What is Republic Act 1425 or Rizal Law?

- House Bill No. 5561 - Senate Bill No. 438.

- It is commonly known as the Rizal Act, established on 12th of June 1956 by Senator Claro M. Recto.
- It requires the curricula of private and public schools, colleges and universities courses to include, works and writings of
Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
- It was made effective on August 16, 1956.

As stated in the preamble of RA 1425/Rizal Law;

"Whereas, today more than other period f or history, there is a need for a re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and
nationalism for which our heroes lived and died."

"Whereas, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and subject to regulation by the State, and all
schools are enjoined to develop moral character, personal discipline, civic conscience, and to teach the duties of
citizenship."
- The law requires all schools, colleges, universities, private or public to include in their curricula courses on the life and
works of Rizal. It also states that all schools are required to have an adequate number of copies of the copies of the
original and unexpurgated editions of El Filibusterismo and Noli Me Tangere, as well as other works and biographies of
Rizal.
- The purpose of Batas Rizal is to rekindle the flame of nationalism in the hearts of the Filipino, particularly the youth.
We are forgetting what our patriots have done and given to fight for our freedom.

Factors in Determining of a Person

 Just
 Patient
 Courageous
 Bearer of Wisdom
 Respectful
 Nationalist

Criteria in Choosing the Philippine National Hero

 Filipino citizen
 Patriot/nationalist
 Has already been dead
 Patient

Personalities Nominated to be our National Hero

 Marcelo H. del Pilar
 Emilio Jacinto
 Graciano Lopez-Jaena
 Antonio Luna

Issues about the Proclamation of [Link] Rizal as National Hero

1. He was the illegitimate son of Adolf Hitler
2. He should not be proclaimed as the national hero because of his cowardice to fight the colonizers through revolution.
3. He was regarded as an ―American-made hero.
* The First Philippine Commission was formed by the United States President headed by the American Governor-
General William Howard c. Taft.
* Declaration of Dr. Jose Rizal as our national hero was only their strategy to hinder our nationalistic feelings.

Philippines: Spanish Period

 Emergence of political unrest in Spanish Politics
1. It started during the reign of King Ferdinand VII
2. Spanish political instability resulted in frequent shifts of colonial policies and unfixed terms of
government officials in the Philippines.
 Representation in the Spanish Cortes
 Deprivation of Human Rights to the Filipino
 Corrupt Spanish Official
 Inequality
 Racial Discrimination Land Ownership, and Feudalism

Dr. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda

  Doctor-complete his medical course in Spain and was conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the
Universidad Central de Madrid.
 Jose-chosen by his mother,t who was a devotee of the Christian St. Joseph.
 Protacio-from Gervacio P which come from a Christian calendar, in consideration of the day of his birth.
 Rizal-from the word ―Ricial in Spanish means a field where a wheat, cut while still green, sprouts again.
 Mercado-adopted by Domingo Lamco which Spanish term means market.
 Alonzo-old name surname of his mother.
 Realonda-it was used by Doña Teodora from the surname of her godmother based on the culture by that time.

-He was born near midnight of Wednesday of June 19, 1861 to the Rizal family of Calamba, Laguna.
- He was baptized by Rev. Rufino Collantes in the Catholic church of Calamba on June 22, 1861, three days after
birth.
His Godfather named Father Pedro Casanas, a close friend of Rizal family.
- Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery was the governor general of the Philippines when Rizal was born.

Rizal's Father

Don Francisco Mercado (1818-1898)

 Born in Biñan, Laguna on May 11, 1818. - Studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila.
 Became a tenant-farmer of the Dominican- owned hacienda.
 A hardly and independent-minded man, who talked less and worked more, and was strong in body and valiant in
spirit.
 Died in Manila on January 5, 1898 at age of 80.
 Rizal affectionately called him ―a model father

Rizal's Mother

Doña Teodora Alonzo Realonda (1826-1911)

 Born in Manila on November 8, 1826.
 Educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a well known college for girls in the city.
 A remarkable woman, possessing refined culture, literary talent, business ability, and the fortitude of Spartan.
 Died in Manila on August 16, 1911 at age of 85.

Information about his parents

 Rizal always called her sisters Doña or Señora (married) and Señorita (single).
 Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso Realonda married on June 28, 1848, after which they settled down in
Calamba.
 The real surname of the Rizal was Mercado, which was adopted in 1713 by Domingo Lamco (paternal great-
great grandfather of Jose Rizal), who was a full-blooded Chinese.
 Rizal's family acquired a second surname - Rizal -which was given by a Spanish Alcalde Mayor (provincial
governor) of Laguna, who was a family friend.

The Siblings of Jose Rizal

Saturnina (1850-1913)
 Oldest of the Rizal children
 Nicknamed Neneng
 Married to Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas.

Paciano
 Older brother and confident of Jose Rizal.
 He was the second father to Rizal.
 Immortalized him in Rizal's first novel Noli Me Tangere as the wise Pilosopong Tasio.
 Rizal regarded him as the ―most noble of Filipinos.
 He became a combat general in the Philippine Revolution.
 Died on April 13, 1930, an old bachelor at age of 79, he had two children by his mistress (Severina Decena) -a
boy and a girl.

Narcisa (1852-1939)
 Petname Sisa
 She was married to Antonio Lopez (nephew of Father Leoncio Lopez), a school teacher of Morong.

Olympia (1855-1887)
 Petname Ypia
  She was married to Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph operator in Manila

Lucia (1857-1979)
 she was married to Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, who was a nephew of Father Casanas.

Maria (1859-1945)
 Biang was her petname
 She was married to Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna.

Concepcion (1862-1865)
 Concha was her pet-name
 She died at age of three because of sickness.
 Her death was Rizal's first sorrow in life.

Josefa (1865-1945)
 Panggoy was her pet-name
 An old maid, died at age of 80.

Trinidad (1868-1951)
 Trining was her pet-name
 An old maid, died at age of 83.

Soledad (1870-1929)
 Choleng was her pet-name
 She was married to Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba.

Rizal's Home (Physical)

 It is one of the distinguished stone houses in Calamba during the Spanish times.
 It was a two-storey building, rectangular in shape, built of adobe stones and hard- woods and roofed with red
tiles.
 During the day, it hummed with the noises of children at play and the songs of the birds in the garden; by night,
it echoed with the dulcet notes of family prayers.
 The Rizal family belonged to the principalia, town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines.
 The Rizal family had a simple, contented and happy life

Childhood Years in Calamba, Laguna

 Calamba was a hacienda town that belonged to the Dominican Order, which also owned all the lands around.
 Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo(In Memory of My Town) -a poem about Rizal's beloved town written by Rizal in 1876
when he was 15 years old and was a student in the Ateneo de Manila.
 The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy, was his happy days in the family garden when he was three.
 Another childhood memory was the daily Angelus prayer. By nightfall, Rizal related, his mother gathered all the
children at the house to pray the Angelus.
 Another memory of Rizal during infancy was the nocturnal walk in the town, especially when there was a moon.
 The death of Concha was his first sorrow.
 At age of three he began to take part in the family prayers.
 At 5, he was able to read haltingly the Spanish family bible, and make sketches with this pencil and to mould in
clay and wax on objects which attracted his fancy.
 The Story of the Moth"-made the profoundest impression of Rizal. 
 "Sa Aking Mga Kababata"- the first poem written in the native language at age of 8, he also wrote his first
dramatic work (Tagalog comedy)

Early Education in Calamba and Biñan

 The first teacher of Rizal was his mother, who was remarkable woman of good character and fine culture.
 Maestro Celestino -first private tutor.
 Maestro Lucas Padua -science tutor.
 Leon Monroy -a former classmate of his father, that instructed in Spanish and Latin. He died five months later.
 June 1869 - Rizal left Calamba to study in Biñan, accompanied by Paciano.
 Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz -Rizal's first teacher in Biñan.
 Pedro -his classmate that challenged him to fight.
 Andres Lakindanan -challenged Rizal to an wrestling match.
 Juancho -an old painter who was the father-in-law of the school teacher; freely gave Rizal lesson in drawing and
painting.
 December 17, 1870 -he left Biñan after one year and a half of schooling.
  Arturo Campos -a French friend of Rizal's father who took care of him on board.

Martyrdom of GomBurZA
 January 20, 1872 -about 200 Filipino soldiers and workmen of the Cavite arsenal under the leadership of Sgt.
Lamadrid (he was Filipino, but rose in mutiny because of the abolition of their usual privileges).
 Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora -were executed at sunrise of February 17, 1872, by the order of
Governor-General Izquierdo.
 The martyrdom of the GomBurZa in 1872 truly inspired Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny and redeem his
oppressed people.
 Rizal dedicated his second novel El Filibusterismo to GomBurZa

Injustice to Rizal's Mother

 June 1872 -Doña Teodora was suddenly arrested on a malicious charge that she and her brother Jose Alberto,
tried to poison the latter's perfidious wife.
 Antonio Vivencio del Rosario -Calamba's gobernadorcillo, who helped to arrest Doña Teodora.
 After arresting Doña Teodora, the sadistic Spanish lieutenant forced her to walk from Calamba to Santa Cruz,
Laguna (50km.).
 Doña Teodora was incarcerated at the provincial prison, where she languished for two years.
 Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel Marzan -the most famous lawyers of Manila that defend Doña Teodora.

Scholastic Triumph at Ateneo de Manila

 Ateneo Municipal, a college under the supervision of the Spanish Jesuits.
 Escuela Pia (Charity School) -formerly the name of Ateneo, a school for poor boys in Manila which was
established by the city government 1817.
 June 10, 1872 -Rizal was accompanied by Paciano on his way to Manila.
 Father Magin Ferrano, who was the college registrar, refused to admit Rizal in Ateneo for two reasons:
a) he was late for registration
b) he was sickly and undersized for his age.
 Manuel Xerez Burgos-because of his intercession, nephew of Father Burgos, Rizal was reluctantly admitted to
Ateneo.
 He registered Rizal as his surname since Mercado was suspected by the Spanish authorities.
 Rizal was first board in a house outside in Caraballo Street. This was owned by a spinster named Titay who owed
the family the amount of 300 pesos.

Jesuits System of Education

 It trained the character of the students by rigid discipline and religious instructions.
 Students were divided into two groups:
 Roman Empire -consisting of internos (boarders); red banner.
 Carthaginian Empire -composed of the externos (non-boarders); blue banner.

Intelligence distribution:
Emperor -1st
Tribune -2nd
Decurion 3rd
Centurion -4th
Stand -5th

First Year in Ateneo (1872-1873)

 Father Jose Bech -Rizal's first professor in Ateneo who he described as ―tall thin man, with a body slightly bend
forward, a harried walk, an ascetic face, severe and inspired, smell deep-sunken eyes, a sharp nose that was
almost Greek, and thin lips forming an arc whose fell toward the chin‖.
 A Religious picture -a Rizal's first prize for being brightest pupil in the whole class.
 To improve his Spanish, he took private lessons in Santa Isabel College during noon recesses. He paid three
pesos for those extra Spanish lessons.
 At the end of the school year in March, 1873, he returned to Calamba for summer vacation.
 When the summer vacation ended, Rizal returned to Manila for his second year term in Ateneo. This time he
boarded inside Intramuros at No. 6 Magallanes Street. His landlady was an old widow name Doña Pepay.

Second Year in Ateneo (1873-1874)

 At the end of the school year, Rizal received excellent grades in all subjects and a gold medal.
  The Count of Monte Cristo -(Alexander Dumas) -the first favourite novel of Rizal which made a deep impression
on him.
 Universal History (Cesar Cantu) -Rizal persuaded his father to buy him this set of historical work that was a great
aid in his studies.
 Dr. Feodor Jagor -a German scientist- traveller who visited the Philippines 1859- 1860 who wrote Travels in the
Philippines. He was impressed in this book because; 1) Jagor's keen observation of the defects of Spanish
colonization, and, 2) his prophecy that someday Spain would lose the Philippines and that America would come
to succeed her as colonizer.

Third and Fourth Year in Ateneo (1874-1876)

 Rizal's grades remained excellent in all subjects but he won only one medal -Latin.
 At the end of the school year, Rizal's returned to Calamba for the vacation. He himself was not impressed by his
scholastic work.
 June 16, 1875 -Rizal became an interno of the Ateneo.
 Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez -a great educator and scholar, one of Rizal's professors who inspired him to
study harder and to write poetry. Rizal described this Jesuit professor as ―model of uprightness, earnestness,
and love for the advancement of his pupils‖.
 Rizal topped all his classmates in all subjects and on five medals at the end of the school term.

Last Year in Ateneo (1876-1877)

 Rizal's studies continued to fair well. As a matter-of-fact, he excelled in all subjects. The most brilliant Atenean of
his time, he was truly the pride of the Jesuits.
 March 23, 1877 -Commencement Day, Rizal who was 15 years old, received from his Alma Mater; the Degree of
Bachelor of Arts, with highest honour.
 Marian Congregation -a religious society wherein Rizal was an active member and later became the secretary.
 Rizal cultivated his literary talent under the guidance of Father Sanchez
 .Father Jose Villaclara -advised Rizal to stop communicating with the muse and pay more attention to more
practical studies.
 Rizal studies painting under the famous Spanish painter, Agusti Saez, and sculpture under Romualdo de Jesus; a
noted Filipino sculptor.
 Rizal carved an image of the Virgin Mary on a piece of batikuling with his pocket-knife.
 Father Lieonart -impressed by Rizal's sculptural talent, requested him to carve for him an image of Sacred Heart
of Jesus.

Life in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)

 After finishing the first year of a course in Philosophy and Letters (1877-1878). He transferred to the medical
course.
 April 1877 -he enrolled in the UST taking Philosophy and Letters because; 1) his father like it, 2) he was "still
uncertain as to what career to pursue".
 Father Pablo Ramon -Rector of Ateneo, who had been good to him his students days in that college, asking for
advice on the choice of a career but unfortunately he was in Mindanao. During Rizal's first school term in the
UST, Rizal also studied in Ateneo. He took the vocational course leading to the title of perito agrimensor (expect
surveyor).
 Rizal excelled in all subjects in the surveying course in Ateneo, obtaining gold medals in agriculture and
topography. He passed all the subject but the title was not issued to him because he was only 17 years old,
underage. The title was issued to him on November 25, 1881- the title was issued to Rizal for passing the final
examination in the surveying course.
 Liceo Artistico-Literario (Artistic-Literay Lyceum of Manila) -society of literary men and artists held a literary
contest in the year 1879. He also served as the President of the Spanish Literature in Ateneo.
 While at UST, he fell in love with three women. During his first year, he fell in love with a woman simply called
"Miss L", a woman with a fair, seductive and attractive eyes. The romance died
 a natural death because of two reasons: (1) the sweet memory of Segunda Katigbak was still fresh in his memory
a and, (2) Rizal's father did not like the family of Miss L.
 During his sophomore year, he courted Leonor Valenzuela, a tall girl with regal bearing. Rizal sent her love notes
in invisible ink. But just like Segunda he also stopped visiting her.
 During his junior year, Rizal had romance with Leonor Rivera, of Camiling, Tarlac. Leonor was a pretty girl and a
students of La Concordia Colllege. Both Rizal and Leonor were engaged, he used the sign name "Taimis" to cover
their relationship from their parents.
 Rizal studied in UST from 1878-1882. his grade in Medicine consists of 2 excellent, 3 very good, 8 good, and 2
fair (physics and general pathology). His grades in UST College of Medicine were not as impressive as what he
got at Ateneo Philosophy and Letters due to the hostility of the Dominican professors. Accordingly, laboratory
equipment's are just for display and racial discrimination against the Filipino students.
  A La Juventud(To the Filipino Youth) -at 18, submitted tis poem, it is inspiring poem of flawless form. This poem
won as a classic Filipino literature for two reasons: a) it was a great poem in Spanish written by the Filipino,
whose merit was recognized by Spanish literary authorities, 2) expressed for the first time the nationalistic
concept that the Filipino, and not the foreigners, were the "fair hope of the Fatherland". The Board of Judges,
composed of Spaniards was impressed by Rizal's poem and gave it gave it the first prize which consisted of a
silver pen, feather-shaped and decorated with a gold ribbon.
 A Filipinas -a sonnet written by Rizal for the album of the Society of Sculptors; in this sonnet, he urged all Filipino
artists to glorify the Philippines.
 Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma-poem honouring the Ateneo Patroness.
 Al M.R.P Pablo Ramon-poem dedication to Father Pablo Ramon (Atenean Rector), who had been so kind and
helpful to him.
 Vicenta Ybardolaza-a pretty girl colegiala who skillfully played a harp at the Regalado home, whom Rizal was
infatuated.
 Compañerismo(Comradeship) -Rizal founded a secret society of Filipino students in UST 1880.
 Galicano Apacible-Rizal's cousin from Batangas who is the secretary of the society.

Unhappy Days in UST

 Rizal found the atmosphere at the UST suffocating to his sensitive spirit. He was unhappy at this Dominican
institution of higher learning because 1) the Dominican professors were hostile to him 2) the Filipino students
were racially discriminated by the Spaniards 3) the method of instruction was obsolete and repressive.
 In Rizal novel, El Filibusterismo, he described how the Filipino students were humiliated and insulted by their
Dominican professors and how backward the method of instruction was, especially in the teaching of the natural
sciences. He related in Chapter XIII (The Class in Physics).

Rizal's Departure for Spain(1882)

 After finishing his 4th year of medical course in UST, Rizal decided to complete his studies in Spain.
 Aside form his studies in Spain, Rizal has his ―secret mission‖ a). To observe keenly the life and
culture ,languages and customs, industries and commerce, and the government laws of the European nations in
order to prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his oppressed people from Spanish tyranny.
 Before the secret departure of Rizal, he wrote a farewell letter to his parents and sweetheart Leonor Rivera
which was delivered to them -after he sailed away.
 May 3, 1882 -the Spanish Steamer (Salvadora), Rizal departed for Spain using Jose Mercado, on his travel
documents. His main reason in leaving the Philippines was to transfer at the Universidad Central De Madrid in
Spain to finish his medicine course.
 May 8, 1882 -they have two-day stopover in Singapore. He reached the island considered by him as "Talim Isand
with the Susong Dalaga". The following day, May 9, Rizal registered at Hotel de la Paz and spent two-day
sightseeing sorties of the city. He saw the Botanical Garden, the Famous Buddhist Temple and the founder of
Singapore, Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles.
 May 11, 1882 -he was board on the steamer Djemnah, a French steamer, much larger and cleaner than the
Salvadora. On board the vessel were British, French, Dutch, Spaniards, Malays, Siamese and Filipinos. French
was mostly spoken on the board.
 May 17,1882 -he arrived at the Point Galle, a seacoast town in southern Ceylon. The town is lovely, quiet and
sad at the sometime according to him.
 May 18, 1882 -he had a stopover at Colombo. It is more beautiful, smart, elegant than Singapore, Point Galle
and Manila.
 May 28, 1882 -the Djemnah continued its voyage and crossed the Indian Ocean until he reached the Cape of
Guardafin, Africa. Rizal called it as inhospitable land but famous. Then, he reached Aden, according to him it was
a city hotter than in Manila - for the first time he saw camels.
 June 2, 1882 -he proceeded to Suez Canal. It took 5 days to travel Suez. He disembarked for sightseeing and he
was fascinated to hear a the multiracial inhabitants speaking a babel of tongues - Arabic, Egyptians, Greek,
Italian and Spanish.
 June 11, 1882 -the steamer proceeded to Europe and reached Naple City, Italy. Rizal was fascinated by Mount of
Vesuvius, the Castle of St. Telno, and the historic sights of the city. The city was busy because of its business
activity, lively people and panoramic beauty.
 June 12, 1882 -the steamer docked at the French harbour of Marseilles. Rizal disembarked to visit the famous
Chateau d'ef where Dantes, the hero of The Count of Monte Cristo was jailed. He stayed at Maseilles for two
and a half days at Hotel Noailles for 3 days.
 June 15, 1882 -the steamer left Mersailles by on its last trip Spain. The steamer reached Pyrenees and stopped
for a day at Port Bou. In this place, Rizal saw the indifference accorded to tourists in comparison to the courtesy
accorded by the French immigration officers.
 June 16, 1883 - from Port Bou, Rizal continued his trip for the last lap by train for Spain and finally reaching his
destination - Barcelona, Spain. Rizal stayed in Hotel de España and in Sitges Street with Tomas Cabangis and
boarded a house in San Severo Street. He visited Ronda de la universidad of Barcelona -ugly, dirty little inns,
 inhospitable people -because he happened to stay upon his arrival in a stingy inn. Later, he changed his mind
and came to like the city -as a great city with an atmosphere of freedom and liberalism and the people were
openhearted, hospitable and courageous. He enjoyed promenading along Las Rambles, the famous Barcelona
Street.

Life in Barcelona, Spain (1882)

 Rizal was welcomed by the Filipinos by the in Barcelona, some of whom were his classmates in Ateneo. They
gave him a party at their favourite café -Plaza de Catalina. They exchanged toast and they Rizal of the attractions
and customs of the people in Barcelona. Rizal, in turn, gave news and gossips in the Philippines. While in
Barcelona, Rizal received two bad news; 1. the cholera outbreak that ravaged Manila and the provinces, and 2.
the chatty letter of Chengoy recounting the unhappiness of Leonor Rivera, who was getting thinner due to the
absence of a loved one.

Life in Madrid, Spain (1882-1885)

 On November 3, 1882 -upon the advice of Paciano to Rizal to finish the medical course in Madrid, Rizal left
Barcelona in the fall of 1882 and went to Madrid.
 He enrolled in the Universidad Central de Madrid, in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters. In Madrid, he
lodged at Visitacion Street, No. 3, 3rd floor (Room 4) in 1883. - On October 1884, he transferred to Pizarro
Street, No. 13 and later on at Ventura de la Vega Street.
 He also studied painting and sculpture in the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando, took tutoring lessons in
French, German and English and practiced fencing and sharpshooting in the Hall of Arms of Sanz y Carbonell.
 Rizal lived frugally, rigidly budgeting his money wisely. Although he used to buy ticket in every draw of the
Madrid Lottery, he never wasted his money for gambling, wine and women. Rizal spent his leisure time by
reading books, fencing, and shooting.
 He also visited his Filipino friends at the house of Paterno brothers. He also fraternized with other students at
the Antigua Café d Cervantes. Every Saturday evenings he visited the home of Don Pablo Ortega y Rey.
 During his stay in Barcelona and Madrid, hard times occurred in Calamba such as harvest of rice and sugarcane
failed due to drought and locust, increasing of land leased to the hacienda cultivated by the Rizal, and, Paciano
was forced to sell Rizal's pony to send him money.
 June 21, 1884 -Rizal was conferred the Licentiate in Medicine with a rating of "Fair" by the Universidad Central
de Madrid after completing 5th and 6th year term. Legal Medicine (excellent) Obstetrical Clinic (fair) Other
subjects (good and very good)
 1884-1885, he passed all the subjects leading to the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In his three subjects he got
―fair‖ in History of Medical Science, ―good‖ in Surgical Analysis and ―excellent‖ in Normal Histology.
However, he wasn't conferred with Doctor of Medicine because of the failure to present a thesis required for
graduation and pay for the corresponding fee.
 Obtaining the degree of Licentiate in Medicine, he became a full-fledged physician and qualified to practice
medicine. He was not interested in taking the post-degree of Degree of Medicine because such a degree is good
only for teaching purposes, and he knew that no friar-owned university in the Philippines would accept him for a
position because of his brown complexion.
 June 24, 1884 -Rizal was broke. With empty stomach, he attended his classes at the University, participated in
the contest in Greek language and won the gold medal.
 November 20, 1884 -student demonstrations started to explode at the Universidad Central de Madrid due to the
expulsion of Dr. Miguel Morayta (history). Dr. Morayta was also excommunicated by the Catholic church
because of his liberal idealism. All the professor fought for his side was forced to resign from the university.
 June 19, 1885 -on his 24th birthday, Rizal received his degree on Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters
(sobresaliente). He was also qualified to be a professor of humanities in any Spanish University.
 June 15, 1885 -Rizal was invited to speak in an banquet to celebrate the double victory of two artists; Juan Luna
(Spolarium) for winning the 1st prize, and Felix Hidalgo (Virgenes Christianas Expuestas el Populacio) for 2nd
prize, in the National Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid. He (BSA ENG II)saluted Luna and Hidalgo for their artistic
achievements.
 October 1885 -Rizal decided to went to Paris. Rizal had stopover in Barcelona on his way to Paris. He visited his
friend Maximo Viola, at lodge in Vergara No. 1, 3rd floor Room 2. he also befriended Eusebio Corominas, editor
of the newspaper La Publisidad.

Life in Paris, France(1885-1886)

 November 1885 -Rizal went to Paris and lived their there for 4 mos., where he worked as assistant to Dr. Louis
de Wecket (a leading French ophthalmologist). He rapidly improved his knowledge of ophthalmology. Outside of
his working hours, he relaxed by visiting his friends. He also went to Luna's studio. He helped Luna by posing as a
model in several artworks. Rizal posed as Egyptian priest in Luna's canvass ―The Death of Cleopatra‖ and
Sikatuna in ―The Blood Compact‖.
 After 4 months of staying in Paris, he left Paris for Heidelberg, Germany.
Life in Heidelberg, Germany (1886)
 He lived for a short time in with a German law students in a boarding house but later on, he transferred to a
boarding house near the University of Heidelberg. He became a member of the Chess Player's Club. He became
a popular friend to the German so that the German students joined him in beer drinking, saber duel, and chess
games.
 He worked at the University Eye Hospital under Dr. Otto Becker (ophthalmologist). He also attended the lectures
of Dr. Becker and Prof. Wilhelm Kuehne at the university. During weekends, he had sights seeing at the scenic
spots at Heidelberg (Heidelberg Castle, romantic Neckar River, and old church).
 He also spent a 3-month summer vacation at Wilhelmsfeld. Here he became a good friend of Dr. Karl Ullmer
(Protestant pastor). On June 25, 1886, he left Wilhelmsfeld, and returned to Heidelberg carrying with him the
memories of the Ullmer friendship and hospitality.
 July 3, 1886 -Rizal wrote his first letter in Germany to Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt (Austrian ethnologist)- he
became the best friend of Rizal.
 August 6, 1886 -5th centenary celebration of Heidelberg
 August 9, 1886 -Rizal left Heidelberg and boarded a train, visited other cities of Germany and arrived at Leipzig

Tour in Germany (1886)

 August 14, 1886 -he arrived at Leipzig. He attended some lectures at the University of Leipzig in history and
psychology. He met Prof. Friedrich Ratzel (historian) and Dr. Hans Meyer anthropologist.
 He translated Scheller's "William Tell" and Hans Christian Anderson "Fairy Tale" in Tagalog. He found Leipzig as
the cheapest in Europe and so he stayed for two and half months.
 October 29, 1886 -he arrived at Dresden, Germany and met Dr. Adolf B. Meyer, Director of the Anthropological
and Ethnological Museum. He stayed for two days in this city.

Life in Berlin, Germany (1886)

 November 1, 1886 -he left Dresden by train and reached Berlin in the evening. Rizal met for the first time Dr.
Feodor Jagor, a German scientist. He also met famous personalities Dr. Hans Virchow, Dr. Rudolf Virchow, Dr. W.
Joest, and Dr. Ernest Schweigger.
 He also worked in the clinic of Dr. Schweigger and upon the recommendation of Dr. Jagor and Dr. Meyer he
became a member of the Anthropological Society, Ethnological Society and Geographical Society.
 He was impressed with Berlin because of its scientific atmosphere and absence of racial race. He lived in Berlin
in a frugal life. At night he attended the lecture in the University of Berlin.
 He took private lessons under French professor Madame Lucie Cerdale. He observed keenly the customs,
dresses, homes and occupations of the peasants. He made sketches of the things he saw.
 During the winter, he lived in poverty because he was flat broke. Because was unable to pay his landlord and
because he didn't had a money arrived from Calamba, he pawned the diamond ring that was given to him by his
sister Saturnina. He had to eat only one meal a day, and a daily meal consisted of bread and water or cheap
vegetable soup. He washed his clothes because he could not afford to pay the laundry. Paciano was delayed in
raising the necessary funds, Rizal's health broke down. He began to cough and feared that he was going to be
sick with tuberculosis.
 After several months, Rizal received Paciano's remittance of P1000, which was forwarded by Juan Luna form
Paris. Rizal paid the sum of P300 for the loan granted to Rizal for the printing of Noli Me Tangere.
 He went to Berlin for the following reasons: [Link] increase his knowledge in ophthalmology [Link] broaden his
studies of sciences and languages [Link] observe political and economic conditions of Germany [Link] associate
with famous German scientist and scholars [Link] publish his novel.

Grand Tour in Europe

 May 11, 1887 -Rizal and Viola left Berlin for Dresden. They visited Dr. Adolf B. Meyer. While strolling at the scene
of the Floral Exposition, they met Dr. Jagor, and suggested them to meet Blumentritt.
 May 13, 1887 -Rizal and Viola reached Leitmeritz, Bohemia. They met Ferdinand Blumentritt. The two enjoyed
the warm hospitality of the Blumentritt family.
 They also met famous scientist Dr. Carlos Czepelah and another eminent naturalist Robert Klutschak.
 May 17, 1887 -they left Leitmeritz by train on their way to the city of Prague. They carried recommendation
letters of Prof. Blumentritt Dr. Wilhomm, a professor of Natural History in the University of Prague.
 May 19, 1887 -they reached the city of Brunn.
 May 20, 1887 -they arrived at the city of Vienna, Austria. They visited famous interesting scenic places like
churches, museums, art galleries, theatres, public parks, beautiful buildings, and religious images. They also met
Mr. Norfenfoe (European novelist) and Masner and Nordmenn (Austrian scholars).
 May 24, 1887 -they left Vienna, via river boat to see the beautiful sights of the Danube river. The river voyage
ended in Lintz, afterwards they travelled on land to Salzburg and from there Munich. In Munich, they had a short
time savouring the famous Munich beer (best beer in Germany).
  From Munich, they went to Nuremberg (oldest city in Germany), where they're impressed by the manufacturer
of dolls which was the biggest industry in the city. Afterwards, they went to Ulm particularly the city cathedral,
they enjoyed the view upon reaching the top, even though Viola felt dizzy and tired. All they visit Ulm, they
went to Stuttgart, Baden and Rheinfall.
 June 2-3, 1887 -they continued their trip on a boat and reached Basel, Bern, Laussenne, and they crossed to the
lake of Geneva.
 June 6, 1887- they reached Geneva, Switzerland. While in Geneva, Rizal received sad news from his friends in
Madrid about the conditions of Igorots, who were exhibited in the 1887 Madrid Exposition, some of the natives
died.
 June 19, 1887 -it was his 26th birthday, he treated Viola to a blowout with a sumptuous meal. He also wrote a
letter to Blumentritt regarding Industrial exhibition.
 June 23, 1887 -Rizal and Viola parted ways. They both spent 15 days in Geneva. Viola returned to Barcelona and
Rizal continued his tour to Italy.
 June 24, 1887 -Rizal went to Italy, and visited Turin, Milan, Venice and Florence.
 June 27, 1887 -he reached Rome and visited famous architectural buildings.
 June 29, 1887 -he visited the Vatican City. He has sightseeing and was impressed by the magnificent edifice like
St. Peter's Church, the rare works of the art, the vast St. Peter's Square, and the colourful Papal Guard. After a
week travel in Rome, he decided to return to the Philippines.

The Women in Rizal's Life

 Julia-a girl in the Pagsanjan River, who use to catch butterfly.
 Segunda Katigbak -"teenage crush" - She was a comely 14-year old Batangueña from Lipa City. She also known
as "Paisana" but Rizal referred to her in his diary as "K". She was described by Rizal as gay, talkative, witty,
virginal, attractive, alluring, and beguiling. At 16, Rizal fell in love with his ―first romance‖. Segunda was
boarding student at the Colegio de la Concordia where his sister Olympia and Leonor Rivera also studied. He
found out later that Segunda was engaged to be married to her town-mate, Manuel Luz.
 Margarita Almeda Gomez-"Miss L" - A young lady from Pakil, Laguna. This young lady was believed to be Leonor
Valenzuela but she was not. She was described by Rizal as with fair complexion, seductive and with attractive
eyes. Their romance died a natural death for two reasons: 1) Rizal's memory of Segunda was still fresh in his
heart, and 2) Rizal's father objected their love affair.
 Leonor Valenzuela-"Orang"- The daughter of Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday Valenzuela of Pansanjan,
Laguna. She was atall girl with regal bearing. Rizal sends her love notes written in invisible ink, that could only be
deciphered over the warmth of the lamp or candle. He visited her on the eve of his departure to Spain and bade
her last goodbye.
 Vicenta Ybardoza-―pretty colegiala‖ - She was also from Pakil, Laguna who was a high school at that time. Rizal
get infatuated to her when she played a harp. However, nobody knew what happened later between the two.
 Leonor Rivera-―Taimis‖ - A lady form Camiling, Tarlac, a daughter of Antonio Rivera (Rizal's uncle) and Silvestre
Bauson. Rizal courted her, when she was 13-year old and she got engaged to Rizal before the age of 15. Their
relationship was actually a "love affair by correspondence" wherein Rizal wrote several letters to Leonor while
he was in abroad. However, their relationship ended when she married her mother choice Charles Henry C.
Kipping. Their love affair last for 10 years.
 Consuelo Ortega y Rey-―pretty Manileña‖ - She was a daughter of Don Pablo Ortega y Rey (a former civil
governor of Manila, under the administration of Carlos Ma. De la Torre). He dedicated to her A la Senorita C.O. y
R., which became one of his best poems. He probably fell in love with her and Consuelo apparently asked him
for romantic verses. He suddenly backed out before the relationship turned into a serious romance, because he
wanted to remain loyal to Leonor Rivera and he did not want to destroy his friendship with Eduardo de Lete who
was madly in love with Consuelo.
 Seiko Usui-―O-Sei-San‖ - A Japanese samurai's daughter taught Rizal the Japanese art of painting known as su-
mie. Rizal was 29 at that time while Seiko was 23. She helped Rizal improve his knowledge of Japanese language.
They spent a happy months together visiting old temples and art galleries. - If Rizal was a man without a patriotic
mission, he would have married this lovely and intelligent woman and lived a stable and happy life with her in
Japan because Spanish legation there offered him a lucrative job.
 Gertrude Beckett-―Gettie‖ - An English girl with brown hair, blue eyes and pink cheeks. When Rizal was in
London, he boarded in the house of the Beckett family. During rainy days when Rizal stayed at home, Gettie
helped him mixed his colours for paintings or assisted in preparing the clay for sculpturing. - Then Rizal realized
that their friendship was drifting to a serious affair, he drove to Paris in 1889 leaving Gertrude behind. He could
not return the English girl's affection and marry her because of loyalty to Leonor Rivera.
 Suzanne Jacoby-―pretty girl in Brussels, Belgium‖ - She was a pretty niece of Rizal's landlady. Suzanne was
deeply fell in love with him, she cried when Rizal left for Madrid towards the ends of July, 1890. –
 Nellie Boustead-―almost wife‖ - She was a daughter of Eduardo Boustead, they met when Rizal was a guest in
the Boustead family. She was described as gay-hearted, sports-minded, highly intelligent, vivacious in
temperament and morally upright. Nelly was infatuated with Rizal but Rizal, at first, loved Adelina. Antonio Luna,
who had previously loved and lost Nelly, encouraged Rizal court and marry her. Rizal having lost his beloved
Leonor Rivera came to entertain considerable affection for Nelly. - However, their love affair didn't have a happy
 ending because of two reasons: a) he refused to give up his Catholic faith, and 2) Nelly's mother did not like Rizal
as a son-in-law.
 Pastora Necesario-―Totak‖ - She was a weaver of cloth at [Link] a sign of love, Rizal gave her a statue of a
woman and also sent her letters of love and concern. When Rizal was executed in Bagumbayan, she married
Gonzalo Carreon of Dapitan.
 Josephine Bracken-―unhappy wife‖ - In the last days of February 1895, while still in Dapitan, Rizal met an 18-
year old petite Irish girl, with bold blue eyes, brown hair and a happy disposition. She was the adopted daughter
of George Taufer from Hong Kong, who came to Dapitan to seek Rizal for eye treatment. Rizal was physically
attracted to her. His loneliness and boredom must have taken the measure of him and what could be a better
diversion than to fall in love again. But the Rizal sisters suspected Josephine as an agent of the friars and they
considered her as a threat to Rizal's security. Rizal and Josephine fell in love with each other, however, Fr. Obach
, refused to marry them without the permission of the Bishop of Cebu. When Mr. Taufer heard their projected
marriage, he flared up because he could not endure the thought of losing Josephine. He even tried to commit
suicide by cutting off his throat but Rizal prevented him from killing himself. To avoid further injury, Josephine
went with his uncle to Manila. - Eventually, Mr. Taufer returned to Hongkong alone and Josephine returned to
Dapitan. Since no priest would marry them, they lived happily as common law husband and wife. Their
extremely happy marriage had begotten an 8-month old premature baby boy who lived only for 3 hours. Their
son was named ―Francisco‖ in honour of Don Francisco. During the hours of Rizal on December 30, 1896,
Josephine was accompanied by Narcisa, arrived at Fort Santiago. At 5:00 am on the same day, Rizal requested Fr.
Balaguer to marry them canonically. Then Rizal gave his ―wife‖ -a wedding gift, a religious book ―Imitacion de
Cristo‖ which he autographed: "To my dear and unhappy wife, Josephine December 30th, 1896". Note: Rizal's
canonical marriage to Josephine Bracken remains doubtful and questionable. Since, there was no proof that they
were married in court or in church.

Rizal's Plans of Homecoming

 As early as 1884, Rizal wanted to go back to the Philippines for the following reasons:
*Financial difficulties in Calamba
*Dissatisfaction with his studies in Madrid
*Desire to prove that there is no reason to fear going home.
* His belief that the Spanish regime will not punish the innocent.

Decision to return home

 After five years of his memorable sojourn in Europe, Rizal returned to the Philippines.
 However, Rizal was warned by the following not to return to the Philippines because his Noli Me Tangere
angered the friars:
*Paciano Mercado -Rizal's adviser and only brother.
*Silvestre Ubaldo -Rizal's brother in law; husband of Olimpia.
*Jose Ma. Cecilio (Chenggoy) -one of Rizal's closest friends.
 Rizal was determined to come back to the Philippines for the following reasons:
*To operate his mother's eyes
*To serve his people who had long been oppressed by Spanish tyrants.
*To find out for himself how the Noli Me Tangere and his other writings were affecting Filipinos and
Spaniards.
*To inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent.

Rizal arrives in Manila

 Rizal left Rome by train to Marseilles, a French port and boarded Djemnah, the same steamer that brought him
to Europe five years ago.
 There were 50 passengers: 4 Englishmen, 2 Germans, 3 Chinese, 2 Japanese, 40 Frenchmen, and 1 Filipino (Rizal)
 When the ship reached Aden, the weather became rough and some of Rizal's book got wet.
 In Saigon (Ho Chi Minh), Vietnam -he transferred to another steamer, Haiphong, that brought him to Manila.

Happy Homecoming
 When Rizal arrived in Calamba, rumors spread that he was a:
*German spy
*An agent of Otto Von Bismarck - the liberator of Germany.
* A Protestant
* A Mason
* A soul halfway to damnation
 Paciano -did not leave him during the first days after arrival to protect him from any enemy assault.
 Don Francisco -did not permit him to go out alone
In Calamba
 Rizal established a medical clinic.
 Doña Teodora -was Rizal's first patient
 Rizal treated her eyes but could not perform any surgical operation because her cataracts were not yet ripe.
 He painted several beautiful landscapes in Calamba.
 He translated German poems of Von Wildernath in Tagalog Doctor Uliman -Rizal was called this name because
he came from Germany. -He earned P900 in a few months and P5,000 before he left the Philippines
 Gymnasium -was opened by Rizal for the young people
 He introduced European sports fencing and shooting to discourage them from cockfighting and gambling.

Sad moments while Rizal was in Calamba

 Leonor Rivera -Rizal tried to visit her in Tarlac but his parents forbade him to go because Leonor's mother did
not like him for a son-in-law.
 Olimpia Mercado-Ubaldo -died because of childbirth

Storm over the Noli Me Tangere

 As Rizal was peacefully living in Calamba, his enemies plotted his doom.
 Governor General Emilio Terrero -wrote to Rizal requesting to come to Malacañang Palace.
*Somebody had whispered to his ear that the Noli contains subversive ideas.
* Rizal explained to him that he merely exposed the truth, but did not advocate subversive ideas.
* He was pleased by Rizal's explanation and curious about the book, he asked for a copy of the novel.
* Rizal had no copy that time but promised to send one for him.

Rizal visited the Jesuits

 Rizal visited the Jesuit fathers to ask for their feedback on the novel.
 He was gladly welcomed by the following friars:
* Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez
*Fr. Jose Bech
*Fr. Federico Faura -told Rizal that everything in the novel was the truth and warned him that he may
lose his head because of it
 Governor-General Emilio Terrero -a liberal minded Spaniard who knew that Rizal's life was in jeopardy because
the friars were powerful.
*Because of this, he gave Rizal a bodyguard to protect him.

Jose Taviel de Andrade

 A young Spanish lieutenant who came from a noble family
 He was cultured and knew painting
 He could speak French, English and Spanish.
 They became good friends.

Attackers of the Noli

 Archbishop Pedro Payo -a Dominican Archbishop of Manila
 Sent a copy of the Noli to Fr. Gregorio Echevarria, Rector of the University of Santo Tomas to examine the novel

UST and Rizal

 The committee that examined the Noli Me Tangere were composed of Dominican professors.
 The report of the faculty members from UST about the Noli states that the novel was:
* Heretical, impious and scandalous in the religious orders, and anti- patriotic, subversive of public
order, injurious to the government of Spain and its function in the Philippine Islands in the political order.
 Governor-General Terrero -was not satisfied with the report so he sent the novel to the Permanent Commission
of Censorship which was composed of priests and lawyers.
 Fr. Salvador Font -Augustinian friar curate of Tondo was the head of the commission.
* The group found that the novel contain subversive ideas against Don Segismundo Moret -former
Minister of the [Link] Church and Spain and recommended that the importation, reproduction and
circulation of the pernicious book in the islands be absolutely prohibited.
 The newspaper published Font's written report
 The banning of the Noli Me Tangere served to make it popular
 The masses supported the book.
 Fr. Jose Rodriguez -Augustinian Prior of Guadalupe
*Published a series of eight pamphlets under the heading Questions of Supreme Interest to blast the
Noli and other anti- Spanish writing.
*Copies of anti-Rizal pamphlets were sold after mass
* Many Filipinos were forced to buy them in order not to displease the friars.
Noli Me Tangere in Spain
 The novel was fiercely attacked in the session hall of the Senate of the Spanish Cortes.
 Senators: -General Jose de Salamanca - General Luis de Pando -Sr. Fernando Vida
 Vicente Barantes -Spanish academician of Madrid who formerly occupied high government position in the
Philippines bitterly criticized the novel in an article published in the Madrid newspaper, La España Moderna.

Defenders of the Noli Me Tangere

 Propagandists such as Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Mariano Ponce rushed
to uphold the truths of the Noli.
 Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez -Rizal's favorite teacher in Ateneo defended and praised the novel in public.
 Prof. Miguel Morayta- historian and stateman
 Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt -Rizal's best friend
 Rev. Fr. Vicente Garcia -a Filipino Catholic priest-scholar, a theologian of the Manila Cathedral and a Tagalog
translator of the famous Imitation of Christ by Thomas Kempis. -Under the pen name Justo Desiderio Magalang
he wrote a defense of the novel published in Singapore
 Rizal cried because of his gratitude to his defenders especially to Fr. Garcia who defended him unexpectedly.
 He attacked Barantes by exposing his ignorance of Philippine affairs and mental dishonesty which is unworthy of
an academician.
 Because of the interest of both enemies and protectors of the Noli the price of the book increased from five
pesetas per copy to 50 pesetas per copy.

Agrarian Problem in Calamba

 Influenced by the novel, Governor-General Emilio Terrero ordered a government investigation of the friar
estates to remedy whatever inequities might have been present in connection with land taxes and with tenant
relations.
 One of the friar estates affected was the Calamba hacienda by the Dominican order since 1883.
 Upon hearing about the investigation, the people of Calamba asked help from Rizal to gather facts and list the
grievances so that the government might institute certain agrarian reforms.

Findings submitted by Rizal

 The hacienda of the Dominican Order comprised not only the lands around Calamba, but the whole town of
Calamba.
 The profits of the Dominican Order continually increased because of the arbitrary increase of the rentals paid by
the tenants
 The hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo for the celebration of the town fiesta, for the education
of the children, and for the improvement of agriculture.
 Tenants who spent much labor in clearing the lands were dispossessed of the said lands for flimsy reasons.
 High rates of interest were arbitrarily charged the tenants for delayed payment of rentals
 When the rentals could not be paid, the hacienda management confiscated the work animals, tools, and farm
implements of the tenants.

Friars Reaction
 Rizal's exposure to the deplorable condition angered the friars
 The friars exerted pressure to Malacañang to eliminate Rizal.
 They asked Gov. Gen. Terrero to deport Rizal but the latter refused for there is lack of charges against Rizal in
court.
 Anonymous threats in Rizal's life alarmed his parents, siblings, Andrade his bodyguard, friends, and even
Terrero, thus they all advised him to leave the country.

Rizal's reasons for leaving the Philippines

 His presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and friends.
 He could not fight better his enemies and serve his country's cause with greater efficacy by writing in foreign
countries

Farewell Philippines
 On February 3, 1888 Rizal left his country with a heavy heart.
 But this is for his own good and the safety of his family and friends.

Second Travel of Dr. Jose Rizal (1888-1892)

 February 3, 1888 -after a short stay of six months in Calamba, Rizal was forced to leave his country for a second
time. Rizal left Manila for Hongkong on board the Zafiro. He was sick and sad to leave Calamba.
  February 7, 1888 -the steamer made a brief stopover at Amoy. But he got off the ship he was not feeling well
and that the city was dirty.
 February 8, 1888 -he arrived in Hongkong. He stayed at Victoria Hotel. Accordingly, it was a small but very clean
city. He was welcomed by Filipino residents like Jose Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio and Manuel Yriarte. There
were other Filipinos in Hongkong but they were generally poor, gentle and timid. He observed the noisy
celebration of the Chinese New Year due to the continuous explosions of firecrackers, the noisy audience and
music in a Chinese theatre.
 February 18, 1888 -Rizal and Basa visited Macao. They boarded the ferry steamer, Ku- Kiang. The city was
small,low and gloomy. There were many junks, sampans, but few steamers. The city looked sad and dead. They
stayed at the house of Don Juan Francisco Lecaros. They also visited the theatre, casino, cathedral, churches,
pagodas, botanical gardens and bazaars.
 February 20, 1888 -after their two-day sojourn in Macao, Rizal and Basa returned to Hongkong on board again
on the steamer Ku-Kiang.
 February 21, 1888 -Rizal and Basa went back to Hongkong. Rizal stayed in Hongkong for almost two weeks.
While in Hongkong, Jose Sainz de Varonda, a Spaniard, was commissioned by the Spanish authorities to spy on
Rizal.

Japan
 February 22, 1888 -Rizal left Hongkong alone on board the Oceanic, American steamer to Japan his next
destination. Rizal liked the ship because it was clean and efficiently managed but did not like the meals on
board. Other passengers of the ship were two Portuguese, two Chinese, several British and an American woman
Protestant missionary. His cabin mate was a British Protestant missionary who lived in China for 27 years.
 February 28, 1888 -Rizal arrived in Yokohama, Japan and registered at the Grand Hotel
 February 29, 1888 -he proceeded to Tokyo and took a room at Tokyo Hotel where he stayed for 6 days. Japan
was to him the "Land of the Cherry Blossoms" because of its natural beauty and the charming manners of the
Japanese people.
 He visited by Juan Perez Caballero, secretary of the Spanish legation. He wrote a letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt,
sharing his observation in Japan.
 During his first day in Tokyo, Japan, Rizal was embarrassed because he didn't know the Japanese language. To
avoid further embarrassment, he decided to study the Japanese language and a few days, he was able to speak
the language.
 He also studied Kabuki, visited museum, libraries, art galleries and shrines, and villages. He was impressed by the
beauty of Tokyo, but he was not impressed with the mode of transportation because the rickshaws were drawn
by men, which made Rizal disgusted because human were working like horses.
 He also met Seiko Usui but Rizal called her as O-Sei-San. They also met daily as they visited interesting spots of
the city, like the Imperial Art Gallery, the Imperial Library, the city parks and picturesque shrines. She served as
his guide, interpreter and tutor.
 April 13, 1888 -Rizal boarded the Belgic, an English steamer bound for the United States. He left Japan very sad
because he would never see again the beautiful land and his beloved O- Sei-San. His sojourn in Japan for 45days
was one of the happiest interludes in Rizal's life.
 On board the Belgic, he met a passenger, Techo Suchero, a Japanese newspaperman who was jailed in his
country for his articles and principles and was exiled. The ship carried 643 Chinese people and other
nationalities.

Across the Atlantic -USA

 April 28, 1888 -Rizal and Techo arrived in San Francisco Port on Saturday morning of April 28. All passengers
were not allowed to land because the ship was placed on a quarantine on the ground that it came from the Far
East where cholera epidemic was alleged to be raging.
 He soon discovered that placing the ship under quarantine was prompted by politics.
 After a week of quarantine, all first class passengers, including Rizal were permitted to land but the Chinese and
Japanese passengers of the second and third class accommodations remained on board.
 May 4, 1888 -it was the day when Rizal and other passengers were permitted to land. Rizal registered at the
Palace Hotel.
 May 6, 1888 -Rizal left San Francisco to Oakland by ferry boat. In Oakland, he took his supper at Sacramento for
75 cents and slept in his coach
 May 7, 1888 -Rizal boarded a train for a trip across the continent.
 Reno, Nevada (May 7); Utah, Ogden, Denver (May 8); Colorado (May 9); Nebraska (May 10);
 Chicago (May 11); Canada (May 12);
 Albany (May 13) and travel to New York City.
 May 13, 1888 -Rizal reached New York and stayed for 3 days. Rizal called it as "The Big Town". He visited the
memorial George Washington, and other scenic and historic places.
 May 16, 1888 -he left New York for Liverpool and board the City of Rome. He also visited the Colossal Statue of
Liberty on Bedloe Island
[Link]
Rizal's Impressions of America
1. Progressive nation
2. People were energetic and hard-working
3. Better opportunities for immigrants
4. Racial prejudice
5. Freedom and democracy were only in words, not practiced.

London, England
 May 25, 1888 -he went to London and stayed there for a short time as a guest at the home of Dr. Antonio Ma.
Regidor (lawyer).
 He boarded at Becket family, and being close to Gertrude Becket.
 He spent Sundays in the house of Dr. Reinhold Rost, and played crickets with Dr. Rost son.
 He also spent much of his time in the British Museum annotating Morga's book, Sucesos de los Islas Filipinas
(Historical Events of the Philippine Islands).
 For 10 months, he was deeply immense in his historical studies in London.

He received news:
 Persecution of the Filipino patriots who signed the petition addressed to the Queen Regent of Spain requesting
the expulsion of the friars in the Philippines.
 Attacks on Rizal by Senator Salamanca and Vida in the Spanish Cortes and Wenceslao Retana.
 Persecution of the Rizal's family and other Calamba farmers for their courage to petition the government for
agrarian.
 Exile of Manuel Hidalgo without due process.
 Arrest and jailing of Rizal's friend - Lauriano Viado, for the copies of Noli found in his house.
 September, 1888 -Rizal visited Paris for a week and visited his Juan Luna and his wife Paz Pardo de Tavera with
their son Andres.
 December 11, 1888 -he went again to Spain and visited Madrid and Barcelona. He went to visit his compatriots
Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Marciano Ponce. They exchanged ideas and promised to cooperate in the fight for
reforms.
 December 24, 1888 -he returned to London and spent Christmas and New Year with the Becket family.
 December 31, 1888 -the Associacion de La Solidaridad was inaugurated,Rizal served as the Honorary President;
Galicano Apacible (President); Graciano Lopez-Jaena (VP); Manuel Santa Maria (Secretary); Mariano Ponce
(Treasurer); Jose Ma. Panganiban (Accountant).
 January 14, 1889 -Rizal wrote Blumentritt of his proposal to establish the "Inauguration Association of the
Filipinologist" and have its inauguration in the French capital. Blumentritt gladly supported him.
 January 28, 1889 -Rizal a letter addressed to the members of the Associacion de La Solidaridad recognizing his
position as Honorary President. On his letter, he stressed that the individual should give way to the welfare of
society and he should not expect rewards/honours for what he does.
 February 15, 1889 -Graciano Lopez- Jaena and Mariano Ponce founded newspaper, called as La Solidaridad in
Barcelona -the official organ of the Propaganda Movement.

La Solidaridad: Aims
[Link] work for a peaceful political and social reforms in the Philippines;
2. To portray the deplorable conditions of the Philippines so that Spain may treat them;
[Link] the evil forces of reaction;
[Link] advocate liberal ideas and progress;
[Link] the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino people to life, democracy and happiness.

 Rizal congratulated Lopez-Jaena and its associates in founding the news organ, however, he advised Lopez Jaena
that great care should be taken in publishing only the truth

Paris, France
 March 19, 1889 -From London he went again to Paris. He organized the society called Kidlat Club -aim to bring
together the young Filipinos in the French capital so that they could enjoy their stay in the city during the
duration of the Paris Universal Exposition.
 May 6, 1889 -Rizal and his friends attended the opening ceremonies of the Paris Universal Exposition.
*vast crowd of tourist attended
*greatest attraction was the Eiffel Tower (Alexander Eiffel)
*Felix Hidalgo (2nd), Felix Pardo De Tavera & Juan Luna (3rd), Rizal's artwork didn't qualify for the
exhibit.
  June 24, 1889 -Rizal stood as Godfather to a baby-girl (Maria de la Paz Blanca Laureana Hermenegilda Juana y
Pardo de Tavera) born to Juan Luna and his wife.
 *August 1889 -Rizal scheduled the holding of the inaugural convention of the International Association of
Filipinologist in Paris. This association aim to study the Philippines from the scientific and historical point of view.
However, the inaugural convention did not materialize because the French government discouraged the holding
of conferences by private organizations during the period of the international exposition.
 September 21, 1889 -Rizal founded the secret society called as Redencion de los Malayos (Redemption of the
Malays) - It was patterned after Freemasonry. It had various degrees of membership, "with the members not
knowing each other."

Brussels, Belgium

 January 28, 1890- Rizal left Paris for Brussels, Belgium Two reasons impelled Rizal to leave Paris, namely;
[Link] cost of living in Paris was very high because of the Universal Exposition
[Link] gay social life of the city hampered his literary works, especially the writing of his second novel, El
Filibusterismo.
 Rizal was accompanied by Jose Albert when he moved to Brussels. They lived in a modest boarding house on 38
Rue Philippe Champagne, which was run by two Jacoby sisters (Suzanne and Marie). Later Albert, left the city
and was replaced by Jose Alejandro, an engineering student.
 Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagala (The New Orthography of the Tagalog Language) was published in
La Solidaridad.
 Letters from home which Rizal received in Brussels worried him;
[Link] Calamba agrarian trouble was getting worse.
[Link] Dominican Order filed a suit in court to dispossess the Rizal family of their lands in Calamba. Rizal
had bad dreams during the nights in Brussels when he was restless because he was always thinking of his
unhappy family in Calamba.
 Rizal feared that he would not live long. He was not afraid to die, but he wanted to finish his second novel
before he went to his grave.
 In the face of the sufferings which afflicted his family, Rizal planned to go home. He could not stay in Brussels
writing a book while his parents, relatives, and friends in the distant Philippines were persecuted.
 July 29, 1890- another letter to Ponce written at Brussels by Rizal, he announced that he was leaving Brussels at
the beginning of the following month and would arrive in Madrid about the 3rd or 4th (August).
 He had an amorous relationship with Suzanne Jacoby, and when Rizal leave Brussels at the end of July, she cried
a lot.

Life Events Madrid, Spain

 Jose Ma. Panganiban, his talented co- worker in the Propaganda Movement, died in Barcelona on August 19,
1890, after a lingering illness.
 Aborted duel with Antonio Luna
 Rizal challenged Wenceslao Retana -a Spanish talented scholar, an agent of the Spanish friars, and his rival in
pen
 Infidelity of Leonor Rivera -marrying Charles Henry Kipping.
 Rizal-Del Pilar Rivalry - Rizal wrote a brief note thanking his compatriots for electing him as Responsible. It was
the last time he saw Madrid.

Paris, France to Brussels, Belgium

 April 4, 1891 - Rizal wrote to his friend, Jose Ma. Basa, in Hong Kong from Paris, expressing his desire to go to
that British colony and practice ophthalmology in order to earn his living.
 Middle of April, 1891- Rizal was back in Brussels. Since abdicating his leadership in Madrid in January, 1891,
owing to the intrigues of his jealous compatriots, Rizal retired from the Propaganda Movement or reform
crusade.
 May 1, 1891- Rizal notified the Propaganda authorities in Manila to cancel his monthly allowance and devote the
money to some better cause
 May 30, 1891- revision of the finished manuscript of El Filibusterismo was mostly completed
 June 13, 1891- Rizal informed Basa that he was negotiating with a printing firm.

Ghent, Belgium

 He published the El Filibusterismo

 July 5, 1891- Rizal left Brussels for Ghent, a famous university city in Belgium.
  Rizal reasons for moving to Ghent were;
[Link] cost of printing in Ghent was cheaper than in Brussels;
[Link] escape from the enticing attraction of Petite Suzanne.
 Rizal met two compatriots while in Ghent, Jose Alejandro and Edilberto Evangelista, both studying engineering in
the world- famed University of Ghent.
 September 22, 1891 - four days after the Fili came off the press, Rizal wrote to Blumentritt: "I am thinking of
writing a third novel, a novel in the modern sense of the word, but this time politics will not find much space in
it, but ethics will play the principal role."
 October 3, 1891 - two weeks after the publication of Fili, Rizal left Ghent for Paris, where he stayed a few days to
say goodbye to the Lunas, the Pardo de Taveras, the Venturas and other friends; Rizal proceeded by train to
Marseilles.
 October 18, 1891- Rizal boarded the steamer Melbourne in Marseilles bound for Hongkong during the voyage,
Rizal began writing the third novel in Tagalog, which he intended for Tagalog readers.

Hongkong
 Rizal left Europe for Hong Kong, where he lived from November, 1891 to June, 1892. His reasons for leaving
Europe were;
[Link] was unbearable in Europe because of his political differences with M.H. del Pilar and other
Filipinos in Spain;
[Link] be near his idolized Philippines and family.
 November 20, 1891 - Rizal arrived in Hong Kong. He established his residence at No. 5 D' Aguilar Street No. 2
Rednaxola Terrace, where he also opened his medical clinic.
 December 1, 1891 - Rizal wrote his parents asking their permission to return home. On the same date, his
brother-inlaw, Manuel T. Hidalgo, sent him a letter relating the sad news of the "deportation of twenty-five
persons from Calamba, including father, Neneng, Sisa, Lucia, Paciano and the rest of us."
 The Christmas of 1891 in Hong Kong was one of the happiest Yuletide celebrations in Rizal's life: For he had a
happy family reunion.
 January 31, 1892- Rizal wrote to Blumentritt, recounting pleasant life in Hong Kong. His family very impressed
with the English government.
 Rizal successfully operated on his mother's left eye so that she was able to read and write again.

Borneo, Colonization Project

 Rizal planned to move the landless Filipino families to North Borneo (Sabah), rich British owned island and carve
out of its virgin wildness a "New Calamba".
 March 7, 1892- Rizal went to Sandakan on board the ship Menon to negotiate with the British authorities for the
establishment of a Filipino colony.
 Rizal looked over the land up the Bengkoka River in Maradu Bay which was offered by the British North Borneo
Company.
 April 20, 1892 - Rizal was back in Hong Kong. His brotherin-law (Hidalgo), objected to the project for it was
antinationalistic act to have a colony.
 Governor General Eulogio Despujol -the present governor-general (1891-1892)
 December 23, 1891- first letter of Rizal to Governor Despujol
 March 21, 1892- Rizal's second letter and gave it to a ship captain to be sure it would reach Governor Despujol's
hand, in this second letter, he requested the governor general to permit the landless Filipinos to establish
themselves in Borneo.
 Despujol could not approve the Filipino immigration to Borneo, alleging that "the Philippines lacked laborers"
and "it was not very patriotic to go off and cultivate foreign soil."

FINAL TOPIC

Second Homecoming
 May, 1892- Rizal made up his mind to return to Manila.
 This decision was spurred by the following:
[Link] confer with Governor Despujol regarding his Borneo colonization project;
[Link] establish the La Liga Filipina in Manila;
[Link] prove that Eduardo de Lete was wrong in attacking him in Madrid that he was being comfortable
and safe in Hong Kong, had abandoned the country's cause.
 June 20, 1892 - Rizal wrote two letters which he sealed, inscribed on each envelope "to be opened after my
death" and gave them to his friend Dr. Lorenso Marques for safekeeping.
 1st letter -"TO MY PARENTS, BRETHREN and FRIENDS"
2nd letter -"TO THE FILIPINOS"
 June 21, 1892 - Rizal penned another letter in Hong Kong for Governor Despujol, incidentally his third letter to
that discourteous Spanish chief executive.
 Immediately after Rizal's departure from Hong Kong, the Spanish consul general who issued the government
guarantee of safety, sent a cablegram to Governor Despujol that the victim "is in the trap".
 On the same day (June 21, 1892), a secret case was filed in Manila against Rizal and his followers "for anti-
religious and anti-patriotic agitation".
 Luis de la Torre - secretary of Despujol, ordered to find out if Rizal was naturalized as a German citizen.

Arrival in Manila with Sister

 June 26, 1892 - Sunday at 12:00 noon, Rizal and his widowed sister Lucia arrived in Manila
 In the afternoon, at 4:00 o'clock, he wentto Malacañang Palace to seek audience with the Spanish governor
general, General Eulogio Despujol, Conde de Caspe.
 June 27, 1892- at 6:00pm, Rizal boarded a train in Tutuban Station and visited his friends in Malolos (Bulacan),
San Fernando (Pampanga), Tarlac (Tarlac), and Bacolor (Pampanga)
 Rizal returned by train to Manila on the next day, June 28, at 5 o'clock in the afternoon.
 July 3, 1892 -Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina in Tondo, Manila.

Rizal Arrested and Jailed in Fort Santiago

 July 6, 1892- Wednesday, Rizal went to Malacañang Palace to resume his series of interviews with governor
general.
 Pobres Frailles (Poor Friars) - incriminatory leaflets which allegedly found in Lucia's pillow cases; it is under the
authorship of Fr. Jacinto and printed by the Imprenta de los Amigos del Pais, Manila
 Rizal was placed under arrest and escorted to Fort Santiago by Ramon Despujol, nephew and aide of Governor
General Despujol.
 July 7, 1892 - the Gaceta de Manila published the story of Rizal's arrest which produced indignant commotion
among the Filipino people, particularly the members of the newly organized Liga Filipina. The same issue of the
Gaceta (July 7, 1892) contained Governor General Despujol's decree deporting Rizal to "one of the islands in the
South".
 July 14, 1892, shortly after midnight (that is 12:30 am of July 15, 1892) -Rizal was brought under heavy guard to
the steamer Cebu which was sailing for Dapitan. This steamer under Captain Delgras departed at 1:00 AM, July
15, sailing south, passing Mindoro and Panay and reaching Dapitan on Sunday, the 17th of July at 7:00 in the
evening
 Captain Ricardo Carnicero- Spanish commandant of Dapitan whom Captain Delgras handed Rizal July 17, 1892
to July 31, 1896 - Rizal began his exile in lonely Dapitan, a period of four years.
 Rizal practiced medicine, pursued scientific studies, continued his artistic and literary works, widened his
knowledge of languages, established a school for boys, promoted developments projects, invented a wooden
machine for making bricks, and engaged in farming and commerce (1892 to 1896).

Exile in Dapitan (July 17, 1892 to July 31, 1896)

 The steamer Cebu which brought Rizal to Dapitan carried a letter from Father Pablo Pastells, Superior of the
Jesuit Society in the Philippine, to Father Antonio Obach, Jesuit parish priest of Dapitan
 Rizal lived in the house of the commandant, Captain Carnicero.
 A Don Ricardo Carnicero - Rizal wrote a poem on August 26, 1892, on the occasion of the captain's birthday.
 September 21, 1892- the mail boat Butuan was approaching the town, with coloured pennants flying in the sea
breezes
 Butuan - the mail boat, brought the happy tidings that the Lottery Ticket no. 9736 jointly owned by Captain
Carcinero, Dr. Jose Rizal, and Francisco Equilior (Spanish resident of Dipolog, a neighboring town of Dapitan)
won the second prize of P20,000 in the government-owned Manila Lottery.
 Pablo Mercado (Florencio Namanan) - friar's spy and posing as a relative, secretly visited Rizal at his house on
the night of November 3, 1891 he introduced himself as a friend and relative, showing a photo of Rizal and a pair
of buttons with the initials "P.M." (Pablo Mercado) as evidence of his kinship with the Rizal family.
 Captain Juan Sitges - who succeeded Captain Carnicero on May 4, 1893 as commandant of Dapitan, Rizal
denounced to him the impostor.
 August 1893 - Rizal's mother and sister, Maria, arrived in Dapitan and lived with him for one year and a half.
Rizal operated on his mother's right eye.

Activities in Dapitan
 As Physician - Rizal became interested in local medicine and in the use of medicinal plants. He studied the
medicinal plants of the Philippines and their curative values.
  As Expert Surveyor - Rizal applied his knowledge of engineering by constructing a system of waterworks in order
to furnish clean water to the townspeople.
 Rizal as Teacher - Rizal exile to Dapitan gives him the opportunity to put into practice his educational ideas. In
1893 he established a school which existed until the end of his exile in July, 1896. Rizal taught his boys reading,
writing, languages (Spanish and English), geography, history, mathematics (arithmetic and geometry), industrial
work, nature study, morals and gymnastics. He trained them how to collect specimens of plants and animals, to
love work and to "behave like men"
 As a Scientist - Rizal built up a rich collection of concology which consisted of 346 shells representing 203
species. Rizal also conducted anthropological, ethnographical, archaeological, geological, and geographical
studies, as revealed by his voluminous correspondence with his scientists friends in Europe.
 As a Linguist - he learned the Bisayan, Subanum, and Malay languages. He wrote Tagalog grammar, made a
comparative study of the Bisayan and Malayan languages and studied Bisayan (Cebuan), and Subanum
languages. He knew 22 languages - Tagalog, Ilokano, Bisayan, Subanun, Spanish, Latin, Greek, English, French,
German, Arabic, Malay, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Swedish, and
Russian.
 As an Artist -he continued his artistic works such as, sketching and woodcarving (The Mother's Revenge and
Dapitan Girl).
 Rizal as Farmer - In Dapitan, Rizal devoted much of his time to agriculture. Rizal introduced modern methods of
agriculture which he had observed in Europe and America. He encouraged the Dapitan farmers to discard their
primitive system of tillage and adopt the modern agricultural methods.
 Rizal as Businessman - Rizal engaged in business in partnership with Ramon Carreon, a Dapitan merchant, he
made profitable business ventures in fishing, copra, and hemp industries.
* January 19, 1893 - Rizal wrote a letter to Hidalgo expressing his plan to improve the fishing industry.
* May 14, 1893 - Rizal formed a business partnership with Ramon Carreon in lime manufacturing.
* January 1, 1895 - Rizal organized the Cooperative Association of Dapitan Farmers to break the Chinese
monopoly on business in Dapitan.
 As an Inventor - Rizal invented a cigarette lighter which he sent as a gift to Blumentritt. He called it "sulpukan".
This unique cigarette lighter was made of wood. "Its mechanism", said Rizal "is based on the principle of
compressed air."
 My Retreat (Mi Retiro) - Rizal wrote this beautiful poem about his serene life as an exile in Dapitan and sent it to
her mother on October 22, 1895, which acclaimed by literary critics as one of the best ever penned by Rizal.

Rizal and the Katipunan

 Andres Bonifacio - the "Great Plebeian", sowing the seeds of an armed uprising - the secret revolutionary
society, called Katipunan, which he founded on July 7, 1892.
 May 2, 1896 - a secret meeting of the Katipunan at a little river called Bitukang Manok near the town of Pasig,
Dr. Pio Valenzuela was named emissary to Dapitan, in order to inform Rizal of the plan of the Katipunan to
launch a revolution for freedom's sake.
 June 15, 1896 - Valenzuela left Manila on board the steamer Venus. To camouflage Valenzuela's real mission, he
brought with him a blind man Raymundo Mata and a guide, ostensibly going to Dapitan to solicit Rizal's expert
medical advice
 June 21, 1896 - evening, Dr. Pio Valenzuela arrived in Dapitan.
 Rizal objected to Bonifacio's audacious project to plunge the country in bloody revolution because he was of
sincere belief that it was premature, for two reasons:
[Link] people are not ready for a revolution, and;
[Link] and funds must first be collected before raising the cry of revolution.

Rizal as a Volunteer Doctor in Cuba

 Rizal had offered his services as military doctor in Cuba, which was then in the
throes of a revolution and a ranging yellow fever epidemic. There was a shortage of physicians to minister to the needs
of the Spanish troops and the Cubans people.
 December 17, 1895 - Rizal wrote to Governor General Ramon Blanco, offering his services as military doctor in
Cuba.
 July 30, 1896 - Rizal received the letter from Governor General Blanco dated July 1, 1896 notifying him of
acceptance of his offer
 "The Song of the Traveler" (El Canto del Viajero) - Rizal wrote this heart-warming poem because of his joy in
receiving the gladsome news from Malacañang.
 July 31, 1896 - Rizal's four-year exile in Dapitan came to an end. Rizal embarked on board the steamer España.
(4years, 13 days and few hours)
 As farewell music, the town brass band strangely played the dolorous Funeral March of Chopin.

Last Trip Abroad (1896)

 July 31, 1896 - Rizal left Dapitan at midnight on board the España sailed northward.
  Isla de Luzon - a regular steamer that Rizal missed which sailed to Spain the day before he arrived in Manila Bay
 Castilla - a Spanish cruiser wherein Rizal was kept as a "guest" on board.
 August 1, 1896 - at dawn of Saturday, it anchored at Dumaguete. He met a friend named Herriro Regidor.
 August 26, 1896 - Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan raised the cry of revolution in the hills of Balintawak, a
few miles north of Manila.
 September 3, 1896 - Rizal left for Spain on the steamer Isla de Panay.

Outbreak of the Philippine Revolution

 August 19, 1896 - the Katipunan plot to overthrow Spanish rule by means of revolution was discovered by Fray
Mariano Gil, Augustinian cura of Tondo.
 August 26, 1896 - the "Cry of Balintawak" which raised by Bonifacio and his valiant Katipuneros.
 August 30, 1896 - sunrise, the revolutionists led by Bonifacio and Jacinto attacked San Juan, near the city of
Manila.
 In the afternoon, after the Battle of San Juan, Governor General Blanco proclaimed a state of war in the first
eight provinces for rising in arms against Spain - Manila (as a province), Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna,
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac.

Outbreak of the Philippine Revolution

 Rizal learned of the eruption of the revolution and raging battles around Manila through the newspapers he
read on the Castilla. He was worried for two reasons:
[Link] violent revolution which he sincerely believed to be premature and would only cause much
suffering and terrible loss of human lives and property had started, and
[Link] would arouse Spanish vengeance against all Filipino patriots.

August 30, 1896 - Rizal received from Governor General Blanco two letters of introduction for the Minister of
War and Minister of Colonies, which a covering letter which absolved him from all blame for the raging
revolution.
September 3, 1896 -the Isla de Panay left Manila and reached Singapore on the 7th

Rizal: A Cabin Prisoner

 Don Pedro Roxas - rich Manila creole industrialist and Rizal's friend that advised him to stay on Singapore and
take advantage of the protection of the British law.
 Don Manuel Camus - headed several Filipino residents in Singapore, boarded the steamer, urging Rizal to stay in
Singapore to save his life.
 The Isla de Panay, with Rizal on board, left Singapore at 1:00pm, September 8.
 September 25, 1896 - Rizal saw the steamer Isla de Luzon, leaving the Suez Canal, crammed with Spanish troops.
 September 27, 1896 - Rizal heard from the passengers that a telegram arrived from Manila reporting the
execution of some Filipino patriots.
 September 28, 1986 - a day after the steamer had left Port Said (Mediterranean terminus of the Suez Canal), a
passenger told Rizal the bad news that he would be arrested by order of Governor General Blanco and would be
sent to prison in Ceuta (Spanish Morocco), opposite Gibraltar.
 September 29, 1896 - Rizal wrote in his travel diary: "There are people on board who do nothing but slander me
and invent fanciful stories about me. I'm going to become a legendary personage."
 September 30, 1896 - at 4:00pm, Rizal was officially notified by Captain Alemany that he should stay in his cabin
until further orders from Manila. October 3, 1896 - at 10:00am, the Isla de Panay arrived in Barcelona, with
Rizal, a prisoner on board. The trip from Manila to Barcelona lasted exactly 30 days. Rizal was kept under heavy
guard in his cabin for three days.

Last Homecoming and Trial (1896)

• October 6, 1896 - at 3:00am, Rizal was awakened by the guards and escorted to the grim and infamous prison-
fortress named Monjuich. About 2:00 in the afternoon, Rizal was taken out of prison by the guards and
brought to the headquarters of General Despujol.
• On the same date, at 8:00pm, Rizal left Barcelona through the ship Colon "full of soldiers and guards and their
families".
• October 8, 1896 - a friendly officer told Rizal that the Madrid newspaper were full of stories about the bloody
revolution in the Philippines and were blaming him for it. • October 11, 1896 - before reaching Port Said,
Rizal's diary was taken away and was critically scrutinized by the authorities. • November 2, 1896 - the diary
was returned to Rizal
 Attorney Hugh Fort - an English lawyer in Singapore - his friends (Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor and Sixto
Lopez) dispatched frantic telegrams to Fort to rescue Rizal from the Spanish steamer when it
reached Singapore by means of Writ of Habeas Corpus.
  Chief Justice Lionel - denied the writ on the ground that the Colon was carrying Spanish troops to
the Philippines
 November 3, 1896 - the Colon reached Manila, where it was greeted with wild rejoicings by the
Spaniards and friars because it brought more reinforcements and military supplies.
 November 20, 1896 - the preliminary investigation on Rizal began. Colonel Francisco Olive - the
judge advocate. Two kinds of evidence were presented against Rizal, namely documentary and
testimonial.
The 15 Exhibits of Documentary Evidence
1. A letter of Antonio Luna to Mariano Ponce, dated Madrid, October 16, 1888, showing Rizal's connection with
the Filipino reform campaign in Spain.
2.A letter of Rizal to his family, dated Madrid, August 20, 1890, stating that the deportations are good for they
will encourage the people to hate tyranny.
3.A letter from Marcelo H. del Pilar to Deodato Arellano, dated Madrid, January 7, 1889, implicating Rizal in the
Propaganda campaign in Spain.
4.A poem entitled Kundiman, allegedly written by Rizal in Manila on September 12, 1891.
5.A letter of Carlos Oliver to an unidentified person dated Barcelona, September 18, 1891, describing Rizal as the
man to free the Philippines from Spanish oppression.
6.A Masonic document, dated Manila, February 9, 1892, honouring Rizal for his patriotic services.
7.A letter signed Dimas Alang (Rizal's pseudonym) to Tenluz (Juan Zulueta's pseudonym), dated Hong Kong, May
24, 1892, stating that he was preparing a safe refuge for Filipinos who may be persecuted by the Spanish
authorities,
8.A letter of Dimas Alang to an unidentified committee, dated Hong Kong, June 1, 1892, soliciting the aid of the
committee in the "patriotic work".
[Link] anonymous and undated letter to the Editor of the Hong Kong Telegraph, censuring the banishment of
Rizal to Dapitan.
10.A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated Manila, September 3, 1892, saying that the Filipino people look up
to him as their saviour.
11.A letter of Ildefonso Laurel to Rizal, dated Manila, September 17, 1893, informing an unidentified
correspondent of the arrest and banishment of Doroteo Cortes and Ambrosio Salvador.
12.A letter of Marcelo H. del Pilar to Don Juan A. Tenluz (Juan Zulueta), dated Madrid, June 1, 1893
recommending the establishment of a special organization, independent of Masonry, to help the cause of the
Filipino people.
[Link] of a speech of Pingkian (Emilio Jacinto), in reunion of the Katipunan on July 23, 1893, in which the
following cry was, uttered "Long Live the Philippines! Long live Doctor Rizal! Unity!"
[Link] of a speech of Tik-Tik (Jose Turiano Santiago) in the same Katipunan reunion, where in the
Katipuneros shouted: "Long live the eminent Doctor Rizal! Death to the oppressor nation!"
15.A poem by Laong Laan (Rizal), entitled A Talisay in which the author makes the Dapitan schoolboys sing that
they know how to fight their rights.

Oral Testimonies consists of the following person:

[Link] Constantino
[Link] del Rosario,
[Link] Reyes
[Link] Salvador
[Link] Dizon
[Link] Franco
[Link] Arellano
[Link] Salvador,
[Link] Serrano Laktaw
[Link]. Pio Valenzuela
[Link] Salazar
[Link] Quison
[Link] Paez

Trial
 November 26, 1896 - after the preliminary investigation, Colonel Olive transmitted the records of the case to
Governor Dominguez as special Judge advocate to institute the corresponding action against Rizal
 After studying the papers, Judge advocate General, Don Nicolas de la Peña, submitted the following
recommendations:
[Link] accused be immediately brought to trial,
[Link] should be kept in prison,
[Link] order of attachment be issued against his property to the amount of one million pesos as
indemnity, and
 [Link] should be defended in court by an army officer, not by a civilian lawyer.
 The only right given to Rizal by the Spanish authorities was to choose his defense counsel.
 December 8, 1896 - Feast Day of the Immaculate Conception, a list of 100 first and second lieutenants in the
Spanish Army was presented to Rizal.
 Don Luis Taviel de Andrade - 1st Lieutenant of the Artillery, chosen by Rizal to defend him brother of Lt. Jose
Taviel de Andrade, Rizal's "bodyguard" in Calamba in 1887.
 December 11, 1896- the information of charges was formally read to Rizal in his prison cell, with his counsel
present.
 Rizal was accused of being:
[Link] principal organizer and the living soul of the Filipino insurrection,
[Link] founder of societies, periodicals, and books dedicated to fomenting ,and
[Link] ideas of rebellion

Court Martial
 December 13, 1896 - Dominguez forwarded the papers of the Rizal case to Malacañang Palace.
 December 15, 1896 - Rizal wrote the Manifesto to His People in his prison cell at Fort Santiago, appealing to
them to stop the necessary shedding of blood and to achieve their liberties by means of education and industry
 December 25, 1896 - a dark and cheerless Christmas for Rizal, his last on earth, was the saddest in Rizal's life
 December 26, 1896 - at 8:00am, the court-martial of Rizal started in the military building called Cuartel de
España
 Lt. Col. Togores Arjona - considered the trial over and ordered the hall cleared. After a short deliberation, the
military court unanimously voted for the sentence of death.
 December 28, 1896 -Camilo Polavieja approved the decision of the court- martial and ordered Rizal to be shot at
7:00 in the morning of December 30 at Bagumbayan Field
 After the court-martial, Rizal returned to his cell in Fort Santiago to prepare his rendezvous with destiny.
 During his last 24 hours on earth - from 6:00am December 29 to 6:00am December 30, 1896 - he was busy
meeting visitor, named; Santiago Mataix - Spanish newspaper correspondent.
 Pearl of the Orient Sea - Rizal called the Philippines.
 Pearl of the Orient - Rizal's last poem in an article entitled "Unfortunate Philippines" published
in The Hong Kong Telegraph on September 24, 1892

The Last Hours - December 29, 1896

 6:00am - Captain Rafael Dominguez, who was designated by Governor General Camilo Polavieja to take
charge of all arrangements for the execution of the condemned prisoner, read the death sentence to Rizal - to be on
December 30, 1896 shot at the back by a firing squad at 7:00am in Bagumbayan.
 7:00am - Rizal was moved to the prison chapel, where he spent his last moments. His first visitors were Father
Miguel Saderra Mata (Rector of Ateneo Municipal), and Father Luis Viza, Jesuit teacher.
 7:15am - Rizal, in a jovial mood, reminded Fr. Viza of the statuette of the Sacred Heart of Jesus which he had
carved with his pen knife as an Ateneo student. Fr. Viza, got the statuette from his pocket and gave it to Rizal.
The hero happily received it and placed it on his writing table.
 8:00am - Fr. Antonio Rosell arrived to relieve Father Viza. Rizal invited him to join him at breakfast, which he did.
After breakfast, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade came, and Rizal thanked him for his gallant services.
 9:00am - Fr. Federico Faura arrived. Rizal reminded him that he said that (Rizal) would someday lose his head for
writing the Noli. "Father", Rizal remarked, "You are indeed a prophet."
 10:00am - Father Jose Vilaclara (Rizal's teacher at the Ateneo) and Vicente Balaguer (Jesuit missionary in Dapitan
who had befriended Rizal during the latter's exile) visited the hero. After them came Spanish journalist, Santiago
Mataix, who interviewed Rizal for his newspaper El Heraldo de Madrid.
 12:00am (noon) to 3:30pm - Rizal was left alone in his cell. He took lunch after which he was busy writing. It was
probably during this time when he finished his farewell poem and hid it inside his alcohol cooking stove which
was given to him as a gift by Paz Pardo de Tavera during his visit to Paris in 1890. at the same time, he wrote his
last letter to Prof. Blumentritt in German. 3:30pm - Father Balaguer returned to Fort Santiago and discussed
with Rizal about his retraction of the anti-Catholic ideas in his writings and membership in Masonry.
 4:00pm - Rizal's mother arrived. Rizal knelt down before her and kissed her hands, begging her to forgive him.
Trinidad entered the cell to fetch her mother. As they were leaving, Rizal gave to Trinidad the alcohol cooking
stove, whispering to her in English; "There is something inside" This "something" was Rizal's farewell poem.
 6:00pm - Rizal received a new visitor, Don Silvino Lopez Tuñon, the Dean of the Manila Cathedral. Fathers
Balaguer and March left, leaving Vilaclara with Rizal and Don Silvino.
 8:00pm - Rizal had his last supper. He informed Captain Dominguez who was with him that he forgave his
enemies, including the military judges who condemned him to death.
 9:30pm - Rizal was visited by Don Gaspar Cestaño, the fiscal of the Royal Audiencia of Manila. As a gracious host,
Rizal offered him the best chair in the cell. After a pleasant conversation, the fiscal left with a good impression of
Rizal's intelligence and noble character.
 10:00pm - The draft of the retraction sent by the anti-Filipino Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda was submitted by
Father Balaguer to Rizal for signature, but the hero rejected it because it was too long and he did not like it.
  3:00am - Rizal heard Mass, confessed his sins, and took Holy Communion.
 5:30am - Rizal took his last breakfast on earth. After this, he wrote two letters, the first addressed to his family
and the second to his older brother Paciano.
 Josephine Bracken, accompanied by a sister of Rizal (Josefa), arrived.
 Josephine, with tears in her eyes, bade him farewell. Rizal embraced her for the last time and
before she left, Rizal gave her a last gift - a religious book, Imitation of Christ
 6:00am - As the soldiers were getting ready for the death march to Bagumbayan, Rizal wrote his last letter to his
beloved parents.

The Execution
 6:30am - a trumpet sounded at Fort Santiago, a signal to begin the death march to Bagumbayan, the designated
place for the execution
 Rizal was dressed elegantly in black suit, black derby hat, black shoes, white shirt and black tie. His arms were
tied behind from elbow to elbow. But the rope was quite loose to give his arms freedom of movement.
 Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo - a Spanish military physician, asked Rizal permission to feel his pulse and was amazed to
find it normal showing that Rizal was not afraid to die.
 7:03am - Rizal died in the bloom of manhood - aged 35 years, five months and 11 days.

Last Works
 Mi Ultimo Adios (Last Farewell) - farewell poem of Rizal that originally was without title and was unsigned.
 Father Mariano Dacanay - a Filipino priest-patriot, who gave the title Ultimo Adios (Last Farewell) and under
such title the poem was published for the first time in La Independencia (General Antonio Luna's newspaper) on
September 25, 1898
 Immediately after Rizal's execution the Spanish spectators shouted "Viva España!" "Muerte a los Traidores'
("Long Live Spain! "Death to the Traitors!") and the Spanish Military Band, joining the jubilance over Rizal's
death, played the gay Marcha de Cadiz
 By Rizal's writings, which awakened Filipino nationalism and paved the way for the Philippine Revolution, he
proved that "pen is mightier than the sword".

Why Rizal is Our Greatest National Hero?

[Link] is our greatest hero because, as a towering figure in the Propaganda Campaign, he took an "admirable
part" in that movement which roughly covered the period from 1882-1896.
[Link]'s writings contributed tremendously to the formation of Filipino nationality.
[Link] becomes the greatest Filipino hero because no Filipino has yet been born who could equal or surpass
Rizal as "a person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger, or fortitude in suffering.
[Link] is the greatest Filipino hero who ever lived because he is "a man honoured after death by public worship,
because of exceptional service to mankind"