Hip OA

AROM Hip flexion

PROM Hip flexion
Glide/MWM/SM Lateral glide
Test FADIR

FAI
AROM Hip flexion
PROM Hip flexion
Glide/MWM/SM Lateral glide
Test FADIR

Hip Dysplasia
AROM Hip flexion
PROM Hip flexion
Glide/MWM/SM ?
Test FADIR

Adductor Related Tendinopathy

AROM Hip adduction
PROM Hip adduction
Glide/MWM/SM Lateral glide
Test Adductor squeezes with sphygmomanometer

Iliopsoas Related Groin Pain

AROM Hip flexion
PROM Hip flexion
Glide/MWM/SM Lateral glide
Test Palpation
Gluteal Tendinopathy
AROM Hip abduction
PROM Hip abduction
Glide/MWM/SM Lateral glide
Test External de-rotation test

Proximal Hamstring Tendinopathy

AROM Hip extension
PROM Hip extension
Glide/MWM/SM Lateral glide
Test Bent knee stretch test
 Patient lies supine on the plinth
 Bring the tested hip into maximal flexion
 Slowly extend the knee and look for symptoms

Hamstring Tears
AROM Hip flexion
PROM Hip flexion
Glide/MWM/SM Lateral glide
Test Observation & palpation of the hamstrings

Piriformis Syndrome
AROM Hip flexion with knee extended
PROM Hip flexion with knee extended
Glide/MWM/SM Lateral glide
Test Passive straight leg raise
Hip Accessory Movements
Technique Details
AP Glide in Side-Lying  Helps with hip external rotation and extension
 Pillow between knees to keep hips neutral
 Stabilize posterior iliac crest
 Apply AP force with heel of hand through the anterior aspect of the greater trochanter

PA Glide in Side-Lying  Helps with hip internal rotation

 Pillow between knees to keep hips neutral
 Stabilize around the ASIS
 Apply PA force with the heel of hand through the posterior aspect of the greater trochanter

Lateral Glide  Helps with overall capsular stretch

 Place towel around the proximal thigh
 Clasp hand over the medial aspect of the thigh and pull the femur laterally
 The shoulder can be used to “pivot” the knee
Hip Special Tests
Technique Details
Resisted Ext. De-Rotation Test  Tests for gluteal tendinopathy
 Bring the hip into 90° flexion and maximally externally rotate the femur
 Apply resistance to the foot and get them to return to the position
 Check for reproduction of symptoms

FADDIR  Tests for intracapsular pathologies

 Bring the leg into flexion, external rotation, and abduction
 Go from external to internal rotation while adducting the leg
 May get some crepitus and reproduction of symptoms
 Compare left and right
Hip PROM
Technique Details
Flexion  Establish the symptoms at rest
 Note quality and range of movement
 Look for reproduction of symptoms

Internal Rotation  Establish the symptoms at rest

 Note quality and range of movement
 Look for reproduction of symptoms
ACL Injury
AROM Knee extension
PROM Knee extension
Glide/MWM/ PA glide
SM
Test Lachman test

PLC Injury
AROM Knee extension
PROM Knee extension
Glide/MWM/ PA glide
SM
Test Prone dial test

PCL Injury
AROM Knee extension
PROM Knee extension
Glide/MWM/ PA glide
SM
Test Posterior drawer test

MCL Injury
AROM Knee extension
PROM Knee extension
Glide/MWM/ PA glide
SM
Test Valgus stress test
LCL Injury
AROM Knee extension
PROM Knee extension
Glide/MWM/ PA glide
SM
Test Varus stress test

Knee OA
AROM Knee extension
PROM Knee extension
Glide/MWM/ PA glide
SM
Test -

Meniscus Injury
AROM Knee extension
PROM Knee extension
Glide/MWM/ Tibiofemoral distraction
SM
Test Apley test

PFPS
AROM Knee extension
PROM Knee extension
Glide/MWM/ Patella glides
SM
Test Clark test
Patella Tendinopathy
AROM Knee extension
PROM Knee extension
Glide/MWM/ Patella glides
SM
Test Palpation in full extension and knee flexion @ 90°

Osgood Schlatter Disease

AROM Knee extension
PROM Knee extension
Glide/MWM/ Patella glides
SM
Test -
Knee Accessory Movements
Technique Details
Patellofemoral Joint Glides  Used when restrictions of the patellofemoral joint causes pain and decreased ROM
 Inferior glide is useful for knee flexion
 Superior glide is useful for knee extension
 Place pillow under knee to flex at about 30° (loose packed position?)
 Apply glide, hold for 3 seconds, relax, and repeat for 5 repetitions
 When doing inferior or superior glides, use webbed space of hands to move the patella

Tibiofemoral Joint AP & PA Glide  PA glide helps with knee extension

 AP glide helps with knee flexion
 Stabilize the femur and use webbed space to apply AP force to anterior aspect of tibia
 Sit on the patient’s foot to stabilize the leg, apply PA force by grabbing posterior aspect of
the calf while palpating joint line with thumbs
 Kind of similar to posterior and anterior drawer tests
Knee Special Tests
Technique Details
Valgus Stress Test  Tests the MCL integrity
 Bend the knee to 90° and support the distal leg with armpits
 Palpate the medial joint line to feel for tibial movement
 Apply valgus force to proximal femur at 30° and at 0°
 Some gapping at 30° is normal, but there shouldn’t be any at 0°
 Compare with the other leg

Varus Stress Test  Tests the LCL integrity

 Bend the knee to 90° and support the distal leg with armpits
 Palpate the lateral joint line to feel for tibial movement
 Apply varus force to proximal femur at 30° and at 0°
 Some gapping at 30° is normal, but there shouldn’t be any at 0°
 Compare with the other leg
 The therapist can try sitting for this test

Lachman Test  Tests for ACL integrity

 Bend knee about 30° and use hand to stabilize the proximal femur
 Therapist to place thigh underneath patient’s thigh to support the position
 Apply PA force to try to pull tibia anteriorly
 Positive symptoms are a soft end feel and anterior translation
 Technique Details
Prone Dial Test  Tests for posterolateral instability
 Patient lies prone and knee is flexed at 30° and 90°
 Externally rotate the knee at both angles
 Increased rotation at 30° but not at 90° may indicate PLC instability
 Increased rotation at both angles may indicate PCL and PLC injury

Clark Test  Patellofemoral provocation test

 Knee in full extension, place web spaced of hand superior to patella and apply gentle
downward force
 Get patient to contract quadriceps
 Pain will indicate a positive test
 Note that normal people will feel pain as well

Apley Test  Tests for meniscus injuries

 Patient is prone, use knee to stabilize the femur
 Apply a distraction and rotation, if it’s painful it might be a ligament injury
 Apply a compression force and rotation, if it’s painful it might be a meniscus injury
Knee PROM
Technique Details
Flexion  Establish the symptoms at rest
 Note quality and range of movement
 Look for reproduction of symptoms

Extension  Establish the symptoms at rest

 Note quality and range of movement
 Look for reproduction of symptoms
 One hand stabilizes the tibia, and the other hand brings the lower leg into extension
 Consider placing a towel underneath the thigh
Lateral Ankle Sprain
AROM Dorsiflexion
PROM Dorsiflexion
Glide/MWM/ Talocrural AP glide
SM
Test Inversion talar tilt test

Medial Ankle Sprain

AROM Dorsiflexion
PROM Dorsiflexion
Glide/MWM/ Talocrural AP glide
SM
Test Eversion talar tilt test

High Ankle Sprain

AROM Plantarflexion
PROM Plantarflexion
Glide/MWM/ Talocrural AP glide
SM
Test Squeeze test

Chronic Ankle Instability

AROM Dorsiflexion
PROM Dorsiflexion
Glide/MWM/ Talocrural AP glide
SM
Test Inversion talar tilt test
Ankle OA
AROM Dorsiflexion
PROM Dorsiflexion
Glide/MWM/ Talocrural AP glide
SM
Test Inversion talar tilt test

Anterolateral/Posterior Impingement
AROM Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion
PROM Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion
Glide/MWM/ Talocrural AP glide/Talocrural PA glide
SM
Test Inversion talar tilt test/Passive plantarflexion

Posterior Tibialis Tendinopathy

AROM Plantarflexion
PROM Plantarflexion
Glide/MWM/ Talocrural PA glide
SM
Test Tip toe & palpation

Plantar Fasciitis
AROM Dorsiflexion
PROM Dorsiflexion
Glide/MWM/ Talocrural AP glide
SM
Test Windlass test

Pes Planus
AROM Dorsiflexion
PROM Dorsiflexion
Glide/MWM/ Navicular glide
SM
Test Observation

Hallux Valgus
AROM Dorsiflexion
PROM Dorsiflexion
Glide/MWM/ Talocrural AP glide
SM
Test Observation

Pes Cavus
AROM Dorsiflexion
PROM Dorsiflexion
Glide/MWM/ Talocrural AP glide
SM
Test Observation
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
AROM Dorsiflexion
PROM Dorsiflexion
Glide/MWM/ Talocrural AP glide
SM
Test Toe flexion

Lisfranc Injuries
AROM Dorsiflexion
PROM Dorsiflexion
Glide/MWM/ Talocrural AP glide
SM
Test Specific palpation of tarsal bones

Cuboid Syndrome
AROM Eversion
PROM Eversion
Glide/MWM/ Plantar dorsal glide of cuboid
SM
Test Palpation of calcaneocuboid joint
Ankle & Foot Accessory Movements
Technique Details
Inferior Tibiofibular Joint AP/PA  The heel of the right hand applies a posteroanterior force to the tibia while the left
hand applies an anteroposterior force to the fibula

Talocrural Joint AP/PA  The right hand stabilizes the calf while the left hand applies an anteroposterior force
to the anterior aspect of the talus

Midfoot: Talonavicular Joint AP  Stabilize the talus then grab onto the navicular bone and apply the glide
 Technique Details
Midfoot: Calcaneocuboid PA  Pressure is applied to the posterior aspect of the cuboid through the thenar
eminence whilst the other hand stabilizes the calcaneum

Subtalar Joint Transverse Medial/Lateral  The patient is in side-lying

 The therapist's right hand stabilizes the talus and distal tibia with the second and
third fingers in a ‘V’ formation, while the left hand cups around the calcaneus
 The forearms are directed opposite each other and transverse medial glide of the
calcaneus relative to the talus is produced mainly via the left hand whilst the right
hand maintains the position of the talus.
Ankle & Foot Special Tests
Technique Details
Talar tilt test (inversion/eversion)  Tests for an inversion sprain (lateral ankle sprain)
 The patient is seated or supine with the ankle and foot unsupported
 Stabilize the distal lower leg with one hand just above the malleoli
 Invert/evert the ankle to test for laxity or reproduction of symptoms

Squeeze Test  Tests for a high ankle sprain

 Start squeezing from the proximal tibia and fibula
 Slowly move down to the distal tibiofibular joint
 Check for reproduction of symptoms

Thompson’s Test  Tests for Achilles tendon integrity

 Patient lies prone while the therapist squeezes the gastrocnemius and looks for
plantarflexion
 Technique Details
Windlass Test  Tests for plantar fasciitis
Ankle & Foot PROM
Technique Details
Ankle dorsiflexion  Tests for dorsiflexion
 Flex the knee to 90° and place one hand around the tibia and fibula
 The other hand grabs onto the plantar aspect of the foot as close as possible to talus
 Move the foot into dorsiflexion and assess the end feel

Ankle plantarflexion  Tests for plantarflexion

 Flex the knee to 90° and place one hand around the talus
 The other hand grabs onto the plantar aspect of the calcaneus
 Move the foot into plantarflexion and assess the end feel

Ankle inversion  Tests for inversion

 Flex the knee to 90° and place one hand around the plantar aspect of the calcaneus
 The other hand grabs the fore foot and brings the ankle into inversion
Tennis Elbow
AROM Wrist extension
PROM Wrist extension
Glide/MWM/ Lateral glide
SM
Test Middle finger extension test

Golfer’s Elbow
AROM Wrist flexion
PROM Wrist flexion
Glide/MWM/ Valgus glide of the elbow
SM
Test Palpation

Collateral Ligament Sprain

AROM Elbow flexion
PROM Elbow flexion
Glide/MWM/ Longitudinal distraction of ulna
SM
Test Medial/Lateral collateral stress test

Biceps Tendon Rupture

AROM Elbow flexion
PROM Elbow flexion
Glide/MWM/ Longitudinal distraction of ulna
SM
Test Palpation

De Quervain’s Syndrome
AROM Radial deviation
PROM Radial deviation
Glide/MWM/ Carpal bone mobilization
SM
Test Finkelstein’s test

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

AROM Wrist flexion
PROM Wrist flexion
Glide/MWM/ Carpal tunnel mobilization
SM
Test Phalen test

Game Keeper’s/Skier’s Thumb

AROM ?
PROM ?
Glide/MWM/ ?
SM
Test Collateral ligament stress test of the thumb

Trigger Finger
AROM Finger extension
PROM Finger extension
Glide/MWM/ MCP joint mobilization
SM
Test Open-close hand multiple times

Flexor Tendon Pulley Injury

AROM ?
 PROM ?
Glide/MWM/ ?
SM
Test Able to observe bowstringing of the flexor tendon

Colle’s Fracture
AROM Wrist flexion
PROM Wrist flexion
Glide/MWM/ Carpal bone glide
SM
Test Observable

TFCC Injury
AROM Ulna deviation
PROM Ulna deviation
Glide/MWM/ Carpal bone glide
SM
Test Supination lift off test

Scaphoid Fracture
AROM Wrist flexion
PROM Wrist flexion
Glide/MWM/ Carpal bone glide
SM
Test ?
Elbow & Hand Accessory Movements
Technique Details
Medial and lateral glide of olecranon  Patient is prone with shoulder abducted at 90° and elbow flexed at 90°
 Place a towel underneath the arm for comfort
 Hold onto the distal humerus with one hand to stabilize it
 With the heel of the other hand, do a medial/lateral glide on the olecranon

AP and PA of head of radius  Patient is supine on the bed

 For AP, put the arm by the side and find the head of the radius, then apply glide
 For PA, cross the arm across the patient and find the head of radius, then apply glide

Carpal bone mobilization  You know how to do it

Elbow & Hand Special Tests
Technique Details
Medial/lateral stress test  Tests the integrity of the ligaments
 The elbow should be in slight flexion
 Stabilize the elbow while palpating the joint line
 Apply the valgus/varus force at the wrist

Middle finger extension test  Patient is supine on the bed with the palm pronated
 Palpate the lateral epicondyle while getting the patient to resist your force at the middle finger

Phalen test  You know how to do it… Hold it for 1 minute

 Technique Details
Finkelstein test  You know how to do this too

Supination lift off test  You know this tooooo!

Elbow & Hand PROM
Technique Details
Elbow flexion  Patient is supine
 Grab and stabilize the wrist, then bring the arm into flexion
 For extension, bring the arm out a little so that you can bring the elbow into full extension

Wrist extension  Patient is sitting with arm resting on the plinth

 Prop up the elbow with the patient’s palm in supination
 Grab the palm and bring the hand into extension

Wrist ulnar deviation  The patient is sitting with the pronation forearm flat on the plinth
 Fixate the distal forearm with one hand
 Grab the metacarpals and bring into ulnar deviation
RCRSP
AROM Shoulder external rotation
PROM Shoulder external rotation
Glide/MWM/ Glenohumeral AP glide
SM
Test Bear hug

Frozen Shoulder
AROM External rotation
PROM External rotation
Glide/MWM/ Glenohumeral AP glide
SM
Test Assess range of motion in all planes, rule out RCRSP

Shoulder OA
AROM Shoulder flexion
PROM Shoulder flexion
Glide/MWM/SM Glenohumeral AP glide
Test PROM shoulder flexion

SLAP Lesions
AROM Shoulder abduction
PROM Shoulder abduction
Glide/MWM/ Distraction & lateral rotation
SM
Test O’Brien’s test & biceps load 2

Anterior Dislocation of Shoulder

AROM Abduction
PROM Abduction
Glide/MWM/ Glenohumeral AP glide
SM
Test Bicep load test 1 & 2
Posterior Dislocation of Shoulder
AROM Abduction
PROM Abduction
Glide/MWM/ Glenohumeral PA glide
SM
Test Resisted internal rotation
Shoulder Accessory Movements
Technique Details
AP/PA 

Lateral distraction 
Shoulder Special Tests
Technique Details
Hawkins-Kennedy  Tests for impingement
 Bring the arm into the position like in the picture
 Internally rotate the arm and look for reproduction of symptoms
 Do it in varying degrees of adduction

Sulcus  You know how to do this

 Technique Details
Bear Hug  You know how to do this too

Internal Rotation Lag Test  Bring the patient’s arm behind the back and support the elbow
 Bring the wrist away from their back and ask them to maintain the position
 Let it go

External Rotation Lag Test  The patient’s elbow is flexed to 90° and arm is by the side
 Bring the arm out into external rotation, then get them to maintain the position
 Let it go
 Technique Details
External Rotation Resisted  Same position as the external rotation lag test
 Do the test first with no support at the elbow, get them to resist
 Do it again with support at the elbow

O’Brien  Both arms in 90° flexion and adducted 15° with the thumbs pointing down
 Push down in the middle forearm
 Repeat with the hand supinated, this should be symptom free

Bicep Load I & II  You know how to do this

Shoulder PROM
Technique Details
Shoulder flexion  Patient is supine
 Grab and stabilize the wrist, then bring the arm into flexion while stabilizing the elbow

Shoulder abduction  You know how to do it…