Numbers

The set of numbers can be divided up into the following categories:

real numbers

rational numbers irrational numbers

fractions integers

negative integers zero positive integers

Real numbers: the set of rational and irrational numbers

a
Rational numbers: can be written as a ratio of two integers ( ) , b  0 ;
b
the set of numbers whose decimal terminates or repeats
Eg: =5 = −7 =0 = 0.333333 … = 0.25

= -3.4 = −0.285714285714 …

a
Irrational numbers: cannot be written as a ratio of two integers ( ) ,
b
the set of numbers whose decimal goes on forever without repeating
Eg: √2 = 1.4142135 … 𝜋 = 3.141592 … e = 2.718281… √7 = 2.645751 …

Integers: …, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, … add, subtract, multiply, divide

Whole numbers are: 0, 1, 2, 3, …

Fractions: , =2 =2 , − ,… add, subtract, multiply, divide

Integers
Adding/subtracting: use a number line; establish a starting point, then move left or right along the line
Eg: 5 + 7 = 12 , 5 – 7 = −2 , −5 + 7 = 2 , −5 – 7 = −12

Multiplying: two steps; multiply signs, then multiply numbers (+) • (+) = (+) signs (+) • (−) = (−)

Eg: 2•3 = 6 , 2•(−3) = −6 , (−2)•3 = −6 , (−2)•(−3) = 6 (−) • (−) = (+) (−) • (+) = (−)

Dividing: two steps; divide signs, then divide numbers ( )

= (+) signs
( )
= (−)
( ) ( )

Eg: =3, = −3 , = −3 , =3 ( )
= (+)
( )
= (−)
( ) ( )

Fractions
Definition: top number is numerator (N) , bottom number is denominator (D)
Numerator (N)
Denominator (D)

Types: three (3) types of fractions; proper, improper and mixed fractions

Proper: → Improper: → Mixed: d → 3

a smaller than b a larger than b a smaller than b

Simplifying: find common factors, then divide/cancel common factors, to give simpler equivalent fraction

Eg: = divide by common factor of 6 , =− divide by common factor of 5

Adding/subtracting: get D’s the same, then add/subtract N’s, keeping the D’s the same
± • • ±
± = , ± = ± =
• •
• •
Eg: − = = , + = + = + = =
• •

Multiplying: cancel common factors, then multiply N’s together, then multiply D’s together
•
• = =
•
•
Eg: • = • = •
= divide by common factor of 5 in first step

Dividing: invert second fraction, then multiply fractions (as above for multiplying fractions)

÷ = = • =
•
Eg: ÷ = = • = • = =
•
divide by common factor of 7 in third step
BIMDAS: represents the order of operations
B is brackets, I is indices, M is multiply, D is divide, A is add, S is subtract

Eg: 7 + (2 • 52 + 3) = 7 + (2 • 25 + 3) = 7 + (50 + 3) = 7 + (53) = 7 + 53 = 60

Percentages

Percent means ‘per 100’ or ‘out of 100’ or ‘divide by 100’:

Eg: 12%  12 per 100 

50%  50 per 100 

Percentage of a number:

Eg: Calculate the following percentages of numbers:

a. 25% of 80

25% of 80 = • 80 = • = = 20

b. 40% of 300

42% of 300 = • 300 = • = = 126

c. 100% of 67

100% of 67 = • 67 = • = = 67
100% of any number is just the number, unchanged

d. 200% of 130

200% of 130 = • 130 = • = = 260

200% of any number is twice the number
Percentage increases and decreases in a value:

 If a value increases by x% , multiply the value by (1 + )

Eg: if a value increases by 12% , (1 + ) = (1 + )=( + )= = 1.12

if a value increases by 40% , (1 + ) = (1 + )=( + )= = 1.40

 If a value decreases by x% , multiply the value by (1 − )

Eg: if a value decreases by 12% , (1 − ) = (1 − )=( − )= = 0.88

if a value decreases by 40% , (1 − ) = (1 − )=( − )= = 0.60

Eg: Calculate the new prices of the following:

a. The price of a watch increases by 10%, the original price was $200

new price = (1 + ) • 200 = • = = $220

b. The price of Pepsi increases by 20%, the original price was $10

new price = (1 + ) • 10 = • = = $12

c. The price of a computer decreases by 15%, the original price was $400

new price = (1 − ) • 400 = • = = $340

d. The price of shoes decreases by 25%, the original price was $200

new price = (1 − ) • 200 = • = = $150

Express an amount (x) as a percentage of a total amount (y):

Percentage = • 100

Eg: Express as a percentage:

a. 2 students out of a total of 8 students

percentage = • 100 = • = 25%

Percentage change in a value:

The percentage change in a value = • 100

Eg: Calculate the percentage change in the following:

a. A computer increases in price from $500 to $600.

Percentage change in price = • 100 = • = 20%

b. A toy decreases in price from $20 to $17.

Percentage change in price = • 100 = • = −15%

Fractions, Decimals and Percentages are just different ways of showing the
same value:

Eg: a Quarter can be written - as a fraction:

- as a decimal: 0.25

- as a percentage: 25%
Fractions ↔ Decimals ↔ Percentages

Fractions Decimals Percentages

Given divide top (N) by bottom (D) divide top (N) by bottom (D)/multiply by 100

0.375
 = 8 3.000…  • 100 = 0.375 • 100 = 37.5%
− 24
60 or
− 56
40
− 40
0 • 100 = • = = 37.5%

0.4
 = 5 2.000…  • 100 = 0.4 • 100 = 40%
− 20
0 or

• 100 = • = = 40%

create fraction & simplify Given multiply by 100 (move decimal pt 2 places to right)

0.72 = .
= =  0.72  0.72 • 100 = 72%

0.6 = .
= =  0.6  0.6 • 100 = 60%

create fraction & simplify divide by 100 (move decimal pt 2 places to left) Given

92% = =  92.0 ÷ 100 = 0.92  92%

120% = =  120.0 ÷ 100 = 1.2  120%