NUMBER SYSTEM & CONVERSION
Number System
Introduction
Many number systems are in use in digital
technology. The most common are :
Decimal(Base 10)
Binary (Base 2)
Octal (Base 8)
Hexadecimal (Base 16)
The decimal system is the number system that we use
everyday
Number System
Decimal system uses 10 symbols (digits)
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Octal System uses eight symbols
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Binary System uses only two symbols
0 and 1
Hexadecimal System uses sixteen symbols
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
to represent any number, no matter how large or how small.
Familiar
System
Octal System Hexa decimal Decimal Binary Base 4 number
(Base – 8 ns) Number System Number Equivalent System
(Base – 16) (Base-10) (Base-2) (Base -4)
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 10 2
3 3 3 11 3
4 4 4 100 10
5 5 5 101 11
6 6 6 110 12
7 7 7 111 13
10 8 8 1000 20
11 9 9 1001 21
12 A 10 1010 22
13 B 11 1011 23
14 C 12 1100 30
15 D 13 1101 31
16 E 14 1110 32
17 F 15 1111 33
Bits, Bytes, Nibbles
Bits (b) 10010110
most least
significant significant
bit bit
byte
Bytes & Nibbles
Byte (B) = 8 bits 10010110
nibble
Used everyday
Nibble (N) = 4 bits
Not commonly used CEBF9AD7
most least
significant significant
byte byte
KB, MB, GB …
In computer, the basic unit is byte (B)
And, we use KB, MB, GB many many many times
210 = 1024 = 1KB (kilobyte)
220 = 1024 x 1024 = 1MB (megabyte)
230 = 1024 x 1024 x 1024 = 1GB (gigabyte)
How about these?
240 = 1TB (terabyte)
250 = 1PB (petabyte)
260 = 1EB (exabyte)
270 = 1ZB (zettabyte)
…
Decimal System
The decimal system is composed of 10 numerals or
symbols. These 10 symbols are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9;
using these symbols as digits of a number, we can
express any quantity.
Example : 3501.51
3 5 0 1 . 5 1
digit
Most Significant Least
Digit decimal point Significant Digit
Binary System
The binary system is composed of 2 numerals or
symbols 0 and 1; using these symbols as digits of a
number, we can express any quantity.
Example : 1101.01
1 1 0 1 . 0 1
bit
Most Significant Least
Bit binary point Significant Bit
Decimal Number Quantity
(positional number)
3501 (base-10)
1 X 100 = 1
0 X 101 = 0
5 X 102 = 500
3 X 103 = 3000
3000 + 500 + 0 + 1 = 3501
Binary-to-Decimal Conversion
1101 (base-2)
1 X 20 = 1
0 X 21 = 0
1 X 22 = 4
1 X 23 = 8
8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 13
11012= 1310
Octal-to-Decimal Conversion
5217 (base-8)
7 X 80 = 7x1 = 7
1 X 81 = 1x8 = 8
2 X 82 = 2x64 = 128
5 X 83 = 5x512 = 2560
2560 + 128 + 8 + 7 = 2703
52178 = 270310
Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion
1ACF (base-16) [ A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15 ]
15 X 160 =15x1 = 15
12 X 161 =12x16 = 192
10 X 162 =10x256 = 2560
1 X 163 = 5x4096 = 20480
20480 + 2560 +192 + 15 = 23247
1ACF16 = 2324710
Decimal Number Quantity
(fractional number)
. 581 (base-10)
5 X 10-1 = 5x0.1 = 0.5
8 X 10-2 = 8x0.01 = 0.08
1 X 10-3 = 1x0.001 = 0.001
0.5 + 0.08 + 0.001 = 0.581
Binary-to-Decimal Conversion
. 101 (base-2)
1 X 2-1 = 1x0.5 = 0.5
0 X 2-2 = 0x0.25 = 0
1 X 2-3 = 1x0.125 = 0.125
0.5 + 0 + 0.125 = 0.625
0.1012 = 0.62510
Octal-to-Decimal Conversion
. 25 (base-8)
2 X 8-1 = 2x0.125 = 0.25
5 X 8-2 = 5x0.015625 =
0.017825
0.25 + 0.017825 = 0.267825
0.258 = 0.26782510
Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion
. F5 (base-16)
15 X16-1 = 15x0.0625 =
0.9375
5 X16-2 = 5x0.00390625
= 0.01953125
0.9375 + 0.01953125 = 0.95703125
0.F516 = 0.9570312510
Exercise 1
Convert these binary system numbers to decimal system
numbers
a) 100101101
b) 11100.1001
c)111111
d)100000.0111
b)
1x24 + 1x23 + 1x22 + 0x21 + 0x20 + 1x2-1 + 0x2-2 + 0x2-3 1+ 1x2-4
= 16 + 8 + 4+ 0 + 0 + 0.5 + 0 + 0 + 0.0625
= 28.5625
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion
(positional number)
250 25010 = 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 02
2 250
2 125 Remainder 0
2 62 Remainder 1
2 31 Remainder 0
2 15 Remainder 1
2 7 Remainder 1
2 3 Remainder 1
1 Remainder 1
Decimal-to-Octal Conversion
250
8 250
8 31 Remainder 2
3 Remainder 7
25010 = 3728
Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
250
16 250
15 Remainder 10
25010 = 15 1016 ?
= FA16
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion
(fractional number)
0 . 4375
0.4375 x 2 = 0.8750
0.8750 x 2 = 1.75
0.75 x 2 = 1.5
0.5 x2 = 1.0
0.437510 = 0.01112
Decimal-to-Octal Conversion
0 . 4375
0.4375 x 8 = 3.5
0.5 x8 = 4.0
0.437510 = 0.348
Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
0 . 4375
0.4375 x 16 = 7.0
0.437510 = 0.716
Example :Decimal-to-Binary Conversion
(Estimation)
0.782 110012 2-1 + 2-2 + 2-5
0.5 + 0.25 +0.03125
0.782 x 2 = 1.564
0.78125
0.564 x 2 = 1.128
0.128 x 2 = 0.256
0.256 x 2 = 0.512 11001000012
0.512 x 2 = 1.024 2-1 + 2-2 + 2-5 + 2-10
0.024 x 2 = 0.048 0.5 + 0.25 +0.03125 +
0.048 x 2 = 0.096 0.0009765625
0.192 x 2 = 0.384 0.7822265625
0.384 x 2 = 0.768
0.768 x 2 = 1.536
Exercise 2
Convert these decimal c) (22.5)10=( ? )2
system numbers to binary 2 22
system numbers 2 11 0
a)127
2 5 1
b)38
2 2 1
c)22.5
d) 764.375 1 0
0.5 x 2 = 1.0
=> (22.5)10=( 10110.1 )2
Base X – to – Base Y Conversion
We can convert base x number to base y number
by following these steps :
Convert base x to base 10 (decimal system number)
Then, convert decimal number to base y
Example
Convert 372.348 to hexadecimal system number
Convert 372.348 to decimal system number
372.348 = (3x82)+(7x81)+(2x80) . (3x8-1) + (4x8-2)
= 192 + 56 + 2 . 0.375 + 0.0625
= 250 . 4375
Convert 250.437510 to hexadecimal system number
250.437510
Positional number Fractional number
250 / 16 = 15 remainder 10 0.4375 * 16 = 7.0
250 FA16 0.4375 0.716
372.348 = FA.716
Exercise 3 (TODO)
Convert these numbers to octal system number
11100.10012
1111112
5A.B16
Convert these numbers to binary system number
5A.B16
75.28
Thank you