Chapter Five
PYTHON LIBRARIES
By Dr. Etana F. (PhD)
Introduction
As our program become larger and more complex the need to
organize our code becomes greater.
We have already learnt in Function chapter that large
and complex program should be divided into functions that
perform a specific task.
As we write more and more functions in a program, we
should consider organizing of functions by storing them in modules
A module is simply a file that contains Python code.
When we break a program into modules, each modules should
contain functions that perform related tasks.
Commonly used modules that contains source code for generic
needs are called Libraries.
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Introduction
When we speak about working with libraries in
Python, we are, in fact, working with modules that
are created inside Library or Packages. Thus a
Python program comprises three main components:
🞑 Library or Package
🞑 Module
🞑 Function/Sub-routine
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Relationship between Module, Package
and Library in Python
A Module is a file containing Python definitions
(docstrings) , functions, variables, classes and
statements
Python package is simply a directory of Python
module(s)
Library is a collection of various packages.
Conceptually there is no difference between
package and Python library. In Python a library is
used to loosely describe a collection of core or main
modules
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Commonly used Python libraries
STANDARD LIBRARY
math module Provides mathematical functions
cmath module Provides function for complex numbers
random module For generating random numbers
Statistics module Functions for statistical operation
Urllib Provides URL handling functions so that you can access websites from
within your program.
NumPy library This library provides some advance math functionalities along with
tools to create and manipulate numeric arrays
SciPy library Another useful library that offers algorithmic and mathematical tools
for scientific calculation
Tkinter library Provides traditional user interface toolkit and helps you to create
user friendly GUI interface for different types of applications.
Matplotlib library Provides functions and tools to produce quality output in variety of
formats such as plot, charts, graph etc,
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What is module?
Act of partitioning a program into individual
components(modules) is called modularity. A module
is a separate unit in itself.
🞑 It reduces its complexity to some degree
🞑 It creates numbers of well-defined,
documented boundaries within program.
🞑 Its contents can be reused in other program,
without having to rewrite or recreate them.
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Structure of Python module
A python module is simply a normal python file(.py)
and contains functions, constants and other elements.
Python module may contains following objects:
docstring Triple quoted comments. Useful for documentation
purpose
Variables and For storing values
constants
Classes To create blueprint of any object
Objects Object is an instance of class. It represent class in real world
Statements Instruction
Functions Group of statements
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Composition/Structure of python module
MODULES
VARIABLES OTHER
PYTHON
MODULES
FUNCTIONS
VARIABLES
IMPORT
CLASSES
MEMBERS OTHER
PYTHON
METHODS MODULES
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Importing Python modules
To import entire module
import <module name>
Example: import math
To import specific function/object from module:
from <module_name> import <function_name>
Example: from math import sqrt
import * : can be used to import all names from
module into current calling module
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Accessing function/constant of imported module
To use function/constant/variable of imported
module we have to specify module name and
function name separated by dot(.). This format is
known as dot notation.
<module_name>.<function_name>
Example: print([Link](25))
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Example : import module_name
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Example: from module import function
By this method only particular method will be
added to our current program. We need not to
qualify name of method with name of module. Or
example:
Here function
sqrt() is
directly written
This line will not
be executed and
gives an error
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Example: from module import *
It is similar to importing the entire package as
“import package” but by this method qualifying
each function with module name is not required.
We can also import multiple elements of module as :
from math import sqrt, log10
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Creating our own Module
Create new python file(.py) and type the following
code as: Execute the following code to import
and use your own module
Save this file are “[Link]”
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help() function
Is used to get detailed information about any
module like : name of module, functions inside
module, variables inside module and name of file
etc.
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Namespace
Is a space that holds a bunch of names. Consider an
example:
🞑 In a CCA competition of vidyalaya, there are students
from different classes having similar names, say there are
three POOJA GUPTA, one from class X, one from XI and
one from XII
🞑 As long as they are in their class there is no confusion,
since in X there is only one POOJA GUPTA, and same with XI
and XII
🞑 But problem arises when the students from X, XI, XII
are sitting together, now calling just POOJA GUPTA
would create confusion-which class‟s POOJA GUPTA. So
one need to qualify the name as class X‟s POOJA
GUPTA, or XI‟s or XII‟s and so on.
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Namespace
From the previous example, we can say that class X has its
own namespace where there no two names as POOJA
GUPTA; same holds for XI and XII
In Python terms, namespace can be thought of as a named
environment holding logical group of related objects.
For every python module(.py), Python creates a namespace
having its name similar to that of module‟s name. That is,
namespace of module AREA is also AREA.
When 2 namespace comes together, to resolve any kind
of object name dispute, Python asks you to qualify the
name of object as <modulename>.<objectname>
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Processing of import <module>
The code of import module is interpreted and
executed
Defined functions and variables in the module are
now available to program in new namespace
created by the name of module
For example, if the imported module is area, now
you want to call the function area_circle(), it
would be called as area.area_circle()
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Processing of from module import object
When we issue from module import object command:
The code of imported module is interpreted and executed
Only the asked function and variables from module are now
available in the current namespace i.e. no new namespace is
created that’s why we can call object of imported module without
qualifying the module name
For example:
from math import sqrt
print(sqrt(25))
However if the same function name is available in current
namespace then local function will hide the imported module’s
function
Same will be apply for from math import * method
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Creating Package
Step 1
Create a new folder which you want to act as package. The
name of folder will be the name of your package
IN THE C:\USERS\VIN
A new Folder “mypackage” is
created.
Note: you can create folder in
any desired location
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Creating Package
Step 2: Create modules (.py) and save it in
“mypackage” folder [Link]
[Link]
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Creating Package
Step 2: importing package and modules in python
program
Save this file by
“[Link]” outside
the package folder
RUN THE PROGRAM
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Creating Alias of Package/module
Alias is the another name for imported package/module. It
can be used to shorten the package/module name
Save this file by
“[Link]” outside
the package folder
RUN THE PROGRAM
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init .py file
init .py (double underscore is prefixed and suffixed) : This
file is required to make Python treat directories containing the
file as packages.
init .py can be just empty file, but it can also execute
initialization code for the package.
Note: Python 2 requires init .py to be inside a folder in
order for the folder to be considered a package and made
importable but in Python 3.3 and above, it support implicit
namespace packages, all folders are packages regardless
of the presence of a init .py file
So from Python 3.3 it is optional to create init .py file
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Example - creating and using package
and module and init .py
Create a folder to act as a package
For. e.g. In C: (C Drive) a folder “mypackages” is
created
Create init .py file (do not write any thing in it) in
this folder “mypackages”
Now create another folder “package1” inside
“mypackages”
Create init .py file inside “package1” also
Create a module(.py) for e.g. “[Link]” file in
“package1” to have some functions in it.
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Another example of creating and using
package and module and init .py
[Link]
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Another example of creating and using
package and module and init .py
Now our entire contents will be like this:
Here,
mypackages
and
package1 are
folders
Now in C: (C Drive), create a file for e.g. “[Link]”
in which we will import module “mymodule”
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Another example of creating and using
package and module and init .py
To import the packages, we can either use Absolute
addressing or Relative Addressing. (already discussed in
data file handling chapter)
Absolute means following the complete address whereas
Relative means with relation to current folder by using Single
dot(.)
Absolute
path of
package
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Another example of creating and using
package and module and init .py
Now our entire content structure will be as:
Run the [Link] file and you will get the output.
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TIP : to use package from any location
At this time, the package “mypackages” will be accessible
from its location only i.e. the file which wants to import this
package must be in same folder/drive where “mypackages”
is.
To enable “mypackages” to be used from any location, Copy
this mypackages to Python‟s site-packages folder inside Lib
folder of Python‟s installation folder. (Try with copying to Lib
folder also)
Path of site-packages is :
C:\Users\vin\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python
36-32\Lib\site-packages
After this you can import this package “mypackages” in any
python file.
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Using Python‟s Built-in Function
Python‟s standard library is very extensive that
offers many built-in functions that we can use
without having to import any library.
Using Python‟s Built-in functions
Function_name()
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Mathematical and String functions
oct(int) : return octal string for given number by prefixing “0o”
hex(int) : return octal string for given number by prefixing “0x”
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Mathematical and String functions
int(number) : function convert the fractional number
to integer
int(string) : convert the given string to integer
round(number,[nDIGIT]) : return number rounded to
nDIGIT after decimal points. If nDIGIT is not given, it
returns nearest integer to its input.
Examples: (next slide)
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Mathematical and String functions
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Other String function
We have already used many string function in class
XI, here are few new functions
<string>.join() : if the string based iterator is a string then
the <string> is inserted after every character of the string.
If the string based iterator is a list or tuple of strings then, the
given string/character is joined after each member of the list of
tuple. BUT the tuple or list must have all members as string
otherwise Python will raise an error
Examples (next slide)
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Other String function
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Other String function
We have already used many string function in class
XI, here are few new functions
<string>.split() : allow to divide string in multiple parts
and store it as a LIST. If you do not provide delimeter then
by default string will be split using space otherwise using
given character.
<str>.replace() : allows you to replace any part of string
with another string.
Example (NEXT SLIDE)
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Example (split() and replace())
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Using URLLIB and WEBBROWSER modules
Python provides urllib module to send http request
and receive the result from within your program. To
use urllib we have to first import urllib module.
urllib module is a collection of sub-module like
request, error, parse etc. following functions of
urllib we can use: (next slide)
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Functions of URLLIB
FUNCTION NAME PURPOSE
[Link](<url>) Opens a website or network object
denoted by URL for reading and return
file like object using which other functions
are often used
urlopen_object.read() Return HTML or the source code of given
url
urlopen_object..getcode() Returns HTTP status code where 200
means „all okay‟ 404 means url not found
etc. 301, 302 means some kind of
redirections happened
urlopen_object.headers Stores metadata about the open URL
urlopen_object.info() Returns same information as by headers
urlopen_object.geturl() Return URL string
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Example:
Before execution of the
above code, make sure PC
is connected to working
internet.
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WEBBROWSER MODULE
Provides functionality to open a website in a window or tab or
web browser on your computer, from within your program.
To use webbrowser module we must import the module as:
🞑 import webbrowser
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