BASICS OF C LANGUAGE

Data Types
• Data types specifies that kind of data that we want to
store in a variable.
• The Data type of a variable also determines how much
storage space is required to store a variable.
• Data type is used for declaration of a variable.
• For ex: int a,b,c;
In this example, a,b,c are variables names (identifier) that has
integer data type means numeric value will be stored in a,b and c
variable.
• There are four types of Data types −
– Primary Data type/Basic Data Type
– Void data type
– Derived Data type
– User Defined data type
 1. Primary Data type/Basic Data Type:
1. Integer Data Type
2. Float Data Type
3. Character Data Type
4. Double Data Type
• Integer data type requires 2 bytes size in
memory.
• 2 bytes=16 bits (1 byte=8 bits)
• int a=10; 10 Binary 1010

0000000000001010
• Range of integer data type is -32768 to +32767.
• For Integer data type %d control string/Format
string is used.
Data type Range Byte Format
Size
2. Float Data type
• Float data types are used to store real numbers.
• We can use float keyword for declaring a float variable.
– For ex: float no1;
In this example, we declare no1 variable of float data type.
• For Float data type %f control string/Format string is used.
• Float data type requires 4 byte size in memory.

3. Double Data type

• Double data types are used to store real numbers.
• We can use double keyword for declaring a double variable.
– For ex: double no1;
In this example, we declare no1 variable of double data type.
• For double data type, %lf control string/Format string is used.
• Double data type requires 8 byte size in memory.
Long Double Data type
• Long Double data types are used to store real numbers.
• We can use long double keyword for declaring a long double
variable.
– For ex: long double no1;
In this example, we declare no1 variable of long double data
type.
• For long double data type, %Lf control string/Format string is
used.
• Long double data type requires 10 byte size in memory.

Data Type Range Byte Size Format

4. Character Data type
• Character data type is used to store single character like
alphabet, numbers or any special character that is specified in
single quote.
• We can use char keyword for declaring a character variable.
– For ex: char a;
In this example, we declare a variable of character data type.
• For character data type %c control string/Format string is used.
• Character data type requires 1 byte size in memory.
1 Byte
2. void Data Type :
• void data type means no value is available.
• void data type specifies that it does not return
any value.
• It is used with function and pointer.
• It is not used to declare a variable.
3. Derived Data Types:
• Derived data types are data types which are derived from primary
data types.
• The derived data types are also called as user-defined data types
or secondary data types.
Primary Data Types

Derived Data Types

• To declare derived data types, following concepts are used:

Arrays
Structures
Unions
4. User Defined Data Type:
• A data type which is defined by user is known as
user defined data type.
• Two keywords are used to declare user defined
data type.
1. typedef
2. enum
1. typedef:
typedef keyword is used to give user defined
data type name to an existing data type.
For example:
typedef int priyanka;
priyanka a=1;

In above example,
In first example, we give user defined name
“priyanka” for int data type.
So, I can use priyanka instead of int data type.
2. enum:
• enum is also user-defined data type which is
used to assign an integer index value from a
specific set of values.
• enum keyword is used to declare enumerated
data type.
• Example:
 • Operators-
✔ Operator is a symbol that is used to perform
specific operation.
✔ There are eight operators:
▪ Arithmetic Operators
▪ Relational Operators
▪ Logical Operators
▪ Assignment Operators
▪ Increment and Decrement Operators
▪ Ternary Operators
▪ Bit-wise Operators
▪ Special Operators
❖ 1. Arithmetic Operators :
• Arithmetic Operator is used to perform arithmetic operation on two operands.
• Syntax: <Operand1> <Arithmetic operator> <Operand2>
• Here, Operand can be variable or value.
• For ex:
A+B , A and B are variables.
10 + 20, 10 and 20 are values.
• % operator is performed on integer numbers only (not used on
float numbers).
• There are five arithmetic operators:
Output:
 • Precedence/Priority of Operator:
✔ When we have more then one operator in an equation,
equation is evaluated based on the precedence of an
operator.
✔ An operator which has high priority will be evaluated
first.
✔ If more than one operator have same priority then they
will be evaluated from left to right.
✔ Precedence of operator is shown in following table.
Operator Operation Precedence
() Parentheses 1
/ * % Division, Multiplication, Remainder 2
+ - Addition, Subtraction 3
• For ex: 8 * ( 3 + 5 * 2 / 2 – 2 ) % 2

=8 * ( 3 + 10 / 2 – 2 ) % 2

=8 * ( 3 + 5 – 2 ) % 2

=8 * ( 8 – 2 ) % 2

=8 * 6 % 2
=48%2
=0
• In equation, when two or more operands have
different data types then answer will be
displayed in that data type which has higher data
byte size.
For ex: When we want to perform addition on two
operands:
Data type of Variables: Answer/ Output

Character variable + Integer Variable Integer

Integer variable + Float Variable Float

Float variable + Double Variable Double

Double variable + Long Double Variable Long Double

❖ 2. Assignment Operator:
✔ Assignment operator = is used to assign a value to
a variable.
✔ Syntax: <variable> = value/variable/expression;
✔ For ex:
1. x=10; In this example, value 10 is assigned to x
variable.
2. x=y; In this example, value of y variable is
assigned to x variable.
3. x=(a+b+c); In this example, answer of (a+b+c)
expression is assigned to x variable.
• Short hand assignment operator:
• When we use operator with assignment operator =, then
it is known as short hand assignment operator.
• Short hand assignment operator is used when we have
same operand or expression at left and right side of
assignment operator.
• There are various short hand assignment operators:
Short hand Meaning Example (Assume A=10)
assignment
operator
+= A+=1; means A=A+1; A=11
-= A-=1; means A=A-1; A=9
/= A/=1; means A=A/1; A=10
*= A*=1; means A=A*1; A=10
%= A%=1; means A=A%1; A=0
• A+=(B*D); means A=A+(B*D)

• A-=(C/D); means A=A-(C/D)

❖ 3. Increment - Decrement Operator:
✔ Increment operator(++) is used to increment a
value of variable by 1.
✔ Decrement operator(--) is used to decrement a
value of variable by 1.
✔ For example:
1. a=6;
a++; means a=a+1; a= 7
2. a=14;
a--; means a=a-1; a=13
✔ Three are two types of increment operators:
1. Post Increment operator (variable ++)
–When ++ increment operator is used after a variable then it
is known as post increment operator.
–Post increment operator assign a initial value to a variable
then increase the value of variable by 1.
–For ex: a=6;
printf(“\n %d”,a++); a=6;
printf(“\n %d”,a); a=7;
2. Pre Increment operator (++variable)
–When ++ increment operator is used before a variable then
it is known as pre increment operator.
–Pre increment operator increase the value of variable by 1
and then assign a value to variable.
–For ex: a=6;
printf(“\n %d”,++a); a=7;
printf(“\n %d”,a); a=7;
✔ Three are two types of decrement operators:
1. Post Decrement operator (variable --)
–When -- decrement operator is used after a variable then it is
known as post decrement operator.
–Post decrement operator assign a initial value to a variable then
decrease the value of variable by 1.
–For ex: a=6;
printf(“\n %d”,a--); a=6;
printf(“\n %d”,a); a=5;

2. Pre Decrement operator (--variable)

–When -- decrement operator is used before a variable then it is
known as pre decrement operator.
–Pre decrement operator decrease the value of variable by 1 and
then assign a value to variable.
–For ex: a=6;
printf(“\n %d”,--a); a=4;
printf(“\n %d”,a); a=4;
4. Relational Operators:
• A relational operator is used to compare two values.
• It checks the relationship between two operands. If
the condition is true, it returns 1; if the condition is
false, it returns value 0.
• There are 6 relational operators:
1. > Greater than
2. >= Greater than equals to
3. < less than
4. <= less than equals to
5. == equals to
6. != does no equal to
 For ex:
• For ex:
• If(5>5) condition is false, so it returns 0.
• If(5>=5) condition is true, so it returns 1.
• If(5<5) condition is false, so it returns 0.
• If(5<=5) condition is true, so it returns 1.
• If(5==5) condition is true, so it returns 1.
• If(5!=5) condition is false, so it returns 0.
• 5. Bitwise Operator
• Bitwise operator is used to perform operation
on bits- 0 and 1.
• Bit-wise AND ( & ):
• The result of bitwise AND is 1 if the corresponding bits of two
operands is 1, otherwise the result of corresponding bit evaluated as
0.
• Bit-wise OR ( | ):
• The result of bitwise OR is 1 if any one of the corresponding bit of two
operands is 1, otherwise the result of the corresponding bit evaluated
as 0.
• Bit-wise NOT ( ~ ):
• The result of bit-wise NOT is the one’s complement of the operand.
i.e. ~N=-(N+1) ex: ~7=-(7+1) =-8
• Bit-wise XOR ( ^ ):
• The result of bit-wise XOR is 1 if the corresponding bit of two
operands is opposite, otherwise the result of the corresponding bit
evaluated as 0.
• Left Shift ( << ):
• The value of the left operand is shifted to left by the value specified
by the right operand.
• Right Shift ( >> ):
• The value of the left operand is shifted to the right by the value
specified by the right operand.
• For example:
A=5 Binary of 5 = 0 1 0 1
A=5 Binary of 5 = 0 1 0 1
B=7 Binary of 7 = 0 1 1 1
B=7 Binary of 7 = 0 1 1 1
OR: A | B = 0 1 1 1
AND : A & B = 0 1 0 1
A=5 Binary of 5 = 0 1 0 1
A=5 Binary of 5 = 0 1 0 1 B=7 Binary of 7 = 0 1 1 1
NOT: ~A : -(N+1) =-6 XOR: A ^ B = 0 0 1 0

A=5 Binary of 5 = 0 1 0 1
Shift left operation: A<<1= 1 0 1 0
Shift right operation: A>>1= 0 0 1 0
6. Logical Operators:
• Logical operators are used to check multiple
conditions.
• Logical operators are used with decision making
statements.
• There are 3 logical operators:
7. Ternary Operator or Conditional Operator:
• ? And : are ternary operator that is used to check
condition.
• If condition is true then true block will be
executed, otherwise false block will be executed.
• Syntax:
Variable=condition?trueblock:falseblock;
Ex:
In Funfair, If child age is >=14, then consider entry
fees=40, otherwise consider entry fees=20.

entry_fees=(age>=14)?40:20;

In this example, condition (age>=14) will be

checked. If condition is true then 40 is assigned
to enrty_fees. If condition is false then 20 is
assigned to entry_fees.
8. Special Operator:
• In C language, there are various special operators
like , (comma),
sizeof(),
& (address operator),
* (pointer operator), etc.
For example,
int a,b,c; comma is used to declare multiple
variables.
printf(“%d”,sizeof(a)); sizeof operator is used
find out byte size of any variable.
scanf(“%d”,&a); & specifies address of a.
 Type Conversion:
• Type conversion is a conversion from one data
type to another.
• There are two type of type conversions:
– 1. Implicit Type conversion
– 2. Explicit Type conversion
• 1. Implicit type conversion:
– Implicit type conversion is done by compiler
automatically. (Automatic Type Conversion)
– In equation, when two or more operands have different
data types then answer will be displayed in that data type
which has higher data byte size.
– Implicit Type Conversion :char int float double
– For ex:
int a=6;
char c=‘A’; //It is converted into ASCII value.
a=a+c; //addition of int and character variables
printf(“\n Addition is:%d:,a);

Output: Addition is:71

a=6+65=71
• 2. Explicit type conversion:
– Explicit type conversion is done by user.
– Syntax: (type) expression
For example:
int a=5;
double d=20.5;
a=a+(int)d ; //double is converted into integer
printf(“additiion is:%d”,a);

Output: addition is:25

In this example, double variable is converted into
integer, so answer will be displayed in integer.
 Mathematical Functions:
• Mathematical Functions are used to perform
mathematical operations.
• For mathematical functions, we can include
math.h header file.
• Mathematical System defined Functions:
• pow() : pow() function is used to find out power of any
value.
• Syntax: pow(variable,base) or pow(value,base);
• Ex:
a=pow(8,2); a=64
a=pow(5,3); a=125
• sqrt() : sqrt() function is used to find out square root of
any value.
• Syntax: sqrt(variable) or sqrt(value);
• Ex:
a=sqrt(9); a=3
a=sqrt(81); a=9
• ceil(x) : ceil() function is used to find out smallest
integer value greater than or equal to x.
• Syntax: ceil(variable); or ceil(value);
• Example: a=ceil(3.5); a=4
a=ceil(5.9); a=6
a=ceil(3); a=3
a=ceil(9.5); a=10
a=ceil(-3.4); a=-3
a=ceil(-5.8); a=-5

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
• floor(): floor() function is used to find out largest
integer value less than or equal to x.
• Example: a=floor(3.5); a=3
a=floor(5.9); a=5
a=floor(3); a=3
a=floor(9.5); a=9
a=floor(-3.4); a=-4
a=floor(-5.8); a=-6
• Input Output Functions:
• printf()
• scanf()
• getchar() : This function is used to get a character
from user.
Syntax: variable_name=getchar();
Ex: char c;
c=getchar();

• putchar() : This function is used to display a

character on console screen.
Syntax: putchar(variable_name);
Ex: putchar(c);
• gets() : This function is used to get a string
from user.
Syntax: gets(variable_name);
Ex: char str[10];
gets(str);

• puts() : This function is used to display a string

on console screen.
Syntax: puts(variable_name);
Ex:
puts(str);