Programming of Engineering
陣列 Array
1
Why
• A variable can only store one value.
• If there is a lot of data to be processed, a lot of variables must be declared.
Ex: int student1=10, student2=30, student3=30 , …. student100=10;
• Arrays are suitable for processing a large number of variables.
• An array is a collection of elements of the same type placed in contiguous memory
locations that can be individually referenced by using an index to a unique identifier.
Ex: int student[100]={10, 30, … 10};
2
Array declaring: dataType arrayName [arraySize];
Ex:
int car [6];
int: type of element to be stored
car : name of the array
6 : size of the array
3
Elements
int car [10] ; // declaring
car [0] = 10; // assigning
car [1] = 11; // assigning
car [9] = 12; // assigning 。
car [9] = car [3];
car [10] = 1001; ????????
4
Example: assign values to elements by loop.
int iArray[5]; // 宣告陣列
for ( int i=0; i < 5; i++) // 用迴圈設定各元素值
iArray[ i ] = i * 5;
cout << "iArray 陣列的大小為 " << sizeof(iArray) << " 個位元組" << endl;
for (int i=0; i<5; i++) // 用迴圈輸出各元素值
cout << "iArray[" << i << "] =" << iArray[i] << endl;
5
Assign initial value to array
int a [5] = {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5};
int b [5] = {1, 2 , 3 } ;
int c [ ] = {1, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 };
//Here, we have not mentioned the size of the array. In such cases, the compiler
automatically computes the size.
int x[6] = { 19 , 10 , 8 }; // store only 3 elements in the array
//Here, the array x has a size of 6. However, we have initialized it with only 3 elements. The
compiler automatically assigns 0 to the remaining places.
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Example
int A[] = {1,2,3,4,5}; // 未指定陣列大小
int B[5] = {6,7,8}; // 未設定全部元素的初始值
cout << ”size of A is " << sizeof(A) << endl;
cout << ”size of B is " << sizeof(nArray) << endl;
for (int i=0 ; i < 5 ; i++ ) { // 用迴圈輸出各元素值
cout << ”A[" << i << "] =" << A[i] << '\t' << ”B[" << i << "] =" << B[i] << endl;
}
7
Example : find max or min
int numbers [5];
cout << "Please enter 5 numbers in sequence" << endl;
for (int i=0;i<5;i++) { // assign values to elements
cout << ” Please enter the " << (i+1) << " number：";
cin >> numbers [i];
}
int MAX = numbers[0]; // assign the first value to MAX
for (int i=1;i<5 ;i++) // finding the MAX
if (numbers[i]>MAX) // if TRUE
MAX = numbers[i]; // then assign numbers[i] to MAX
cout << ”The max is " << MAX;
8
Exchange the values of the elements
int A [ 3 ] = { 5 , 4 , 3 }, temp ;
cout << A[0] << A[1] << A[2] ;
temp = A [ 0 ] ;
A[0]=A[1];
A [ 1 ] = temp;
cout<<A[0]<<A[1]<<A[2];
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int A [ m ] = { 5 , 4 , 3….. }
Sorting ?
N i< i=i
loop A [5] m +1
i=0 {5, 4, 3, 2, 1 } 🡪 {4, 5, 3, 2, 1 } Y
N
i=1 {4, 5, 3, 2, 1 } 🡪 {4, 3, 5, 2, 1 } A[ i ] >
A[
i=2 {4, 3, 5, 2, 1 } 🡪 {4, 3, 2, 5, 1 }
i+1]
i=3 {4, 3, 2, 5, 1 } 🡪 {4, 3, 2, 1, 5 }
Y
exchange A[ i ], A [ i+1 ]
10
Sorting int A [ 6] = { 6, 5, 3, 4, 0, 1 }
653401 534016 k<
563401 354016 m -1
536401 345016
k =k +1N Y
534601 340516
534061 340156 i < m- i=i
534016 k-1 +1
N
Y
340156 301456
340156 031456
304156 013456 A[ i ] >A [ N
301456 i+1]
Y
013456
013456 交換 A[ i ], A [ i+1 ]
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Array and memory
• An array is a collection of elements of the same type placed in
contiguous memory locations that can be individually referenced by
using an index to a unique identifier.
Ex: int stu [ 5 ] ={10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
4 x 5 = 20 bytes
int int int int int
stu [ 0 ] stu [ 1 ] stu [ 2 ] stu [ 3 ] stu [ 4 ]
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傳統陣列
• 陣列長度：陣列儲存的元素個數
int a[3];
char b[4];
float c[5];
• 陣列的長度不可為變數，須在執行之前就已經確定
const int SIZE = 10;
int foo[SIZE];
int i;
cin >> i;
❖ 新標準容許陣列長度為變數
int bar[i];
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Value assignment
• The value of the elements must be assigned one by one.
int foo[100];
for( int i = 0 ; i < 100 ; ++i ) foo[i] = i+1 ;
1 2 3 ... ... 100
foo[0] foo[1] foo[2]
• How to assign the element values of array A to array B?
int i , foo[10] , bar[10];
for( i=0 ; i<10 ; ++i ) foo[i] = i+1 ;
// bar = foo ; // incorrect
for( i=0 ; i<10 ; ++i ) bar[i] = foo[i] ;
14
Size of the array
• The size of the array is often set with a constant. It is good for the loop
process.
const int SIZE = 10;
int i , square[SIZE];
for( i = 0 ; i < SIZE ; ++i ) square[i] = i*i;
for( i = 0 ; i < SIZE ; ++i )
cout << i*i << ”=” << square[i] << endl;
• sizeof ()
int i , foo[] = { 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 };
int size = sizeof(foo) / sizeof(int);
for( i = 0 ; i < size ; ++i ) cout << foo[i] << endl;
❖sizeof(foo) : foo 陣列總共佔用的位元組數目
sizeof(int) : 一個整數所佔用的位元組數目
15
Multidimensional array
• int a[2][3] ; // a 為 2 列 3 行的整數矩陣
a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2]
6 個整數，共 24 bytes
• float b[2][2][3] ; // 共 12 個元素, 48 個位元組
b[0][0][0] b[0][0][1] b[0][0][2] b[0][1][0] b[0][1][1] b[0][1][2]
b[1][0][0] b[1][0][1] b[1][0][2] b[1][1][0] b[1][1][1] b[1][1][2]
• 多維陣列的總個數：
int foo[2][4][3];
cout << sizeof(foo) / sizeof(int) << endl; // 印出 24
16
Initial value assignment
• 一個大括號方式的設定：
char a[2][3] = {’a’,’b’,’c’,’d’,’e’,’f’};
int b[2][3][2] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,6,5,4,3,2,1};
• 多個大括號方式的設定： 1 0 0
A= 2 3 0
int a[2][3] = { {1},{2,3} };
int b[2][3] = { {1,0,0},{2,3,0} };
1 0 0
int c[3][3] = { {1},{1,1},{1,1,1} }; B= 1 1 0
1 1 1
以上用矩陣表示為：
17
example
• 有四個學生（student1,2,3,4），每人有三科成績 (g1, g2, g3)。
試寫程式，可輸入四個學生的各項成績，輸出學生的個別成績，
平均成績。若成績小於60，則在成績前面加註*記號。 setw
成績單.cpp
18
19
Character array
• char name; // name is char variable
• char name[4]; // name is char array variable
20
Example
1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. int main()
4. {
5. char name1[]= "John Smith"; // 以字串為初始值
6. char name2[]= {'M','a','r','y',' ','W','h','i','t','e’}; // 設定個別字元為初始值
7. cout << "name1[]大小為：" << sizeof(name1) << endl;
8. cout << "name2[]大小為：" << sizeof(name2) << endl;
9. cout << "name1[]：" << name1 << endl;
10. cout << "name2[]：" << name2 << endl;
11. }
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