10

CITIZENSHIP
ADVANCEMENT
TRAINING

Module 2.1 Military Orientation

Military Organization, Courtesy, Discipline, and

Leadership
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Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad
Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Ramil L. Tadios - TIII

Editors: Ronnie S. Reyes
Reviewers: Nelson R. Gomez EPS-MAPEH
Illustrator: Orlando L. Encinares - TIII
Layout Artist: Maryflor C. Lanzuela - TI

Citizenship Advancement Training – Grade 10

Military Orientation (Lesson 1) - Module 2.1
 Military Organization, Courtesy, Discipline, and Leadership

I. Introduction:
Citizen Advancement Training as provided by the Rule II-General Provisions, Section 2 of the
Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) to implement the National Service Program.
Citizen Advancement Training It is a restructuring of the Citizen Army Training required to all
Fourth Year High School students in the Philippines in both public and private schools as provided
for in the Department of Education (DepEd) Order Bo. 35, s. 2003 and reinforced by the DepEd
Order No. 52, s. 2004.

II. Objectives
At the end of the lesson you are expected to:

1. Discuss the military organization and its structure and primary function.
2. Discuss the principle of military organization.
3. Define Military Courtesy, Military Discipline, and Leadership.
4. Identify the specific service being rendered by the military in the country.
5. Relate the historical development in the country.
6. Observe courtesy and discipline before persons/agents in authority, elders and other
people in the community.

III. Vocabulary List

 Mission - refers to the delicate task assigned to an individual or unit of the armed
services. To suit our purpose, the statement of the AFP's mission must be clear and
unequivocal terms why the armed forces exist.
 Military Organization – is referring to efficient, well-trained leadership all along its chain
of command. The commander of the unit must be a capable soldier who can inspire those
under him with confidence, enthusiasm and determination. The success of the unit
depends upon his professional skill, imagination, careful attention to details and the ability
to overcome difficulties.
 Military Discipline - is the state of order and obedience among personnel in a military
organization. It is willingness to accept with conviction and without reservation the
necessity for a common law that rules and coordinates the effort of a group. It is
unhesitating compliance to regulations.
 Salute - is the most significant and common form of all the military courtesies.
 Military leadership - is the process of influencing others to accomplish the mission by
providing purpose, direction, and motivation. Command is the authority a person in
the military service lawfully exercises over subordinates by virtue of his rank and
assignment or position.
  Military courtesy - is simply display of good manners and politeness in dealing with
other people. Military courtesy conveys respect from both subordinate and senior to each
other. Men of arms have used some form of the military salute as an exchange of greeting
since the earliest times.
 Laissez-faire leadership - is the direct opposite of autocratic leadership. Instead of a
single leader making all decisions for an organization, group or team, laissez-faire
leaders make few decisions and allow their staff to choose appropriate workplace
solutions.
 Autocratic leadership is a management style wherein one person controls all the
decisions and takes very little inputs from other group members. Autocratic leaders make
choices or decisions based on their own beliefs and do not involve others for their
suggestion or advice.
 Morale – is the confidence, enthusiasm, and discipline of a person or group at a particular
time.

IV. Pre-Test
Direction: Identify the statement whether true or false.
_______1. The Commander-in-Chief of the Philippines is the current President.
_______2. Flexibility is the capability to make timely and appropriate changes in thinking, plan,
and methods, when you see or when others convince you that there
is a better way.
_______3. Creativity, Courage, and Dependability are characteristics of a good leader.
_______4. A color (Phil. Flag) is not entitled for salute.
_______5. Founding of Katipunan by Andres Bonifacio was considered as the father Philippine
Army.
_______6. The Tejeros Convention on March 22, 1897 proclaimed officially the complete
independence and acknowledged as the “Father of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines.
_______7. Military prisoner is not entitled for the salute.
_______8. Tact is the ability to deal with others in a respectful manner.
_______9. Timely and fair disposition of case is called judgement.
_______10. Persuasive type of leadership is a type of leadership that takes into consideration the
human elements with the main focus on the Physical, mental and
normal capabilities and limitations of the individual members of the group.

V. Learning Activities
What is the Military Organization?

Military Organization is a group of men or units banded together to perform military functions
with definite responsibilities and duties assigned each individual.

Military Organization must have efficient, well-trained leadership all along its chain of
command. The commander of the unit must be a capable soldier who can inspire those under
him with confidence, enthusiasm and determination. The success of the unit depends upon his
professional skill, imagination, careful attention to details and the ability to overcome difficulties.

What are the four (4) principles of organization?

1. Unity of Command means one and only one leader at each level of command.
2. Span of Control limits the number of individuals that one supervisor can, control
effectively.
3. Homogenous refers to the personnel and equipment needed to accomplish the mission is
grouped together.
4. Delegation of Authority insures that the commander is responsible for the final
outcome of an operation.

What are the Mission and Function of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP)?

Mission refers to the delicate task assigned to an individual or unit of the armed services. To
suit our purpose, the statement of the AFP's mission must be clear and unequivocal terms why
the armed forces exist. Function is the proper action by which a unit fulfils its reason for being.

The mission and function of the AFP are as follows:

1. To uphold the sovereignty, support the Constitution and defend the territory of the
Republic of the Philippines.
2. To advance the national aims interests and policies.
3. To plan for the organization, maintenance, development and deployment of AFP active
and reserve forces for national security.
4. To perform such other duties as the President may direct.

The President of the country is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces the
Philippines. The Commander-in-Chief Exercises strategic directions through the Secretary of
National Defense and exercises command through the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines.

What is the function of the Secretary of National Defense?

The Secretary of National Defense is the head of the Department, who is responsible to
the Commander-in-Chief for the formulation and execution of plans, progress and policies,
relating to the national defense and security.

What is the function of the Chief of Staff in the AFP?

The Chief of Staff is the highest military officer of the AFP. He has command over all
elements of the AFP. He executes the President's functions in. relation to military strategy,
tactics and operations and acts as the immediate adviser to the Secretary of National Defense.
The three major services of the AFP are as follows:
1. Philippine Army
2. Philippine Navy
3. Philippine Air Force
What is Custom of the Service?

Custom of the Service is the body of unwritten or common law of the (3) three major
services of the AFP.
What is Morale in the AFP?

Morale means the mental state and spirit of an individual or unit in the Armed Forces of
the Philippines.

What is efficiency?

Efficiency is the ability to accomplish successfully an assigned task in the shortest possible
time with the least confusion. Efficiency requires efficacy, interest, resourcefulness and
proficiency. It develops pride, and the satisfaction of a job well done.

The salute is the most significant and common form of all the military courtesies. It is an
esteemed tradition of the profession of arms, practiced in all military organizations in the world.
The manner an individual executes the salute is an indication of his attitude towards his duties
as a military man and existing state of morale and discipline in his unit. An unwillingly or
grudgingly rendered salute or a childish self-importance not to notice anyone to whom a salute is
due, shows disregard of the individual duties, lack of buoyancy and ability to perform well, lack
of pride in the team and possession of a stubborn and defiant character making an individual
unsuited to cooperate with others in a common effort. When you salute or return a salute, you
clearly mark yourself as a soldier who has pride in yourself and your organization.

What are the general saluting procedures?

1. When reporting to an officer indoors, an armed soldier removes his headdress, knocks and
enters when told to do so. Upon entering, he halts about two paces from the officer,
salutes and says: "Sir, Cadet Private dela Cruz reporting, Sir."
2. When a soldier underarms and reporting to an officer indoors, follows the above
procedure, except that headgear is not removed. When carrying a rifle, the soldier enters
with the rifle at the trail, halts and renders the rifle salute at order arms. Otherwise, the
hand salute is given.
3. When reporting to an officer outdoors, a soldier observes the procedure cited above
except that the headdress is not removed and when armed with a rifle, may, in
approaching the officer, carry it at the trail or at right-shoulder arms. He executes the rifle
salute at order or right shoulder arms.
4. A driver of a motor vehicle salutes only when the vehicle is at halt and its engine is not
running. The exchange of salutes is not required between persons mounted in different
moving vehicles.
5. Interior guards posted in garrisons are required to observe the following procedures:
 To render the rifle salute by presenting arms after first halting and facing the music,
persons or colors.
 To execute the hand salute when armed with a pistol or carbine.
 Not to interrupt a conversation with an officer just to salute another. But if the
officer with whom a sentinel is conversing salutes a senior, the interior guard also
salutes.
 To salute whether outdoors or indoors when on post or on guard duty.
6. Individuals not in formation do not salute or return salutes except at the command
"Present Arms". The individual in charge salutes and acknowledges the salute for the
whole formation.
7. Commanders of organizations or detachments that are not part of a larger formation
salute officers of higher grades by bringing the organization or detachment to attention
before saluting.
 8. Troops not in formation are called to attention by the first person noticing the approach of

an officer superior in rank and salute.

Who are entitled to the salute?

1. Commissioned officers (both male and female) of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
2. Commissioned officers (both male and female) of the Armed Forces of Allied Nations.
3. Civilian high officials or foreign dignitaries during military honors rendered for them.
4. Colors and standard not cased. (This means that these symbolic manifestations are openly
and publicly displayed during military parades and other formal military occasions).

When to salute? When not to salute?

1. Reporting to an officer. 1. When troops are at work.

2. Meeting an officer. 2. Indoors, except when reporting to an

officer.

3. When carrying articles with both hands or

3. When the national color passes by. being so occupied as to make saluting
impracticable.

4. When the national anthem is being played

(outdoor only). 4. When serving as a military prisoner.

5. Raising, and lowering of flag.

6. After conversing with an officer.

What is Leadership?

Leadership is influencing people by providing purpose, direction and motivation-while

operating to accomplish the mission and improving the organization. Influencing means getting
people to do what you want them to do. It is the mean or method to achieve two ends as
operating and improving. But there's more to influencing than simply passing along orders. The
example you set is just as important as the words you speak. And you set an example-good or
bad with every action you take and word you utter, on or off duty. Through your words and
example, you must communicate purpose, direction and motivation. Leadership is the art of
influencing men in a way that will win their obedience, confidence and respect and their loyal
cooperation in achieving a common objective. (ROTC Manual MS 11, p. 27)

What is the objective of leadership?

The main objective of leadership is to develop teamwork in order to achieve common goal
or purpose. (Handbook NSTP MS 2, p. 1) This brings us to the real definition of leadership, which
is the art of influencing men in a way that will win their obedience, confidence and respect and
their loyal cooperation in achieving a common objective.

What are the factors of leadership?

a. Know yourself and seek self-improvement - To know yourself, you must understand
who you are and know what your preferences, strengths and weaknesses are. Knowing
yourself allows you to take advantage of your weaknesses. Seeking self-improvement
means continually developing your strengths and working on overcoming your
weaknesses. This will increase your competence and the confidence your soldier have in

your ability to train and lead.

b. Be technically and tactically proficient - You are expected to be technically and

tactically proficient at your job. This means that you can accomplish all tasks to standard
that are required to accomplish the wartime mission. In addition, you are responsible for
training your soldiers to do their job and for understudying your leader in the event you
must assume those duties.
c. Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your action - Leading always
involves responsibility. You want subordinates who can handle responsibility and help you
perform your mission. Similarly, your leaders want you to take the initiative within their
stated intent. When you see a problem or something that needs to be fixed, do not wait
for your leader to tell you to act. War fighting doctrine requires bold leaders at all levels
who exercise initiative are resourceful and take advantage of opportunities on the
battlefield that will lead to victory. When you make mistakes, accept just criticism and
take corrective action. You must avoid evading responsibility by placing the blame on
someone else. Your objective should be to build trust between you and your leaders as
well as between you and those you lead by seeking and accepting responsibility.
d. Make sound and timely decisions - You must be able to rapidly assess situations and
make a sound decision. If you delay or try to avoid making a decision, you may cause
unnecessary casualties and fail to accomplish the mission. Decisive leaders create
hesitancy; loss of confidence and confusion. You must be able to anticipate and reason
under the most trying conditions and quickly decide what actions to take.
e. Example by leadership – Your soldiers wants and need you to be a model. This is more
powerful. If you expect courage, competence, candor, commitment and integrity from
your soldiers, you must demonstrate them. Your soldiers will imitate your behavior. You
must set high, but attainable standards, be willing to do what you require of your soldier
and share dangers and hardship with your soldiers.
Your personal example affects your soldiers more than any instructions or form of
discipline. You are the role model.
f. Know your subordinate and look out for their well-being - You must know and care
for your soldiers. It is enough to know their names and hometowns. You need to commit
time and effort to listen and learn about your soldiers. When you show genuine concern
for your troops they trust and respect you as a leader. Telling your subordinates you care
about them has no meaning unless they see you demonstrating care. Although slow to
build, trust and respect can be destroyed quickly. If your soldiers trust you, they will
willingly work to help you accomplish missions.
 g. Keep your men informed - Keeping your men informed helps them make decisions and
execute plans within your intent, encourages initiative, improves teamwork and enhances
morale. They expect you to keep them informed and when possible explain reasons for
your orders.
h. Develop a sense of responsibility in your subordinates - Your subordinates will feel
a sense of pride and responsibility when they successfully accomplish a new task you have
given them. Delegation indicates you to trust your subordinates and make them more
responsible. As a leader, you are a teacher and responsible for developing your
subordinates. Give them challenges and opportunities you feel they can handle. Give them
more responsibility when they show you they are ready. Their initiative will amaze you.
i. Ensure the task is understood, supervised and accomplished- our soldiers must
understand what you expect from them. They need to know what you want done, what the
standard is and when you want it done. Supervising lets you know if your soldiers
understand your orders; it shows your interest in them and in mission accomplishment.
Over supervision causes resentment and under supervision causes frustration. Accept
performance that meets your standards; reward performance that exceeds your
standards; correct performance that does not meet your standards. Determine the cause
of the poor performance and take appropriate action.
j. Build the team - War fighting is a team activity. You must develop a team spirit among
your soldiers that motivate them to go willingly and confidently into combat in a quick
transition from peace to war. Your soldiers need confidence in your abilities to lead them
and in their abilities to perform as members of the team. You must train and across train
your soldiers until they are confident in the team’s technical and tactical abilities. Your
unit becomes a team only when your soldiers trust and respect you and each other as
trained professionals and see the importance of their contributions to the unit.
k. Employ your unit in accordance with its capabilities - You unit has capabilities and
limitations. You are responsible to recognize both of these factors. Your soldiers will gain
satisfaction from performing tasks if they are reasonable and challenging but will be
frustrated if tasks are too easy, unrealistic and multi-echelon combined arms training
designed to develop and challenge each soldier and unit.

What are the qualities of a leader?

A study of the lives and career of successful commanders reveals that certain personal
qualities are common to all of them.

The following have been considered as essential qualities of a leader:

a. Assertiveness - taking charge when necessary, making your ideas known, helping to
define the problem and getting others do the right thing to solve the problem.
b. Bearing - a person's general appearance, carriage, deportment and conduct.
c. Confidence - the assurance that you and your men will be successful in whatever you
do.
d. Coolness under stress - a confident calmness in looks and behavior.
e. Courage - mental quality that recognizes fear of danger or criticism, but enables a
man to proceed in the face of it with calmness and firmness.
f. Creativity - demonstrated by thinking of new and better goals, ideas, programs and
solutions to problems.
g. Decisiveness - the leader should be able to make decision promptly and to state them
in a clear, forceful manner.
 h. Dependability- the certainty of proper performance of duty.
i. Empathy or compassion - is being sensitive to the feelings, values, interests and
well-being of others.
j. Endurance - the mental and physical stamina measured by the ability to withstand
pain, fatigue, stress and hardship.
k. Enthusiasm - the display of sincere interest and zeal in the performance of duties.
l. Flexibility - the capability to make timely and appropriate changes in thinking, plans
and methods, when you see or when others convince you that there is a better way.
m. Humility - admitting weaknesses or imperfections in your character knowledge and
skills. It is acknowledging mistakes and taking appropriate action to correct those
mistakes.
n. Initiative - taking action in the absence of order.
o. Integrity - the uprightness and soundness of moral principles, the quality of
truthfulness and honesty.
p. Judgment - the ability to logically weigh facts and possible solution which to base
sound decision.
q. Justice - timely and fair disposition of cases.
r. Knowledge - the leader should develop a program of learning to keep himself abreast
of current development in his specialty, command policies and developments in local
and world communities.
s. Loyalty - the quality of faithfulness to country, the army seniors, subordinates and
peers.
t. Maturity - refers to the sense of responsibility a person has developed. Does not make
impulsive decision based in childlike emotional desires of feelings.
u. Self-discipline - forcing yourself to do duty what you ought to do regardless on how
tired or unwilling you may be.
v. Self-improvement - shown by reading, studying, seeking challenging assignments
and working to strengthen beliefs, values, ethnics, character knowledge and skills.
w. Sense of humor - shown by not taking yourself too seriously and contributing to

laughter and morale of the people around you.

x. Tact - the ability to deal with others in a respectful manner.

y. Unselfishness - a leader who avoids providing for his own comfort and personal
advancement at the expense of others.
z. Will - the perseverance to accomplish a goal, regardless of seemingly insurmountable
obstacles.

What are the characteristics of a good leader?

Aside from the qualities of leadership that we must possess, a leader must have some
inherent characteristics that make up for good leadership, whether it is in the military or civilian
organization. The long and tedious study or leadership has produced a non-conclusive revelation
that the two (2) most important characteristics of a good leader are: integrity of character and
willingness to accept responsibilities.
 1. Integrity of character. The word is synonymous to honor. It is a fine sense of ethics,
justice and righteousness with a readiness to apply it to own conduct. It is the
determination to meet any obligation; however, distasteful. Integrity of character includes
trustworthiness and dependability in fulfilling any task, no matter how trivial or casual it
appears.
2. Willingness to accept responsibilities. It signifies a desire to lead and increasing
interest strengthens this desire. Some great leaders had achieved success after many
efforts. Their successes can be attributed to infinite patience, hard work and a desire for
success that never recognized defeat.

What is a leadership style?

Leadership style is the personal manner and approach of leading. It is the way leaders
directly interact with their subordinates. Effective leaders are flexible in the way they interact
with subordinates.

What are the three (3) basic styles of military leadership?

1. Directing Style - A leader is using the directing leadership style when he tells
subordinates what he wants done, how he wants it done, where he wants and when he
wants it done and then supervises closely to ensure they follow his directions. The style is
appropriate in many situations. When time is short and you alone know what needs to be
done and how to do it, this style is the best way to accomplish the mission. Some people
think that a leader is using directing style when he yens, uses demeaning language or
threatens and intimidates subordinates. This is not the directing style. It is simply an
abusive, unprofessional way to treat subordinates.
2. Participating Style - A leader is using the participating style when he involves
subordinates in determining what to do and how to do it. The leader asks for information
and recommendations: however, he still makes the decisions. He simply gets advice from
subordinates before making the decision. This style is appropriate for many leadership
situations. If your subordinates have some competence and support your goals, allowing
them to participate can be a powerful team building process. It will build their confidence
and increase their support for their final plan if they help develop it. In participating style,
leader makes the decision but considers information and recommendations from his
subordinates first.
3. Delegating Style - A leader is using the delegating style when he delegates problem
solving and decision-making authority to a subordinate or to a group of subordinates. This
style is appropriate to delegate; others are not.

The key is to release your subordinates’ problem-solving potential while you determine what
problems they should solve and help them learn to solve them.

What are the three (3) types of leadership?

In the military as well as in civilian life, three (3) types of leadership exist. One is the
persuasive type, another is the autocratic or authoritarian type and the last is the laissez faire
type. Now, let us distinguish one from the other.

1. Persuasive type - It is a type of leadership that takes into consideration the

human elements with the main focus on the physical, mental and normal
capabilities and limitations of the individual members of the group. A persuasive
The indications of a good or successful leadership show how well a commander has developed
the essential traits and move forward the principles of leadership. These signs .or indications
may be gleaned from the existence of a high state of morale, excellent discipline, remarkable
esprit de corps, and proficiency of a unit. The goal of leadership is to raise a unit to the highest
state of combat effectiveness.

VI. Practice Tasks

Guide question: Write your answer in 2 to 3 paragraphs on separate answer sheet.

1. How do you understand the principle that civilian authority is supreme over the military in
time of war and peace? Cite an example.
2. What is the primary function and role of the Armed Forces of the Philippines?
3. How can you, in your own humble way, contribute in protecting and preserving the
sovereignty of our country?
4. As a citizen, do you view salute as a significant gesture of friendship and confidence?
5. As a citizen soldier, how do you assess the practice of courtesy and discipline in our school?
Cite instances.

VII. Post Test

Direction: Select the letter of the correct answer.

______1. This is the quality of faithfulness to country, the army seniors, subordinates and peers.
a) Assertiveness b) Bearing c) Courage d) Loyalty
______2. Taking action in the absence of order.
a) Confidence b) Initiative c) Tact d) Will
______3. Who is the current Commander-in-Chief of the Philippines?
a) President Duterte b) Vice Pres. Robredo c) Sec. Lorenzana d) Sec.
Duque
______4. Which of the following factors of leadership is NOT belong?
a) Build the team c) Keep your men informed
b) Participating style d) Example by leadership
______5. What do call to the most significant and common form of all the military courtesy.
a) Shake hands b) Greeting c) Saluting d) Kissing
______6. When not to salute?
a) When troops at work c) When reporting to an officer
b) Raising and lowering of flag d) After conversing with an officer
______7. In this type of leadership, the leader delegates problem solving and decision-making
authority to a subordinate or to a group of subordinates.
a) Delegating style b) Directing style c) Participating style d) All of these
______8. Which is not branch of service of Armed forces of the Philippines?
a) Philippine Air force b) Philippine Army c) Philippine Navy d) Philippine
National Police
______9. This is a simply display of good manners and politeness in dealing with other people,
civility and respect that the personnel in the military organization.
a) Military Courtesy b) Military discipline c) Military leadership d)
Morale
______10. When the “Father of the Armed Forces of the Philippines” acknowledge?
a) June 12, 1998 – Independence day c) February 17, 1905 – establishment
of the PMA
b) March 22, 1897 – Tejeros convention d) April 27, 1521 – Battle of
Mactan

VIII. Assignment/Additional Activities

I. Direction: On the leadership traits below, what are the most important qualities that will
develop your leadership? Give at least ten (10) and explain.
(Answers of the students might vary)

Assertiveness Courage
Empathy
Judgment Coolness under stress
Confidence
Enthusiasm Flexibility Humility
Creativity Bearing
Decisiveness
Integrity Loyalty
Maturity
 II. Make a list of currently positioned military officers/commanders from Commander-in-
chief, Chief of staff, Secretary of National Defense, and different commanders
of three (3) specific branch of service in military (Phil. Army, Phil. Air Force,
and Phil. Navy).