Scribd
Upload
44 views2 pages

Class 9 SST Chapter 2 Complete Notes

The document provides notes on the shaping of the Earth's surface, focusing on plate tectonics, weathering, erosion, and various landforms created by natural agents. It explains the types of plate boundaries, different landforms caused by running water, wind, glaciers, and underground water, as well as natural disasters like landslides and avalanches. Key differences between weathering and erosion are highlighted, along with a quick revision of important concepts and examples.

Uploaded by

ashazali9510
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
44 views2 pages

Class 9 SST Chapter 2 Complete Notes

The document provides notes on the shaping of the Earth's surface, focusing on plate tectonics, weathering, erosion, and various landforms created by natural agents. It explains the types of plate boundaries, different landforms caused by running water, wind, glaciers, and underground water, as well as natural disasters like landslides and avalanches. Key differences between weathering and erosion are highlighted, along with a quick revision of important concepts and examples.

Uploaded by

ashazali9510
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Class 9 SST Chapter 2: Shaping of the Earth's

Surface - Complete Easy Notes


1. Plate Tectonics
• Earth's crust is divided into tectonic plates.
• Plates move slowly due to convection currents in the mantle.
• Plate movement causes mountains, volcanoes and earthquakes.

Earth's Layers
Crust - outer layer; Mantle - thick hot layer; Core - hottest inner layer.

Plate Boundaries
Convergent: plates collide → mountains, volcanoes.
Divergent: plates move apart → new crust forms.
Transform: plates slide past → earthquakes.

Weathering
Breaking of rocks without movement.
Types: Physical, Chemical, Biological.

Erosion
Removal and transport of rock by water, wind, ice and waves.

Agents of Gradation
Running water, glaciers, wind, waves and underground water shape landforms.

Running Water Landforms


Waterfall, Meander, Oxbow Lake, Delta, Floodplain.
Delta has fertile alluvial soil and supports farming.

Coastal Landforms
Beach, Sea Cliff, Sea Cave, Arch, Stack.

Glacial Landforms
U-shaped Valley, Cirque, Arete, Moraine, Fjord.

Wind Landforms
Sand Dunes, Yardangs, Oasis, Deflation Hollow.

Underground Water Landforms


Caves, Stalactites, Stalagmites, Sinkholes.

Disasters
Landslides: due to heavy rain, earthquakes, deforestation.
Avalanches: sudden movement of snow.
GLOF: sudden release of water from glacial lakes.
Dust Storms: strong winds carry dry soil and sand.

Important Differences
Weathering: breaking of rocks only.
Erosion: breaking plus transportation.

Quick Revision
• Plate tectonics explains movement of Earth's crust.
• Ring of Fire has many earthquakes and volcanoes.
• Water, wind, glaciers, waves and groundwater create landforms.
• Deltas are fertile; beaches protect coasts; glaciers store fresh water.
• Learn examples and diagrams of Waterfall, Meander, Delta, Sea Arch, U-shaped
Valley and Cave.

You might also like