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Chapter Light

The document provides an overview of light, its reflection, and refraction, including laws and types of reflection, image formation by mirrors and lenses, and key formulas related to these concepts. It details the characteristics of concave and convex mirrors and lenses, as well as the magnification and power of lenses. Additionally, it emphasizes important terms and quick revision tips for better understanding.

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5 views4 pages

Chapter Light

The document provides an overview of light, its reflection, and refraction, including laws and types of reflection, image formation by mirrors and lenses, and key formulas related to these concepts. It details the characteristics of concave and convex mirrors and lenses, as well as the magnification and power of lenses. Additionally, it emphasizes important terms and quick revision tips for better understanding.

Uploaded by

bhavyasshah475
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

1. What is Light?

Light is a form of energy that helps us see objects.

🔹 2. Reflection of Light

When light falls on a surface and bounces back, it is called reflection.

✨ Laws of Reflection:

1. Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection

2. Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the same plane

🔹 3. Types of Reflection

 Regular reflection → smooth surface (clear image)

 Diffuse reflection → rough surface (no clear image)

🔹 4. Image Formation by Plane Mirror

 Image is virtual and erect

 Same size as object

 Laterally inverted (left-right reversed)

 Distance of image = distance of object

🔹 5. Spherical Mirrors

Two types:

(i) Concave Mirror

 Converges light rays

 Used in: shaving mirrors, headlights

(ii) Convex Mirror

 Diverges light rays

 Used in: rear-view mirrors


🔸 Important Terms:

 Pole (P)

 Centre of curvature (C)

 Radius of curvature (R)

 Focus (F)

 Focal length (f)

👉 Relation:
f = R/2

🔹 6. Image Formation by Mirrors (Important Cases)

🔸 Concave Mirror:

 Object at infinity → image at focus (real, inverted)

 Object beyond C → between C and F

 Object at C → at C

 Object between C & F → beyond C

 Object between F & P → virtual, erect, enlarged

🔸 Convex Mirror:

 Image always:

o Virtual

o Erect

o Diminished

🔹 7. Mirror Formula

👉 1/f = 1/v + 1/u

 f = focal length

 v = image distance

 u = object distance
🔹 8. Magnification (Mirror)

👉 m = hᵢ / h₀ = -v/u

🔹 9. Refraction of Light

When light passes from one medium to another, it bends.

✨ Laws of Refraction:

1. Incident ray, refracted ray, and normal lie in same plane

2. Snell’s Law:
👉 n = sin i / sin r

🔹 10. Refractive Index (n)

👉 n = speed of light in vacuum / speed in medium

 Higher n → more bending

🔹 11. Refraction Through Glass Slab

 Emergent ray is parallel to incident ray

 Lateral displacement occurs

🔹 12. Lenses

Two types:

(i) Convex Lens (Converging)

 Forms real and inverted images

 Used in: magnifying glass, camera

(ii) Concave Lens (Diverging)

 Always forms virtual, erect, small image

🔹 13. Image Formation by Lenses


Convex Lens:

 At infinity → at focus

 Beyond 2F → between F & 2F

 At 2F → at 2F

 Between F & 2F → beyond 2F

 Between F & O → virtual, erect

Concave Lens:

 Always virtual, erect, diminished

🔹 14. Lens Formula

👉 1/f = 1/v - 1/u

🔹 15. Magnification (Lens)

👉 m = v/u

🔹 16. Power of Lens

👉 P = 1/f (in meter)


Unit: Dioptre (D)

 Convex lens → positive power

 Concave lens → negative power

✅ Quick Revision Tips

 Learn all formulas

 Practice ray diagrams ✏️

 Remember sign convention

 Focus on differences (concave vs convex, mirror vs lens)

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