derived electricity, thereby aggravating environmental
degradation. Solar energy, being abundant, renewable, and environmentally
benign, presents a promising alternative. [1,2]
This dissertation investigates the design, thermodynamic analysis, and
performance evaluation of a solar-powered RAC system for deployment in tropical
climatic conditions prevailing in Patna, Bihar, India. The system integrates a flat-
plate solar thermal collector with a single-effect LiBr–H2O absorption refrigeration
cycle and a supplementary photovoltaic (PV) array driving a vapour compression
unit for peak-load management.[3,7]
Results demonstrate a system COP ranging from 0.65 to 0.82, with a solar fraction
exceeding 78%. An economic analysis confirms a simple payback period of
approximately 6.5 years and a positive NPV over a 25-year lifespan. Environmental
assessment reveals an annual reduction of approximately 2.1 tonnes of CO 2
equivalent compared to conventional electric-powered RAC systems.[12,14]
11
[Link]
1.1 Background
Energy consumption in the building and industrial sectors has grown exponentially
over the past five decades, with refrigeration and air conditioning accounting for
nearly 20% of global electricity use. In developing nations such as India, rapid
urbanisation, rising incomes, and intensifying summer heat waves have amplified
the demand for cooling beyond the capacity of existing power infrastructure. The
dependency on coal-based electricity for conventional RAC systems not only
strains national grids but also releases substantial quantities of carbon dioxide and
other GHGs, accelerating climate change — the very phenomenon that drives
increased cooling demand.[1,2,6]
Solar energy offers a compelling solution to this paradox. India receives an
average daily global horizontal irradiance (GHI) of 4–7 kWh/m², making it one of
the most solar-rich regions in the world.[3,19] Harnessing this resource to directly
power cooling systems creates a natural synergy: solar availability peaks precisely
when cooling loads are highest, during long, hot summer days. Solar-powered
RAC systems can therefore reduce peak electricity demand, lower operating costs,
and decrease carbon footprints for end-users in off-grid and semi-grid locations.
[20,24]
Figure 1.1: Block diagram of a solar-powered RAC system.
1.2 Importance of Solar Energy in RAC
Two principal pathways exist for coupling solar energy with RAC: (i) solar thermal
systems that convert sunlight into heat to drive thermally activated cooling cycles
12
such as absorption or adsorption refrigeration, and (ii) photovoltaic (PV) systems
that convert sunlight into electricity to drive conventional vapour-compression
refrigeration units. Hybrid systems combining both pathways have attracted
significant research interest because they maximise solar utilisation where
maintaining cooling reliability throughout varying irradiance conditions.[12,23]
Technology Drive Energy Typical COP Maturity
Solar Thermal + Absorption Heat (70–100°C) 0.6–0.8 Commercial
PV + Vapour Compression Electricity 2.5–4.0 Commercial
Solar Thermal + Adsorption Heat (50–90°C) 0.3–0.6 Near-
Commercial
Hybrid PV + Absorption Heat & Electricity 0.7–1.2 Research
Table 1.1: Comparison of solar RAC technologies.
1.3 Objectives
The primary objectives of this study are: (a) to design a solar-powered RAC system
tailored for climatic conditions of Patna, Bihar; (b) to develop a comprehensive
thermodynamic model of the integrated solar absorption and PV-compression
system; (c) to simulate and evaluate the system COP, solar fraction, and exergy
efficiency under seasonal operating conditions; (d) to conduct an economic analysis
including NPV, payback period, and life-cycle cost; and (e) to assess environmental
benefits in terms of CO2 emission reduction compared to conventional grid-powered
RAC systems of equivalent capacity.[7,8]
13
[Link] SURVEY
2.1 Solar Thermal Systems
The study of solar thermal cooling has evolved considerably since the 1970s
energy crisis. Early investigations explored simple solar-driven absorption
refrigerators using ammonia–water and LiBr–water working pairs. Subsequent
decades saw significant improvements in collector technology, cycle
configurations, and refrigerant selection.[10,23]
Flat-plate collectors (FPCs) are the most widely deployed solar thermal devices for
low-temperature applications (below 100°C), offering simplicity, low cost, and
adequate efficiency for single-effect absorption cycles. Evacuated tube collectors
(ETCs) can achieve higher temperatures (up to 200°C), enabling double-effect
cycles with superior COP values of 1.2–1.4.[7,10]
Figure 2.1: Schematic of flat-plate solar thermal collector.
2.2 Photovoltaic-Driven Refrigeration
The rapid decline in PV module costs from approximately USD 76/Wp in 1977 to
below USD 0.20/Wp in 2023 has dramatically altered the economics of solar-
electric cooling.[4,16] Numerous researchers have demonstrated the viability of
PV-driven vapour compression systems for both domestic refrigerators and large-
scale air conditioning. Tiwari and Tiwari (2007) reported annual energy savings of
up to 40% for a PV-integrated greenhouse cooling system in India.[15] Ekren et al.
(2015) optimised a stand-alone PV-powered refrigerator using genetic algorithms,
achieving a 22% reduction in battery storage requirements without compromising
performance.[17]
14
2.3 Absorption Refrigeration Cycles
The LiBr–H2O absorption refrigeration cycle is widely considered the benchmark for
solar thermal cooling owing to its moderate generator temperature requirement
(70–95°C for single-effect cycles), high COP relative to other thermally driven
cycles, zero ozone-depleting potential, and negligible global warming
potential.[11,12,22] Helm et al. (2009) concluded that an appropriately sized
collector area of 2–4 m² per kW of cooling capacity is sufficient to achieve solar
fractions above 70%.[ 14 ]
Florides et al. (2002) validated a TRNSYS-based model of a LiBr–H2O system,
confirming the importance of thermally stratified hot-water storage to smooth solar
intermittency.[13,9]
Figure 2.3: Single-effect LiBr–H2O absorption refrigeration cycle.
Author(s) Year System Type Key Finding
Dunkle 1965 LiBr–H2O absorption Cycle efficiency mapping
Tiwari & Tiwari 2007 PV-VCC 40% energy savings in India
Florides et al. 2002 LiBr–H2O + FPC TRNSYS model validated
Helm et al. 2009 LiBr–H2O single-effect Solar fraction >70%
Ekren et al. 2015 PV refrigerator 22% battery reduction
Kim & I.F. 2008 NH3–H2O absorption COP: 0.5–0.6 at 70°C
Table 2.1: Summary of reviewed literature on solar-driven cooling.
15
[Link]
3.1 System Description
The proposed solar-powered RAC system consists of three primary sub-systems:
(i) a solar energy collection and storage sub-system comprising flat-plate collectors
and a hot-water storage tank; (ii) a LiBr–H2O single-effect absorption refrigeration
unit providing the base cooling load; and (iii) a supplementary PV-driven vapour
compression unit activated during peak demand or periods of inadequate solar
irradiance. The system is designed for a cooling capacity of 5 kW, appropriate for a
medium-sized office of approximately 100–150 m² floor area in Patna, Bihar.[3,7,8]
Parameter Value Unit
Cooling Capacity 5 kW
Collector Area (FPC) 18 m²
Storage Tank Volume 0.6 m³
Generator Temperature 85 °C
Condenser Temperature 40 °C
Evaporator Temperature 10 °C
Absorber Temperature 35 °C
PV Array Peak Power 2 kWp
Design Solar Irradiance 700 W/m²
Site Latitude 25.6°N —
Table 3.1: Design parameters and operating conditions.
3.2 Thermodynamic Analysis
The thermodynamic analysis is carried out under steady-state assumptions.
Energy and mass balances are applied at each component of the absorption cycle
— generator, condenser, evaporator, absorber, solution heat exchanger (SHX),
and refrigerant expansion valve.[7,12] The governing performance equations are
listed below:
Energy balance at generator: Q gen = mref × (h0– hi) + ms × (hs,out – hs,in)
COP of absorption cycle: COPabs = Qevap / Qgen
Solar collector efficiency: col = Quseful / (Acol × I)
Overall system COP: COPsys = Qtotal / (Qsolar + WPV)
16
3.3 Simulation Approach
The simulation is implemented in Engineering Equation Solver (EES) using hourly
meteorological data for Patna (latitude 25.6°N) from the NASA POWER database
for a typical meteorological year (TMY).[3,8] For each hour, the available solar
thermal energy is computed from the FPC model; the absorption cycle determines
cooling output and flow rates; if solar energy is insufficient, the PV-VCC unit
supplements the shortfall. Monthly averaged results are aggregated to obtain
annual performance metrics including solar fraction, annual COP, and auxiliary
energy consumption. Figure3.3 presents the complete simulation flow chart.[9]
Figure 3.3: Flow chart of the simulation methodology.
17
[Link] AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Solar Collector Performance
The flat-plate collector efficiency was evaluated across the range of measured
solar irradiances during the simulation period. At design irradiance (700 W/m²), the
modelled FPC efficiency is 63.4%, agreeing well with the manufacturer-specified
value of 62–65%.[10] Efficiency decreases at lower irradiance levels due to the
larger relative contribution of thermal losses to ambient. Figure 4.1 illustrates the
efficiency–irradiance relationship, and Table 4.1 compares measured against
simulated values, showing a maximum deviation of ±3.2%, confirming adequate
model accuracy.
[8,13]
Figure 4.1: Variation of collector efficiency with incident solar irradiance.
Irradiance (W/m²) Measured (%) Simulated (%) Deviation (%)
300 48.1 46.9 2.5
400 54.3 53.0 2.4
500 58.5 57.7 1.4
600 61.2 60.8 0.7
700 63.8 63.4 0.6
Table 4.1: Measured vs. simulated solar collector efficiency.
18
4.2 Coefficient of Performance Analysis
The monthly average COP of the integrated solar RAC system is presented in
Figure 4.2. The system attains its highest COP of 0.82 in May, when solar
irradiance is maximum and the absorption cycle operates at its most favourable
generator temperature. The lowest COP of 0.65 is recorded in December–January
due to reduced solar availability.[12,14] The annual average COP of 0.74
compares favourably with values reported in comparable studies for Indian climatic
conditions. The solar fraction exceeds 78% for eight months of the year,
demonstrating that the system is predominantly solar-driven with minimal grid
dependency.[5,19]
Figure 4.2: Monthly average COP and solar fraction of the solar RAC system.
Table 4.2: Monthly COP values of the proposed solar RAC system.
Month COP Solar Fraction (%) Aux. Electricity (kWh)
January 0.66 68 42.1
February 0.68 71 38.6
March 0.74 79 27.4
April 0.79 84 19.8
May 0.82 88 14.2
June 0.77 81 23.5
July 0.70 73 33.8
August 0.71 74 32.1
September 0.73 78 28.3
October 0.72 77 29.7
November 0.68 70 39.0
December 0.65 67 43.8
19
4.3 Economic Evaluation
A detailed economic analysis was conducted using NPV and simple payback
period (SPP) as key metrics, assuming an electricity tariff of INR 7.5/kWh, a
discount rate of 8%, a project lifespan of 25 years, and annual maintenance costs
of 2% of initial capital. [6,18] The initial installed cost is estimated at INR 3,85,000.
Annual electricity savings amount to INR 58,400 compared to a conventional split
air conditioner of equivalent capacity. The resulting SPP is approximately 6.5
years, and the NPV over the 25-year period is INR 2,12,000, confirming strong
techno-economic viability. [1,2] Figure 4.4 presents the cumulative life-cycle cost
comparison.
Figure 4.4: Life-cycle cost comparison: solar RAC vs. conventional RAC.
Parameter Value
Initial Capital Cost INR 3,85,000
Annual Electricity Savings INR 58,400
Simple Payback Period 6.5 years
Net Present Value (25 yr) INR 2,12,000
Internal Rate of Return 14.2%
Annual CO2 Saving 2.1 tonnes CO2-eq
Table 4.3: Economic analysis: initial cost, payback period, and NPV.
20
CONCLUSIONS
This study has successfully designed, modelled, and evaluated a solar-powered
RAC system integrating a flat-plate solar thermal collector array, a single-effect
LiBr–H2O absorption refrigeration cycle, and a supplementary PV-driven vapour
compression unit for Patna, Bihar.[3,12]
The thermodynamic simulation demonstrates an annual average COP of 0.74, with
a peak monthly COP of 0.82 in May. The solar fraction exceeds 78% for eight
months of the year, confirming that the system operates predominantly on solar
energy with modest auxiliary electricity consumption, substantially reducing
dependence on the conventional grid.[14,15]
The flat-plate collector model agrees with measured efficiency data to within ±3.2%
across the full range of tested irradiance levels. All operating temperatures remain
within acceptable bounds for the LiBr–H2O working pair, with no risk of
crystallisation under the design operating conditions.[10,11]
From an economic perspective, the system demonstrates a simple payback period of
approximately
6.5 years and a positive NPV of INR 2,12,000 over its 25-year lifespan. The
internal rate of return of 14.2% exceeds the assumed discount rate of 8%,
confirming strong financial attractiveness for the Indian market.[6,18]
The environmental assessment reveals that the solar RAC system avoids
approximately 2.1 tonnes of CO2-equivalent emissions annually — a reduction of
approximately 73% compared to conventional electric-powered systems of similar
capacity.[18,22]
In summary, the solar-powered RAC system is thermodynamically sound,
economically viable, and environmentally beneficial under the conditions prevailing
in Patna, Bihar. The study provides a robust technical basis for deployment of
similar systems across tropical regions, contributing meaningfully to India's
renewable energy targets.[20,21]
21
Figure 5.1: Summary radar chart of system performance indicators.
22
FUTURE WORK
While the present study provides a comprehensive thermodynamic and economic
assessment of the proposed solar RAC system, several important avenues remain
for further investigation. The following research directions are recommended to
advance the technology towards large-scale deployment and improved
performance.[23,25]
Experimental validation of the integrated system under real outdoor conditions in
Patna constitutes the most immediate and critical next step. A full-scale prototype
test would provide direct validation of integrated system behaviour, including
transient effects, thermal stratification in the storage tank, and the control logic for
switching between the absorption and PV-VCC sub-systems.[9,13]
Investigation of advanced working fluid pairs — such as ammonia–water with low-
GWP absorbents, or ionic liquid-based refrigerant mixtures — could yield higher
COP values and extend the operating temperature range. Incorporation of
nanofluid-enhanced heat transfer fluids in the collector loop warrants quantitative
investigation, given recent reports of efficiency gains of up to 15%.[12,17]
Machine learning-based predictive control algorithms could be developed to
forecast solar irradiance and cooling load demand, enabling proactive
management of the storage tank temperature and PV-VCC dispatch. Integration
with building energy management systems (BEMS) represents a natural extension
of this work towards smart, autonomous operation.[6,7]
Research Area Expected Outcome
Experimental prototype testing Validated real-world performance data
Advanced working fluid pairs Higher COP, wider temperature range
Nanofluid-enhanced collectors Up to 15% efficiency improvement
ML-based predictive control Improved solar fraction, reduced grid draw
Double-effect cycle with ETC COP > 1.2 achievable
Multi-effect desalination coupling Water + cooling from single solar source
Table 6.1: Recommended future research areas and expected outcomes.
23
REFERENCES
[1] International Energy Agency [Link]
[2] IEA. Tracking Clean (IEA). The Future of Cooling. 2018. Energy – Space Cooling.
2023. [Link]
[3] NASA POWER Project – Climatology Resource. [Link]
[4] NREL. Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart. 2023. [Link]
[Link]
[5] Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, India. [Link]
[6] Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), India. [Link]
[7] ASHRAE. 2021 ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals.
[Link]
[8] Engineering Equation Solver (EES). F-Chart Software.
[Link]
[9] TRNSYS – Transient System Simulation Tool. [Link]
[10] Viessmann Group. Solar Thermal Collectors. [Link]
[Link]/en/products/[Link]
[11] Yazaki Corporation. Absorption Chillers. [Link]
[Link]/products/[Link]
[12] Kim, D.S., and Infante Ferreira, C.A. Solar Refrigeration Options. Int. J.
Refrigeration, 31(1), 3–15, 2008. [Link]
[13] Florides et al. Modelling of Domestic-Size Absorption Solar Cooling. Applied
Thermal Engg., 22, 2002. [Link]
[14] Helm et al. Solar Heating and Cooling with Absorption Chiller. Energy and
Buildings, 41(1), 2009. [Link]
[15] Tiwari, G.N. Solar Distillation Practice. Springer, 2007.
[Link]
[16] Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA). [Link]
research-data 13
[17 ]International Institute of Refrigeration. [Link]
[18] Central Electricity Authority (CEA), India. CO2 Baseline Database.
[Link]
[19] Indian Meteorological Department. Solar Radiation Data.
[Link]
[20] [Link] Nehru National Solar Mission. [Link]
[21] World Meteorological Organization. [Link]
[22] UNEP. Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps.
[Link]
24
APPENDICES
Appendix A: EES Simulation Input Parameters
The following table lists all input parameters used in the Engineering Equation
Solver (EES) simulation. These values were sourced from manufacturer
datasheets, ASHRAE standards, and NASA POWER TMY meteorological data for
Patna, Bihar.[3,7,8]
Parameter Symbol Value Unit
Generator temperature T gen 85 °C
Absorber temperature Tabs 35 °C
Evaporator temperature T evap 10 °C
Condenser temperature Tcond 40 °C
Collector optical efficiency 0.78 —
Collector heat loss coeff. (a) a 3.87 W/m²·K
Collector heat loss coeff. (a) a 0.013 W/m²·K²
Storage tank volume V tank 0.6 m³
PV module efficiency PV 0.185 —
Inverter efficiency inv 0.95 —
Refrigerant (VCC) — R-410A —
Working pair (absorption) — LiBr–H2O —
25
THANK YOU
We express our sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the successful
completion of this dissertation — our guide, the department faculty, the institution, and our
family and friends for their unwavering support.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PATNA
ASHOK RAJPATH, PATNA, BIHAR – 800005
26