5/4/26, 11:01 AM 4.Basics_python.

ipynb - Colab

keyboard_arrow_down Python Foundations for Machine Learning – Variables, Data Types & Operators

Learning Objectives

By the end of this session, you will be able to:

Create and name variables correctly

Understand and use Python basic data types
Identify and convert data types

keyboard_arrow_down 1. Basic Structure - Printing

print("Hello, World!")

Hello, World!

keyboard_arrow_down 2. Comments

Comments help explain the code.

Anything after # is ignored by Python

Multi-line comments are written using triple quotes ( """ """ )

1. Single-line Comment

# This program prints a welcome message

print("Welcome to Python")

Welcome to Python

2. Multi-line Comment

"""
This program collects student details
and converts marks from string to integer.
It also displays the final result.
"""

student_marks_str = "85"
student_marks = int(student_marks_str)

print(student_marks)

85

keyboard_arrow_down 3. Variables

An identifier containing a known information

Information is referred to as value
Variable name points to a memory address or a storage location and used to reference the stored value

name = "Rahul"

print(name)

Rahul

student_name = "Suja"
marks = 85

print("Student name is",student_name, "and total marks",marks)

Student name is Suja and total marks 85

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keyboard_arrow_down Rules for Variable Nomenclature

Variables can be named alphanumerically

Usage of special characters other than _ (underscore) throws an error
The name of a variable should always start with an alphabet
Descriptive variable names - eg. student_marks
Avoid one character variables except loops
Do not use spaces

# Examples
customer_age = 25
annual_salary = 50000
is_graduate = True

print(customer_age)
print(annual_salary)
print(is_graduate)

25
50000
True

student1 = "Rahul"

student-name = "Rahul"

File "/tmp/ipykernel_751/[Link]", line 1

student-name = "Rahul"
^
SyntaxError: cannot assign to expression here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='?

student name = "Rahul"

File "/tmp/ipykernel_751/[Link]", line 1

student name = "Rahul"
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

keyboard_arrow_down What are Keywords?

Keywords are reserved words in Python.

They already have a special meaning

We cannot use them as variable names

Examples of Keywords

if , else , for , while , class , def , return , True , False

Error Scenario

if = 10

File "/tmp/ipykernel_1375/[Link]", line 1

if = 10
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

import keyword

print([Link])
print(len([Link]))

['False', 'None', 'True', 'and', 'as', 'assert', 'async', 'await', 'break', 'class', 'continue', 'def', 'del', 'elif', 'else
35

keyboard_arrow_down Built-in Names (Avoid Using)

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These are already defined functions in Python.

Examples: sum() , type() , list() , int()

numbers = [10, 20, 30]

print(sum(numbers))

60

sum = 100

# Bad practice
sum = 100

sum

print(sum(numbers)) # Error

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/tmp/ipykernel_1375/[Link] in <cell line: 0>()
----> 1 print(sum(numbers)) # Error

TypeError: 'int' object is not callable

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keyboard_arrow_down Assigning Multiple Variables

Python allows assigning multiple variables in one line.

Example:

Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics = 89, 90, 75

print(Physics)
print(Chemistry)
print(Mathematics)

89
90
75

Physics, Chemistry = 89, 90, 75

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
/tmp/ipykernel_1375/[Link] in <cell line: 0>()
----> 1 Physics, Chemistry = 89, 90, 75

ValueError: too many values to unpack (expected 2)

Error Scenario: If the number of variables on the left-hand side doesn't match the number of values on the right, it will raise a
ValueError.

keyboard_arrow_down 5. Basic Data Types

Basic data types Description Values Representation

Boolean represents two values of logic and associated with conditional statements True and False bool
Integer positive and negative whole numbers set of all integers, Z int

Complex contains real and imaginary part (a + jb ) set of complex numbers complex

Float real numbers floating point numbers ∈ R float

String Sequence of characters (digits, alphabets, and special characters) Multiple characters enclosed in a pair of quotations str

age = 25 # int
height = 5.9 # float
is_employed = True # bool
name = "John" # str

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print(age)
print(height)
print(is_employed)
print(name)

25
5.9
True
John

Identifying Data Type

We can identify the data type using type().

print(type(age))

<class 'int'>

print(type(age))
print(type(height))
print(type(is_employed))
print(type(name))

<class 'int'>
<class 'float'>
<class 'bool'>
<class 'str'>

keyboard_arrow_down 6. Type Coercion

Coercion means converting one data type into another.

Python supports both implicit and explicit type conversion.

Implicit conversion: Python automatically converts one data type to another when needed.
Explicit conversion: The programmer manually converts data types using functions like int() , float() , or str() .

While Python handles many conversions automatically, some situations:

may lead to errors (e.g., incompatible types), or

require explicit intervention from the programmer.

1. Implicit Type Coercion (Automatic Conversion)

Python will often perform type coercion when it can implicitly convert one data type to another, like when adding an integer to a float.

result = 5 + 3.5

print(result)

8.5

print(type(result))

<class 'float'>

Implicit coercion failure

When you try to add a string and a number directly, Python will raise a TypeError, since it cannot implicitly convert between them.
However, you can perform explicit type conversion.

age = "25" # string

salary = 50000 # integer

# This will raise a TypeError

# print(age + salary) # TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str

print(type(age))

<class 'str'>

print(age + salary)

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---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/tmp/ipykernel_1375/[Link] in <cell line: 0>()
----> 1 print(age + salary)

TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str

2. Explicit Type Coercion (Using Type Conversion Functions)

You can manually convert types using Python's built-in functions like int(), float(), str(), etc.

Explicit coercion from string to integer

salary = "45000" # comes as string

print(type(salary))

<class 'str'>

salary = int(salary)

print(type(salary))

<class 'int'>

Explicit coercion from float to integer

product_price = 9.7 # price with decimal

product_price_whole = int(product_price) # converted to whole number

print(product_price_whole)
print(type(product_price_whole))

9
<class 'int'>

Coercion failure

If you try to coerce a string that contains non-numeric characters into an integer, it will raise a ValueError.

salary = "forty-two" # string with non-numeric characters

print(int(salary))

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
/tmp/ipykernel_1375/[Link] in <cell line: 0>()
1 salary = "forty-two" # string with non-numeric characters
2
----> 3 print(int(salary))

ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'forty-two'

What is input()?

input() is used to get data from the user (keyboard)

user_name = input("Enter your name: ")

print(user_name)

Enter your name: John

John

type(user_name)

str

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