Mobile computing:

A technology that is capable of providing and environment which enables users to

transmit data from one device to another without the use of any physical link or cable is
known as mobile computing.

Various mobile computing technologies are given below:

GSM

• Digital System: Operates using digital signals for voice and data transmission.
• Frequency Bands: Commonly uses 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz
frequency bands.
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA): Divides each frequency band into time
slots for efficient use.
• Roaming: Allows users to access mobile services across different geographic
areas.
• Security: Provides encryption for secure communication.
• The network is divided into 3 systems :
• switching system
• base switching system
• operation and support system

Advantages of GSM

• High-quality voice calls.

• Broad international roaming support.
• Interoperability with various networks.
• Secure communication through encryption.

GSM-Related Technologies

• Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)

• Improves data transmission rates over GPRS.

• Often referred to as "2.5G."
• Offers theoretical speeds of up to 384 kbps.

• General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

• Introduces packet-switching for efficient data transmission.

• Often used for mobile internet and MMS.
• Speeds range from 40-100 kbps.

• Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)

 • A 3G standard that succeeded GSM.
• Offers high-speed data services (up to 42 Mbps with HSPA+).
• Supports video calling and multimedia applications.

• Long-Term Evolution (LTE)

• A 4G technology providing faster data rates and improved performance

over UMTS.
• Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for better
spectrum efficiency.
• Enables HD video streaming, online gaming, and other advanced
applications.

• 5G (Fifth Generation)

• Successor to LTE, offering ultra-high-speed internet (up to 10 Gbps).

• Low latency and support for massive IoT deployments.
• Applications include autonomous vehicles, smart cities, and augmented
reality.

2.5G 3G
Feature 2G (GSM) 4G (LTE) 5G
(GPRS/EDGE) (UMTS/HSPA)
Early
Launch Late 1990s Early 2000s 2010s 2020s
1990s
Up to 14.4 Up to 1 Up to 10
Data Speed Up to 384 kbps Up to 42 Mbps
kbps Gbps Gbps
Circuit- Circuit & Packet- Packet- Packet-
Switching
Switched Packet Switched Switched Switched
Latency High Moderate Moderate Low Ultra Low
Key Basic Internet, HD
Voice, SMS Video Calling IoT, AR/VR
Features MMS Streaming
Browsing, Online Smart
Applications Telephony Video Apps
Email Gaming Cities, AI

This comparison highlights the evolution from basic telephony in 2G to the high-speed,
low-latency, and versatile capabilities of 5G. Each generation builds on the previous
one, improving connectivity and enabling new applications.

Electronic mail
Electronic mail is a method of exchanging digital messages from sender to one or more
recipients.

• Modern e-mail operates across the Internet or other computer networks.

• Today's e-mail systems are based on store and forward model.

• e-mail servers accept, forward, deliver and store messages.

• The interaction between e-mail servers and clients are governed by e-mail
protocols.

Advantages of electronic mail:

• emails are easy to use

• emails are fast.

• The language used in e-mail is simple

• it is possible to send automated emails with a certain text.

disadvantages of an e-mail:

• emails may carry virus

• many people send unwanted emails to others called spam mails

• emails cannot really be used for official business documents

• your mailbox may get flooded with emails after a certain time so you have to
empty it from time to time

Electronic mail protocols:

There are two most common e-mail protocols they are POP and SMTP

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer

Feature POP (Post Office Protocol)
Protocol)
Retrieves emails from a mail Sends emails from the client to
Purpose
server to the client. a mail server.
Downloads and optionally Transfers outgoing emails to
Functionality
deletes emails from the server. recipients' servers.
Direction Incoming mail protocol. Outgoing mail protocol.
Emails are stored locally after Does not handle storage;
Mail Storage
download. forwards messages only.
 Email clients like Outlook, Email servers for delivering
Used By
Thunderbird. messages.

chat and instant messaging

chat and instant messaging chatting is the way of talking to other people who are using
Internet at the same time like you. There are numerous chat and instant messaging
programs that you can download including Yahoo messenger Windows Live messenger
and Skype.

Video Conferencing:
Conferencing when you call for a conference everyone is expected to arrive at a
designated time and place to discuss an issue and resolve it video conferencing is a
communication technology that integrates video and audio to connect users anywhere
in the world as if they were in the same room this term usually refers to communication
between 3:00 or more users most popular softwares used for video conferencing are:
• TCP Cam
• Ekiga
• Skype
Protocols for chat and video conferencing:
Comparison of IRC, H.323, and SIP
IRC (Internet Relay SIP (Session Initiation
Feature H.323
Chat) Protocol)
Real-time text-based Multimedia Establishing and
Purpose communication in communication managing VoIP and
chatrooms. (voice, video, data). multimedia sessions.
Group chats, private Video conferencing, Voice calls, video calls,
Primary Use
messaging. IP telephony. instant messaging.
ITU-T standard for IETF protocol for
Protocol Text-based chat
multimedia initiating multimedia
Type protocol.
communication. sessions.
TCP. TCP, UDP. UDP, TCP, SCTP.
Suitable for large
Limited scalability for Highly scalable for large
Scalability chatrooms with
large networks. VoIP deployments.
many users.
Complex with
Moderately complex
Simple and multiple
Complexity with a focus on
lightweight. components (e.g.,
modularity.
Gatekeeper).
Security Limited (optional Limited built-in Supports encryption via
 SSL/TLS for security; external TLS and SRTP.
encrypted encryption required.
connections).
Basic; designed for Highly extensible
Limited; primarily for
text-based (supports multiple
Extensibility multimedia
communication media types and
communication.
only. extensions).
Online
Video conferencing VoIP applications (e.g.,
Examples of communities,
systems (e.g., Cisco, Skype, Zoom, SIP
Use chatrooms (e.g.,
Polycom). phones).
Freenode).

VoIP voice over Internet Protocol

VoIP is a technology that enables voice communications over the Internet through the
compression of voice into data packets that can be efficiently transmitted over data
networks and then converted back into voice at the other end.

Benefits of VoIP

• Vivo IP has over standard telephone system is cost.

• Using vivo IP subscribers can call one another at no cost

• Routing phone calls over existing data networks eliminated the need for separate
voice and data networks.

• More than one telephone call could be transmitted over single broadband
connection.

Connecting wirelessly to the Internet:

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability

Feature Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
for Microwave Access)
Wireless local area Wireless metropolitan area networking
Purpose
networking (WLAN). (WMAN).
Up to 50 km in ideal conditions (10 km
Range Up to 100 meters (typical).
for practical use).
Frequency 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz (unlicensed 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz
Bands bands). (licensed/unlicensed bands).
Up to 1 Gbps (practical deployment
Data Speed Up to 9.6 Gbps (Wi-Fi 6/6E).
speeds).
 Small-scale, localized
Network Large-scale broadband internet access
networks (e.g., homes,
Type (e.g., rural areas).
offices).
IEEE 802.11 (e.g., 802.11ac,
Standard IEEE 802.16.
802.11ax).
Uses hotspots with access Uses base stations to cover large
Technology
points for connectivity. geographic areas.
Mobility Limited (primarily stationary Supports high-speed mobility (e.g., in
Support or slow movement). vehicles).
Inexpensive and widely Higher deployment cost; suitable for
Cost
available. ISPs.
Home, office, cafes, airports, Rural broadband, city-wide internet,
Applications
and public spaces. and backhaul networks.

1. Malware

• Definition: Malicious software designed to harm or exploit devices, networks, or

users.
• Types of Malware:
• Virus: Attaches to files/programs; spreads when executed, damaging
systems and files.
• Worm: Self-replicating; spreads across networks without user
intervention.
• Trojan: Disguises as legitimate software; opens backdoors for attackers.
• Spam: Unsolicited bulk messages, often carrying phishing links or
malware.

2. Cookies

• Definition: Small text files stored on a user's browser by websites to retain

session data.
• Uses:
• Track user activity (e.g., shopping cart, login details).
• Enable personalization (e.g., saved preferences).
• Security Risks:
• Can be exploited for tracking (third-party cookies).
• Vulnerable to cookie hijacking or session theft.
3. Firewall

• Definition: A network security device or software that monitors and controls

incoming and outgoing traffic based on security rules.

Comparison of Firewall Techniques

Firewall Technique How It Works Advantages Disadvantages

Examines packets
- Fast and - Cannot inspect
Packet Filtering based on IP, port,
efficient. content.
or protocol.
- - Vulnerable to
Easy to spoofing and
implement. advanced attacks.
Filters traffic for
- Provides
specific - Slower due to
detailed
Application Gateway applications (e.g., content
application
HTTP, FTP) at the inspection.
control.
application layer.
- Protects against
- Complex to
application-layer
configure.
attacks.
Monitors session
- Efficient for
initiation (TCP - Does not inspect
Circuit-Level Gateway session
handshakes) at the packet contents.
monitoring.
session layer.
- Limited control
- Hides internal
over application
network details.
data.
Intermediary
between users and - High security; - Slower due to
Proxy Server external servers; isolates internal content filtering
filters and caches networks. and caching.
content.
- Blocks - Requires more
malicious traffic. resources.
Difference Between HTTP and HTTPS

Feature HTTP HTTPS

Full Form Hypertext Transfer Protocol Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
No encryption; data sent in
Security Encrypts data using SSL/TLS.
plaintext.
Port Used Port 80. Port 443.
Data Vulnerable to eavesdropping Secure against interception and
Protection and attacks. tampering.
Padlock displayed in the browser’s
Indicator No padlock in the browser.
address bar.

These concepts are foundational for understanding and implementing network security
practices.

Legal aspects of computing:

IT law is a set of legal enactments currently in existence in several countries which

govern the digital dissemination of both information and software itself

Indian IT act:

this act aims to provide the legal infrastructure for ecommerce in India and the cyber
laws have a major impact for each business and new economy in India The IT Act 2000
attempts to change outdated laws and provide ways to deal with cyber crimes.

the essence of the act it Act 2000 addresses the following issues

• offenses and contraventions

• legal recognition of digital signatures

• legal recognition of electronic documents

IPR issues:

Under intellectual property law owners are granted certain exclusive rights to do a
variety of intangible access such as music literary and artistic works discoveries and
inventions words phrases symbols and designs common types of intellectual property
rights include copyrights, trademarks, patents, industrial design rights trade dress and
in some jurisdictions trade secrets.

IP is divided into two categories

industrial property- inventions(patents), trademarks, industrial designs, geographic
indication of source.

Copyrights- Literary, artistic works(novels, poetry, drawing, painting, photographs etc..,)

Cyber Law

• Definition:
• Legal framework governing activities on the internet and digital platforms.
• Ensures security, privacy, and protection of online data and systems.
• Purpose:
• Regulates e-commerce, digital signatures, intellectual property, and
cybercrimes.
• Examples:
• IT Act 2000 (India), GDPR (Europe), DMCA (USA).

Cyber Crime

• Definition:
• Criminal activities carried out using computers, networks, or the internet.
• Types of Cyber Crimes:
• Hacking: Unauthorized access to systems or data.
• Phishing: Fraudulently obtaining sensitive information (e.g., passwords).
• Identity Theft: Using someone's personal information without
permission.
• Cyberstalking: Harassment or intimidation through digital platforms.

Hacking

• Definition:
• Unauthorized access to or manipulation of computer systems, networks,
or data.
• Types of Hackers:
• White Hat Hackers: Ethical hackers who improve system security.
• Black Hat Hackers: Malicious hackers who exploit vulnerabilities for
illegal purposes.
• Gray Hat Hackers: Operate between ethical and unethical hacking.
Cracker

• Definition:
• A type of malicious hacker who breaks into systems or software to cause
damage, steal data, or bypass protections.
• Differences Between Hacker and Cracker:
• Hackers can be ethical or malicious; crackers are always malicious.
• Crackers focus on destroying data, defacing websites, or bypassing
software security measures.

Web Services:

HTML:

HTML is a computer language that allows us to create and design web pages. It is
relatively easy to learn and powerful in creating websites.

XML:

XML is a markup language for documents containing structured information. XML

carries data and not just displays it like HTML. XML tags are user defined.

Www:

Www is a collection of all the information available on the internet. It consists of web
pages created using HTML to interchange information on the Internet. They use HTTP

Domain names:

Domain names are the words entered by the user to visit a specific website. The Domain
Name System translates these names into IP addresses. Names are easier to
remember than numbers. DNS is like a phonebook.

URL:

The complete web address of a web page written on the address bar of the browser is
know as uniform resource locator.
MAC Address:

The MAC address is known as a physical or hardware address, and is a unique value
associated with NIC. It is engraved on NIC at the time of manufacturing and thus it is a
permanent address and cannot be changed.

It is a 12 digit hexadecimal number and the first 6 digit is the manufacturer's ID called
Organisational Unique Identifier. (OUI) and the later 6 digits represent the serial number
assigned by the manufacturer.

IP Address:

Internet Protocol address is the unique number which is assigned to out computer
when we connect to the internet using our ISP. IP address can change when the node is
removed and connected to another network.

Static IP is a permanent IP when we have a broadband internet connection. Dynamic IP

is temporary IP for dial-up connections.

Web Browser:

A web browser software is a software application which enables the user to display and
also interact with text, images, videos, music, games and other information on the
webpage.

Example: Google Crome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Opera, Internet Explorer

Web Servers:
A Web Server is a computer that has web pages. Every web server has an IP address and
a domain name. A browser request to the server and fetches the page and sends it back
to the browser.

Some web server software applications are from NCSA, Apache, Microsoft , Netscape
etc..,

Web Hosting:

Web hosting is a service through which the user can host their own information on the
web server. The information would be available on www.

Web Scripting:

A scripting language is a programming language which can be embedded or integrated

with other languages. They are used to create dynamic web pages.

Server-Side Scripting Languages

1. PHP: Used for web development, especially for building dynamic websites and web
applications.

2. Python: Used for web development, data analysis, machine learning, and more.

3. Ruby: Used for web development with the Ruby on Rails framework.

4. Perl: Used for system administration, network programming, and text processing.

Client-Side Scripting Languages

1. JavaScript: Used for creating interactive web pages, web applications, and mobile
applications.

2. VBScript: Used for client-side scripting in Internet Explorer.