THE UNSOLVED
SKELETON FILES
Bones: An Overview & Axial
Skeleton
Your skeleton is stronger than steel.
Let’s discover how it keeps you alive!
Introduction
The skeletal system provides the internal framework for the body.
Bones are living organs with essential roles such as support, protection,
movement, strorage, and blood cell form.
This presentation also covers the axial skeleton skull, vertebral column,
and thoracic cage.
OVERVIEW OF BONES
Bones are complex, living tissues that perform
several critical functions in our bodies. They
provide support, allowing us to stand upright
protection, shielding vital organs like the brain
and heart; facilitate movement by acting as
levers for muscles; store essential minerals like
calcium and phosphorus; and even produce
blood cells in the bone marrow. What’s truly
remarkable is that bones are constantly being
remodeled throughout our lives.
WHAT IS THE SKELETAL SYSTEM?
The skeletal system is the framework of
bones and cartilage that supports and
protects the body's organs, provides
structure, and facilitates movement. It
consists of around 206 bones in adults,
although the exact number can vary
slightly from person to person due to
differences like the fusion of certain
bones during development. It is also
derived from Greek word means “dried
up body.”
TWO DIVISION
Axial Skeleton(skull, spine, ribs)
Appendicular skeleton
(limbs and brindles)
Includes: Bones, joints, cartilage,
ligaments.
THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Framework of the body
Supports and protects organs
Provides movement with muscles
Site of blood cell production & mine storage.
Composed of 206 bones in adults
Functions
of Bones
Function of Bones: Support
Acts as framework: supports
body structure and organs.
example: leg bones support trunk.
Function of Bones: Protection
Shields vital organs
example: skull protects brain, ribs protect
heart and lungs.
Function of Bones: Movement
Bones acts as levers for muscles to move
body parts
example: walking, running.
Function of Bones: Storage
Reservoir for minerals (calcium,
phosphorus) and fats in yellow marrow.
Function of Bones:
Blood Cell Formation
Hematopoiesis in red marrow; produces
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.
Classif cation
Human Bones
CAN YOU IDENTIFY
THE RIGHT BONES?
CASE FILE 001
A skeleton has been discovered under
mysterious circumstances by the
Foundation Campus. Unexplained marks
are found on the bones, and evidence
points to foul play.
Your task as lead detective is to examine
the clues and answer questions to reveal
the truth behind the scattered skeleton.
CLUE # 1
Which bone matches the
description?
This is known as
the strongest and A. HUMERUS
largest bone in the
body. B. MANDIBLE
It also plays a
critical role in C. FEMUR
weight support and
movement.
D. PELVIS
CLUE # 1
Which bone matches the
description?
This is known as
the strongest and A. HUMERUS
largest bone in the
body. B. MANDIBLE
It also plays a
critical role in C. FEMUR
weight support and
movement.
D. PELVIS
Long Bone
Femur
Long Bone
support weight,
movement
(femur, humerus)
CLUE # 2
Which bone matches the
description?
A. VERTEBRA This bone forms the
backbone, protecting
the spinal cord and
B. STERNUM providing structural
support.
C. CLAVICLE It allows flexibility and
movement in the
torso.
D. FIBULA
Irregular Bone
Vertebra/Vertebra
right lateral view
Irregular Bone
Complex shapes
(vertebrae hip
bones)
CLUE # 3
Which bone matches the
description?
It is a bone located in
the center of the chest A. STERNUM
that connects the ribs
and protects the heart
and lungs. [Link]
[Link]
[Link]
CLUE # 3
Which bone matches the
description?
It is a bone located in
the center of the chest [Link]
that connects the ribs
and protects the heart
and lungs. [Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Flat Bone
Sternum
Flat Bone
Protection,
muscle
attachment
(skull, ribs)
CLUE # 4
Which bone matches the
description?
[Link]
It is a small bone in
the ankle that
[Link] connects the leg to
the foot and helps
[Link] with movement and
balance.
[Link]
CLUE # 4
Which bone matches the
description?
[Link]
It is a small bone in
the ankle that
[Link] connects the leg to
the foot and helps
[Link] with movement and
balance.
[Link]
Short Bone
Talus
Short Bone
Stability, limited
motion
(carpals,tarsals)
CASE CLOSED
CONGRATULATIONS, DETECTIVE!
You've successfully analyzed the evidence
and identified the key bones involved in the
mystery.
TWO TYPES
OF BONE
TISSUE
CORTICAL OR
COMPACT BONE
Dence, strong
outer layer
SPONGY BONE
Porous, lighter, contains
marrow spaces
Purpose: Balance of
strength and lightness.
STRUCTURE OF
A LONG BONE
Diaphysis ( shaft, compact bone)
Epiphysis ( ends, spongy bone)
Periosteum (outer covering)
Medullary cavity ( yellow marrow
in adults, red marrow in infants.
GROSS ANATOMY
OF A LONG BONE.
COMPACT BONE VS. SPONGY BONE
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE ON JOINT SURFACES
EPIPHYSEAL LINE ( GROWTH PLATE IN ADULTS)
Microscopic Structure of
Compact Bone
Osteon ( Haversian system)
Central canal ( blood vessels, nerves)
Lamellae (rings of bone matrix)
Lacunae (tiny cavities with osteocytes)
Bone Formation, Growth
& Remodeling
Ossification: Bone formation from
cartilage
Embryo — cartilage
Fetus — ossification centers appear
Child — epiphyseal plates allow length
growth
Remodeling — osteoblasts (build) &
osteoclasts ( breakdown)
Homeostaticimbalance
Imbalance in calcium — bone disease
Examples:
Osteoporosis — brittle bones.
Rickets — vitamin D deficiency.
Osteomalacia — soft bones in adults.
Bone Markings
Projections (muscle/ligament attachment): tuberosity, crest, trochanter,
line, tubercle, epicondyle, spine, process.
Projections (form joints): head, facet, condyle, ramus.
Depressions/Openings: groove, fissure, foramen, notch, meatus, sinus,
fossa.
BONE FRACTURES
Comminuted: Bone breaks into
fragments.
Compression: Bone is crushed.
Impacted: Ends force into each
other.
Spiral: Break from twisting
Greenstick: Incomplete break,
common in children.
BONE FRACTURES
Healing process:
Hematoma forms
Fibrocartilage callus forms
Bony callus forms
Bone remodeling occurs
AXIAL SKELETON OVERVIEW
Forms longitufinal axis of the
body.
Functions: Protection,
support and posture.
Includes: Skull, Vertebral
Column, Thoracic Cage.
SKULL (Cranium & Facial Bones)
Protects brain, forms face
structure.
Cranium: 8 flat bones
(Frontal, parietal, occipital,
temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid.)
Facebones + sutures as
immovable joints.
Example: parietal bones
(paired), frontal bone single)
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
26 vertebrae in regions :
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacrum
Coccyx
THORACIC CAGE
Composed of ster n um,
ribs, thoracic ve rte b rae .
Protects heart an d l u ngs ,
supports shoulder , a s sis t
breathing.
Conclusion
Bones: support, protect,move,store,produce
cells.
Constant growth & modeling.
Axial skeleton forms central framework.
Bone health: crucial for life.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!