Dilla University

College of Engineering and Technology

School of Computing and Informatics
Computer Science program
Network and System Administration
November 08/2017
Dilla University
 CHAPTER ONE
Introduction to network and system
administration
 INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION

What is system administration?

In computer technology, a set of functions that

provides support services, ensures reliable operations,

promotes efficient use of the system, and ensures that

prescribed service-quality objectives are met.

 INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION

 A system administrator, or sysadmin, is a person who is

responsible for the upkeep, configuration, and reliable operation

of computer systems; especially multi-user computers, such

as servers.

 A person specialized in maintaining and operating a computer

system or network is known as system administrator (sysadmin).
 SYSADMIN IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
Installing
Supporting and maintaining servers or others computer
systems.
Planning for and responding to problems
Scripting or light programming
Project management for systems related projects.
Supervising or training computer operator
 SYSADMIN IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
The sysadmin is on call when a computer system goes down or
malfunctions.

Must be able to quickly and correctly diagnose what is wrong

and how best to fix it.

When dealing with Internet-facing or business-critical systems a

sysadmin must have a strong grasp of computer security.

Analyzing system logs and identifying potential issues with

computer systems.
 SYSADMIN IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
Introducing and integrating new technologies into existing data
center environments.

Performing routine audit of systems and software.

Applying operating system updates, patches, and configuration

changes.
 SYSADMIN IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
Installing and configuring new hardware and software.

Adding, removing, or updating user account information,

resetting passwords,etc.

Answering technical queries and assisting users.

Responsibility for security.

 SYSADMIN IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
Responsibility for documenting the configuration of the
system.

Troubleshooting any reported problems.

System performance tuning.

Ensuring that the network infrastructure is up and running.

Configuring, adding, and deleting file systems.

 NETWORK & SYSTEMS ADMINISTRATORS DO THE FOLLOWING:

Determine an organization’s network and computer system needs

before setting up
Install all network hardware and software and make needed
upgrades and repairs
Maintain network and computer system security and ensure that
all systems are operating correctly
Collect data in order to evaluate and optimize network or system
performance
 NETWORK & SYSTEMS ADMINISTRATORS DO THE FOLLOWING:

Add users to a network and assign and update security

permissions on the network

Train users in the proper use of hardware and software

Interpret and solve problems when a user or an automated

monitoring system alerts them that one exists
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE NETWORK ADMINISTRATOR

As a network administrator, your tasks generally fall

into the following areas:

Designing and planning the network

Setting up the network
Maintaining the network
Expanding the network
 SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR DUTIES

User Account management

User administration (setup and maintaining account)

Maintaining system

Verify that peripherals are working properly

Quickly arrange repair for hardware in occasion of hardware

failure
 SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR DUTIES

Monitor system performance

Create file systems

Install software

Create a backup and recover policy

 SYSTEM ADMINISTRATOR DUTIES
Monitor network communication
Update system as soon as new version of OS and
application software comes out
Implement the policies for the use of the computer system
and network
Documentation in form of internal wiki
Password and identity management
 CONT..
Hardware management

 Capacity planning
 Adding and removing hardware
 Hardware evaluation and purchase
 Inventory
 Configuration
 Cabling, wiring etc.
 User notification and documentation
 CONT…
Perform file system backups, restores

Install and configure new software's and services

Keep systems and services operating

Maintain documentation
 CONT…
Audit security
 System logging and audit facilities
Evaluation and implementation
Monitoring and analysis
Traps, auditing and monitoring programs
 Unexpected or unauthorized use detection
 CONT…

Monitoring of security advisories

Security holes and weakness

Live exploits

Help users, performance tuning and more.

 ADMINISTRATION CHALLENGES

Broad knowledge of hardware and software

To balance conflicting requirements

 Short-term Vs Long-term needs

 End-users Vs Organizational requirements

 Service provider Vs Police model.

 ADMINISTRATION CHALLENGES

To work well and efficiently under pressure

Availability, Flexibility, Tolerance, and patience

Good communication skills

People think of sysadmins only when things don’t work!

 SPECIALIZATION OF SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION
1. Database Administration

A person who is responsible for the environment aspects of

a database is called a database administrator (DBA).

2. Network Administration

A person who is involved in computer network and that carry

out network administration is known as network administrator
( or network specialist or network analyst).
 CONT…

3. Security Administration
Security administration needs a person who is
specialist in computer and network security.
 ETHICS FOR SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION
❶Professionalism
Maintain professional conduct in the workplace and will not
allow personal feelings or beliefs to cause me to treat
people unfairly or unprofessionally.

❷Personal Integrity
Be honest in my professional dealings and forthcoming about
my competence and the impact of my mistakes
 CONT…
❸Privacy

Access private information on computer system only when

it is necessary in the course of my technical duties.

Maintain and protect the confidentiality of any information

to which I may have access, regardless of the method by

which I came into knowledge of it.

 CONT…
❹Laws and policies

Educate myself and others on relevant laws,

regulations and policies regarding the performance

of my duties.
 CONT…
❺Communication

Communicate with management, users, and colleagues

about computer matters of mutual interest.

Strive to listen to and understand the needs of all

parties.
 CONT…
❻System Integrity

Strive to ensure the necessary integrity, reliability, and

availability of the system for which I am responsible.

Design and maintain each system in a manner to support

the purpose of the system to the organization.
 CONT…
❼Education
Continue to update and enhance my technical knowledge and
other work-related skills.

Share my knowledge and experience with others.

❽Responsibility to computing community
Cooperate with the larger computing community to maintain
the integrity of network and computing resources.
 CONT…

❾Social responsibility
As an informed professional, I will encourage the
writing and adoption of relevant policies and
laws consistent with these ethical principles.
 CONT…

❿Ethical responsibility
Strive to build and maintain a safe, healthy, and productive
workplace.

Do my best to make decisions consistent with safety, privacy,

and well-being of my community and the public, and to

disclose promptly factors that might pose unexamined risks or

dangers.
 CONT…

Accept and offer honest criticism of technical work as

appropriate and will credit properly the contributions

of others.

Support colleagues and co-workers in following this

code of ethics.
 OPERATING SYSTEMS: WINDOWS AND UNIX

An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a

computer user and computer hardware.
It is also a software which performs all the basic tasks like
file management, memory management, process management,
handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices
such as disk drives and printers.
Some popular Operating Systems include Linux, Windows,
OS X, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc.
 OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS
Following are some of important functions of an operating System.
Memory Management
Processor Management
Device Management
File Management
Security
Control over system performance
Job accounting
Error detecting aids
Coordination between other software and users
 MEMORY MANAGEMENT
Memory management refers to management of Primary Memory
or Main Memory.
Main memory is a large array of words or bytes where each
word or byte has its own address.
Main memory provides a fast storage that can be accessed
directly by the CPU.
Keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., what part of it are in use
by whom, what part are not in use.
 MEMORY MANAGEMENT CONT…

In multiprogramming, the OS decides which process will get

memory when and how much.

Allocates the memory when a process requests it to do so.

De-allocates the memory when a process no longer needs it or has

been terminated.
 PROCESSOR MANAGEMENT
In multiprogramming environment, the OS decides which
process gets the processor when and for how much time. This
function is called process scheduling.
An Operating System does the following activities for
processor management.
Keeps tracks of processor and status of process. The program
responsible for this task is known as traffic controller.
Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.
De-allocates processor when a process is no longer required.
 DEVICE MANAGEMENT
An Operating System manages device communication via
their respective drivers. It does the following activities for
device management.
Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this task
is known as the I/O controller.
Decides which process gets the device when and for how
much time.
Allocates the device in the efficient way.
De-allocates devices.
 FILE MANAGEMENT
A file system is normally organized into directories for easy
navigation and usage.
An Operating System does the following activities for file
management
Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The
collective facilities are often known as file system.
Decides who gets the resources.
Allocates the resources.
De-allocates the resources.
 FILE MANAGEMENT CONT..
A file system is normally organized into directories for easy
navigation and usage.
An Operating System does the following activities for file
management
Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The
collective facilities are often known as file system.
Decides who gets the resources.
Allocates the resources.
De-allocates the resources.
 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS, WINDOWS
MS-DOS–Based Kernel Windows NT–Based Kernel

Microsoft Windows for  Microsoft Windows NT

Workgroups  Microsoft Windows 2000
 Microsoft Windows XP
Microsoft Windows 95 Professional
Microsoft Windows 98  Microsoft Windows .NET
Server
Microsoft Windows Me
 WINDOWS NT/WINDOWS 2000 VERSIONS
Windows NT Windows 2000

Workstation  Professional
 Server
Server
 Advanced Server
 Datacenter Server
 FAT FILE SYSTEM

The file allocation table (FAT) is compatible with MS-DOS–

based operating systems.

The original version (FAT16) supports drives up to 2 GB only.

FAT32 supports drives of virtually any size.

 NT FILE SYSTEM (NTFS)

Supports larger files and drives than FAT does

Provides increased security

Supported by Windows NT and Windows 2000

Not supported by MS-DOS–based operating systems

 WINDOWS NT/WINDOWS 2000 NETWORKING SERVICES

Server
Workstation
Computer Browser
Messenger
Alerter
Netlogon
 WINDOWS NT/WINDOWS 2000 OPTIONAL
NETWORKING SERVICES
Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS)
Windows Internet Name Service (WINS)
Domain Name System (DNS) Server
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Server
Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS)
Distributed file system (Dfs)
Microsoft Cluster Server
 NOVELL NETWARE

First commercially successful network operating system

Former market leader

Pure client/server operating system

 COMPARISON OF OPERATING SYSTEM

Novell NetWare was originally designed to provide file

and print services.

UNIX was designed to provide application services.

Microsoft Windows was designed to provide both

application services and file and print services.
 NETWARE FILE SYSTEM

Uses name space modules to support native client file

systems

Provides individual file and folder security

 UNIX VARIANTS

UNIX System

Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) UNIX

Sun Solaris

Linux

Hardware-specific UNIX variants

 UNIX CHARACTERISTICS
Peer-to-peer operating system
Character-based interface
Uses TCP/IP
Designed primarily as an application server
Runs on various processors
Based on the open source software concept
 NETWORK CLIENTS AND CLIENT TYPES

A client is a software component that enables a

computer to access server resources.
The client types are
Client applications
Client modules
 CLIENT APPLICATIONS

Separate programs that communicate with a server in

the network

Examples:
Web browsers
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) clients
E-mail clients
Newsreaders
 CLIENT MODULES

Integrated into an operating system

Provide other applications with access to server resources

 SUMMARY
Knowing basic terminology, types and history of operating systems
gives the system administrator the background to take on the tasks
with confidence.
Understanding some basic terminology aids in the choice of software,
operating systems and hardware and forms a common language for
broad descriptions of these items and their relation to each other.
An understanding and knowledge of this type, function and use of
operating systems allows a system administrator to more rapidly come
up to speed when faced with a new system.