Important rules

1) Simple interest
Prt
𝐈= , 𝐓= I+P
100
2) Compound interest
T = P(1 + r%)t , I = T - P
Depreciation
t
T = P(1 – r%)

a) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 = ( 𝒙 + 𝒚 )( 𝒙 − 𝒚 )

b) 222 – 1 = (211 + 1 ) (211 - 1 )

c) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐 = ( 𝒙 + 𝟑 )( 𝒙 + 𝟒 )
d) 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟒 = ( 𝒙 + 𝟐 )( 𝒙 − 𝟕 )

e) 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙𝒚 + 𝟔𝒚𝟐 = ( 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 )( 𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 )
Expand :
( 𝒙 − 𝟑 )2 − 𝟐( 𝒙 + 𝟑 )2
= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗 − 𝟐(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗)
= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏𝟖
= −𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟖𝒙 − 𝟗

1
Polygons:

1) Sum of all interior angles = ( n-2) × 180°

(𝐧−𝟐)×𝟏𝟖𝟎°
2) Measure of each interior angle in regular polygon =
𝐧

3) Sum of all exterior angles of any polygon = 360°

𝟑𝟔𝟎°
4) Measure of each exterior angle in regular polygon =
𝐧
5) Interior + exterior = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝟑𝟔𝟎°
6) Number of sides for any polygon =
𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐞𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐫

Circle:

1)
50°

100°

2) 50°

50°

50°

2
3)

4)
D B

A
5)

A
6)

C B

3
7) C
A

D
B

8) B
A

C
D

9) E
A

D B C

1) Similarity : A

𝐀𝒚 𝒙𝒚
a)
𝐀𝒙
= =
𝐀𝐁 𝐀𝐜 𝐁𝐂
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝟐
b) =( ) = ( 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 )𝟐
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂𝟐 𝑳𝟐
y x
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝟏 𝑳𝟏 𝟑
c) = ( ) = ( 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 )𝟑
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝟐 𝑳𝟐
𝑽𝟏 𝑨
d) = (𝑨𝟏)𝟑𝟐 C
𝑽𝟐 𝟐 B

4
 2) Areas :
d
𝟏 S
2 𝟐
1) Area of square = S = 𝒅
𝟐

2) Area of rectangle = L × w w

3) Area of Parallelogram a a
= base × height 𝜽 ∝
= 𝒂 𝒃 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝒂 𝒃 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∝ b

𝟏 a d2
4) Area of rhombus = × 𝒅𝟏 × 𝒅𝟐
𝟐
∝
= 𝒂𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝒂𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ∝ d1

a a
𝜽

𝟏
5) Area of triangle = ×𝑩 ×𝒉
𝟐
𝟏
= 𝒂 𝒃 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 h
𝟐 a

B 𝜽
b

b1
𝒃𝟏 +𝒃𝟐
6) Area of trapezium = ×𝒉
𝟐
h

b1

5
 A

𝜽 𝜽
7) Length of Arc = × 𝟐𝝅𝒓 r
r
𝟑𝟔𝟎

B
C

𝜽 𝜽 r
8) Area of Sector = × 𝝅𝒓𝟐 r
𝟑𝟔𝟎

9) Area of Segment
= Area of sector – Area of triangle
segment
𝜽 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
= × 𝝅𝒓 − × 𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝟐

3) Volumes :
Volume of any prism = area of cross section × height
1) Cube 2) cuboid
h

L
L
𝟑
a) V. of cube = 𝑳 a) V. of cube = L. W. H.
b) L.A = 4 𝑳𝟐 b) L.A = 2 w.h. + 2 h. L.
c) T.A = 6 𝑳𝟐 c) T. A = 2L.w. + 2w.h.+ 2 h.L
d) Sum of edges = 12 L. d) Sum of edges = 4 L. + 4w. + 4h.

6
 3) ( Trigonometry )

1) Right angle opp

𝑶𝒑𝒑
a) Sin 𝜽 = 𝜽
𝒉𝒚𝒑 adj

𝒂𝒅𝒋
b) Cos 𝜽 =
𝒉𝒚𝒑

𝑶𝒑𝒑
c) Tan 𝜽 =
𝒂𝒅𝒋
b
2) Non Right angle triangle
1) Sin rule: a
c
𝑪 𝒂 𝒃
= =
𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑪 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑨 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝑩 a c
b

2) Cos rule:
Given 2- sides
Given 3-
𝜽 + 1- angle in
sides
a
between
b 𝜽= ??
b
a

𝒄 = ??
c
𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐
C = √𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 Cos 𝜽 = 𝟐𝒂𝒃

7
 4) ( Calculus )

Differentiation:
a) If y = 𝒂 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒚 𝒏−𝟏
𝟑 = 𝒂𝒏𝒙
b) y = 𝟑 𝒙𝟐 + − 𝟑√𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒙
𝟏
𝟐 −𝟏
y=𝟑𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙 −𝟑𝒙 𝟐

𝒅𝒚 𝟑 𝟏
= 𝟔 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒙−𝟐 − 𝒙 −𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝟐

𝒅𝒚 𝟑 𝟑
=𝟔𝒙− 𝟐 −
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝟐√𝒙

At Max, Min, turning, point, stationary point

𝒅𝒚
=0
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒔
V=
𝒅𝒕

S diff V diff a
𝒅𝒗
a=
𝒅𝒕

8
5) ( Transformation )

1) Reflection
𝒙 = constant
a) Reflect
y = constant
b) Line of reflection y=𝒙

y=-𝒙

2) Translation 𝒚+
a) Translate
𝑥
b) Column vector (𝑦) 𝒙− 𝒙+

𝒚−
3) Enlargement
a) Enlarge
𝑁𝑒𝑤
b) Scale factor (𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛)

c) Center (intersection point)

4) Rotation
a) Rotate

b) Direction (𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 & 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒)

c) Angle

d) Center
9
 6) (Statistics)
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
1) Mean = 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔

2) Mode = most repeated number

3) Median = middle value (after arrange)
4) Range = largest value – smallest value

200

5)Cumulative frequency Upper quartile 150

200
Median = = 100 Median
2 100
Upper quartile
Lower quartile
3 50
= 4 × 200 = 150
0

Lower quartile
1
= 4 × 200 = 50 upper
lower
Median
Quartile
Quartile

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6)Co-ordinate Geometry :
1) Distance between 2- points = √(𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝟐
𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐
2) Mid-point = ( , )
𝟐 𝟐
𝜽
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
3) Gradient of straight line = m = 𝟏
𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐

4) Gradient of straight line from given equation= 𝒀 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝑪

𝒎 = coefficient of 𝒙
5) Gradient of straight line = 𝒎 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
If 𝑳𝟏 ∥ 𝑳𝟐 , Then 𝒎𝟏 = 𝒎𝟐
−1
If L1 ⊥ L2 , Then m1 x m2 = -1 or m1 = 𝒎
𝟐

2 3
EX: If L1 ⊥ L2 and m1 = 3 so m2 = − 2

11
7)sets :
A B

A∩ B

B
A

A∪ B

A\

A B
A B

(𝐀 ∪ 𝐁)\
A ∩ B\

A B

(𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)\

12
Ex: A B

5 7 3

1) n (A) = ………

2) n (B) = ………

3) n (𝐀 ∩ 𝐁) = ………

4) n (𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) = ………

5) n (𝐀 ∩ 𝑩\ ) = ………

6) n (𝐁 ∪ 𝑨\ ) = ………

7) n (𝑨\ ) = ………

8) n (𝑩\ ) = ………

9) n (𝐀 ∪ 𝐁)\ = ………

10) n (𝐀 ∩ 𝐁)\ = ………

11) n (𝑨\ ∩ 𝑩\ ) = ………

12) n (𝑨\ ∪ 𝑩\ ) = ………

13
8) Squance :

𝑼𝒏 = 𝒂 + ( 𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝒅

𝒂 𝒇𝒊𝒓𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎

𝒅 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆

𝒏 𝑶𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎

𝑼𝒏 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒏𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎( 𝒏𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 )

𝒏
𝑺𝒏 = [𝟐𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅]
𝟐

𝒏
𝑺𝒏 = [𝒂 + 𝑳]
𝟐

14
The Conjugate:
5 + √7 5 – √7
9
Ex: Rationales the denominator 4−
√5

9 4+ √5 9 (4+ √5)
x = = 4 + √5
4− √ 5 4+ √5 16− 5

Completing Square:
X2 + bx + c
𝑏 2 𝑏
(X+ ) – ( )2 + c
2 2

If ( X – a )2 + b So the turning point ( a , b )

Ex: By completing the square, find the coordinates of the turning point of the
curve with equation Y = X2 + 10x + 18
Y = X2 + 10x + 18

Y = ( X + 5 )2 – 25 + 18

Y = ( X + 5 )2 – 7

Turning point (–5 , –7)

Prove:
Prove using two consecutive numbers n , n + 1

Prove using two consecutive even numbers 2n , 2n + 2

Prove using two consecutive odd numbers 2n + 1 , 2n + 3

15
 Graphs
1) Linear Graph

Y = 2x + 4 Y = –2x +2

2) Quadratic Graph
Y = ax2 + bx + c Y = – ax2 +bx + c

3) Cubic Graph

Y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d Y = – ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

16
4) Fractional Graph
𝑎 𝑎
Y= Y=–
𝑋 𝑋

5) Exponential Graph
Y = ax Y = a(–x)

6) Sin Graph Y = Sin x

7) Cos Graph Y = Cos x

17